Flat Profile Research Articles

Comparison of microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of the SQ and thread pin profile FSW joint of AA6061-T6 with Al2O3 particle reinforcement

The paper presents the effect of flat and thread pin profiles on friction stir welding (FSW) of 6061-T6 aluminium alloy with particle reinforcement. The thread geometry on the tool pin enhances the material mixing and improves the material flow in the plastic state. However, in the flat tool pin, the plasticized material was stuck to the side faces of the tool pin surface. The microstructural analysis of the weld specimen revealed that the powder particles were agglomerated in the stir zone (SZ) region in the square tool pin case. However, the powder particles were homogeneously dispersed in the SZ region when the welding was done with the threaded tool pin profile tool. The tensile and hardness tests were also conducted to check the flat and threaded cylindrical pin weld specimen's joint strength and hardness variation. The Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis revealed that the average (Av.) grain size of the SZ region of the TCT and SQ pin are 3.74 µm and 5.64 µm, and the fraction of high angle grain boundaries are 0.560 and 0.368, respectively. The texture analysis of the SZ region revealed that the major availability of the shear texture component B/ B ̅ and C in the TCT pin weld specimen.

MUSE crowded field 3D spectroscopy in NGC 300

Context. There are known differences between the physical properties of H II and diffuse ionized gas (DIG). However, most of the studied regions in the literature are relatively bright, with log10 L(Hα)[erg s−1] ≳ 37. Aims. We compiled an extremely faint sample of 390 H II regions with a median Hα luminosity of 34.7 in the flocculent spiral galaxy NGC 300, derived their physical properties in terms of metallicity, density, extinction, and kinematics, and performed a comparative analysis of the properties of the DIG. Methods. We used MUSE data of nine fields in NGC 300, covering a galactocentric distance of zero to ~450 arcsec (~4 projected kpc), including spiral arm and inter-arm regions. We binned the data in dendrogram leaves and extracted all strong nebular emission lines. We identified H II and DIG regions and compared their electron densities, metallicity, extinction, and kinematic properties. We also tested the effectiveness of unsupervised machine-learning algorithms in distinguishing between the H II and DIG regions. Results. The gas density in the H II and DIG regions is close to the low-density limit in all fields. The average velocity dispersion in the DIG is higher than in the H II regions, which can be explained by the DIG being 1.8 kK hotter than H II gas. The DIG manifests a lower ionization parameter than H II gas, and the DIG fractions vary between 15–77%, with strong evidence of a contribution by hot low-mass evolved stars and shocks to the DIG ionization. Most of the DIG is consistent with no extinction and an oxygen metallicity that is indistinguishable from that of the H II gas. We observe a flat metallicity profile in the central region of NGC 300, without a sign of a gradient. Conclusions. The differences between extremely faint H II and DIG regions follow the same trends and correlations as their much brighter cousins. Both types of objects are so heterogeneous, however, that the differences within each class are larger than the differences between the two classes.

Hydrodynamics and sediment transport patterns on intertidal flats along middle Jiangsu coast

Two field campaigns in Dafeng and Jianggang were organized to compare spatial variations of hydrodynamic characteristics and sediment transport patterns on intertidal flats of different types with distinct human interferences along middle Jiangsu coast, China. The major contributors to the different patterns of sediment dynamics between the two tidal flats were offshore tidal current field and human interference. Offshore tidal force provide the basic setup of tidal current patterns on tidal flats, which is then modified by local morphology. Seawalls parallel to coast reduce tidal flat width, forcing tidal energy to dissipate within a shorter distance and thus influencing tidal flat morphology. Seawalls vertical to coast and major tidal current significantly reduce tidal current speed, which favors sediment deposition on tidal flats. Two seawalls built on both sides of the observational tidal flat profile caused much reduced current speed at Dafeng tidal flat, comparing to the offshore station. Being exposed to offshore radial tidal currents, hydrodynamics at Jianggang was much stronger than that at Dafeng. Residual currents at both areas showed net landward transport at the lower flat and net seaward transport at the upper flat, in favor to sediment accumulation at the middle flat. Sediment flux over tidal cycles showed net landward sediment transport at Dafeng, and net seaward transport at Jianggang, consistent with the convex-up accretion-dominated profile observed at Dafenge, and concave-up erosion-dominated profile observed at Jianggang. The instantaneons sediment flux changed significantly due to variations in velocity and sediment concentrations, but these terms counteracted with each other within tidal cycles, leading to the dominant role of Eulerian flux in determining net sediment flux over tidal cycles.

Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation Based on Power Quality Improvement Using Self-Adaptive Lévy Flight Jaya Algorithm

The optimal placement of distributed generation (DG) is a critical task for distribution companies in order to keep the distribution network running smoothly. The optimal placement of DG units is an optimization problem. In this paper, minimization of the voltage deviation from flat voltage is considered as an objective function. The self-adaptive Lévy flight-based Jaya algorithm is used as an optimization technique to determine the best location and size of distributed generation units. In the MATLAB environment, the proposed algorithm was implemented on IEEE 15 and PG and E 69 bus distribution systems. According to the simulation results, distribution networks can supply more quality power to customers by minimizing the voltage deviation from the flat voltage profile if the DG units are properly placed and sized.

Skill profiles of Japanese English learners and reasons for uneven patterns

BackgroundVariations in the skill profiles of learners have become an important research area in recent years. However, there is a lack of empirical research on this topic in Japan. We conducted three studies to address this gap.MethodsStudy 1 investigated the characteristics of the flat and uneven skill profiles of Japanese learners of English using 10 datasets from five standardized four-skill second-language English proficiency tests. Studies 2 and 3 examined the reasons behind learners having these uneven profiles using a convergent mixed-methods approach (Creswell & Plano Clark, Designing and conducting mixed methods research, 2018) that consisted of a questionnaire and an interview, respectively.ResultsThe results of Study 1 suggested that a flat profile is uncommon, and that various types of uneven profiles exist across datasets. The most frequently observed uneven profiles were as follows: (a) listening, speaking, and writing are lower than reading (LSW<R); (b) speaking and writing are lower than listening and reading (SW<LR); and (c) speaking is lower than the other three skills (S<LRW). The results of Studies 2 and 3 suggested three key reasons, namely, (a) insufficient practice, (b) particular subskills or processes required to accomplish test tasks, and (c) unfamiliarity with test formats and test-taking environments.ConclusionsThe results demonstrated the importance of considering uneven skill profiles in L2 research and practice. These results have implications for test development, admission, placement, and pedagogy. For example, skill profile information can benefit admission and placement officers when they make a decision and can aid teachers and administrators in planning remedial instructions.

Metallicity profiles of ultradiffuse galaxies in NIHAO simulations

ABSTRACT Supernovae feedback driven expansion has proven to be a viable mechanism to explain the average properties, such as size, colour, mass, and internal kinematics, of a large fraction of ultradiffuse galaxies (UDGs). Here, we explore the origin of stellar metallicity gradients in feedback driven simulated UDGs from the NIHAO project and compare them with the observed distribution of metallicity gradients of both Local Group (LG) dwarfs as well as of the recently observed UDG DF44. Simulated UDGs display a large variety of metallicity profiles, showing flat to negative gradients, similarly to what is observed in LG dwarfs, while DF44 data suggest a flat to positive gradient. The variety of metallicity gradients in simulations is set by the interplay between the radius at which star formation occurs and the subsequent supernovae feedback driven stellar redistribution: rotation supported systems tend to have flat metallicity profiles while dispersion supported galaxies show negative and steep profiles. Our results suggest that UDGs are not peculiar in what regards their metallicity gradients, when compared to regular dwarfs. We predict that UDGs formed via SNae feedback should have flat-to-negative metallicity profiles: desirably, a larger observational sample of UDGs’ gradients shall be available in the future, in order to test our predictions.

Multiple Rabi rotations of trions in InGaAs quantum dots observed by photon echo spectroscopy with spatially shaped laser pulses

We study Rabi rotations arising in intensity-dependent photon echoes from an ensemble of self-assembled InGaAs quantum dots. To achieve a uniform distribution of intensities within the excited ensemble, we introduce flattop intensity profiles of picosecond laser pulses. This allows us to overcome the damping of Rabi rotations imposed by the spatial inhomogeneity of Rabi frequencies by a Gaussian laser profile. Using photon echo polarimetry, we distinguish between the coherent optical responses from exciton and trion ensembles. Here, we demonstrate that a photo-induced charging of the quantum dots leads to a significant reduction of the number of neutral quantum dots under resonant excitation with intensive optical pulses with areas exceeding $\frac{\pi}{2}$. The trion ensemble shows robust Rabi rotations when the area of the refocussing pulse is increased up to 5.5$\pi$. We analyze the remaining attenuation of Rabi rotations by theoretical modeling of excitation induced dephasing, inhomogeneity of dipole moments, and coupling to acoustic phonons. The latter is identified as the dominating mechanism resulting in a loss of optical coherence during the action of the involved optical pulses.

A practical framework for predicting conversion profiles in vat photopolymerizations

Monomer fractional conversion is an important indicator of critical physical and thermal properties of thermosetting polymers. Acrylic photo-resins are widely used in light-based 3D printing techniques. The green conversion of acrylate double bonds affects the performance of 3D printed parts before and after post-processing. This work describes a practical framework for predicting conversion profiles of green parts produced by digital light processing (DLP) vat photopolymerization, although the principle should be applicable to all light-based vat photopolymerization techniques. The practical model utilizes accumulated dose profiles and photopolymerization kinetics to make predictions of conversion profiles. Photopolymerization kinetics was determined by real-time photo-infrared spectroscopy, and a phenomenological model was employed to describe the cure kinetics which included oxygen inhibition period and dose rate dependency. A sub-linear dependence of cure kinetics on dose rate showed that effective dose rather than actual dose determined the degree of cure. A mathematical model for accumulated effective dose was developed, and the effects of the ratio of layer thickness to resin depth of penetration on accumulated effective dose profiles were discussed. Predicted conversion profiles from the model were compared to experimental z-direction conversion profiles measured by IR microscope. Further, a Matlab program was developed for predicting and tuning z-direction conversion profiles in DLP vat photopolymerizations with user-input printing parameters. Using the program, the model predicted a relatively flat conversion profile by over-exposing the last layer. The prediction was experimentally verified which showed the effectiveness of this simple model.

Feasibility study of a high spatial and time resolution beam emission spectroscopy diagnostic for localized density fluctuation measurements in Lithium Tokamak eXperiment-β (LTX-β).

Trapped electron mode (TEM) is the main source of turbulence predicted for the unique operation regime of a flat temperature profile under low-recycling conditions in the LTX-β tokamak, while ion temperature gradient driven turbulence may also occur with gas fueling from the edge. To investigate mainly TEM scale density fluctuations, a high spatial and time resolution 2D beam emission spectroscopy (BES) diagnostic is being developed. Apart from spatially localized density turbulence measurement, BES can provide turbulence flow and flow shear dynamics. This BES system will be realized using an avalanche photodiode-based camera and narrow band interference filter. The system can acquire data at 2MHz. Simulations with the Simulation of Spectra (SOS) code indicate that a high signal to noise ratio can be achieved with the proposed system. This will enable sampling the density fluctuations at this high time resolution. The design considerations and system optimization using the SOS code are presented.

Investigation of core impurity transport in DIII-D diverted negative triangularity plasmas

Tokamak operation at negative triangularity has been shown to offer high energy confinement without the typical disadvantages of edge pedestals (Marinoni et al 2021 Nucl. Fusion 61 116010). In this paper, we examine impurity transport in DIII-D diverted negative triangularity experiments. Analysis of charge exchange recombination spectroscopy reveals flat or hollow carbon density profiles in the core, and impurity confinement times consistently shorter than energy confinement times. Bayesian inferences of impurity transport coefficients based on laser blow-off injections and forward modeling via the Aurora package (Sciortino et al 2021 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 63 112001) show core cross-field diffusion to be higher in L-mode than in H-mode. Impurity profile shapes remain flat or hollow in all cases. Inferred radial profiles of diffusion and convection are compared to neoclassical, quasilinear gyrofluid, and nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations. Heat transport is observed to be better captured by reduced turbulence models with respect to particle transport. State-of-the-art gyrokinetic modeling compares favorably with measurements across multiple transport channels. Overall, these results suggest that diverted negative triangularity discharges may offer a path to a highly-radiative L-mode scenario with high core performance.

Target volume size effect on comparison of dynamic arc treatment plans computed using flattened and unflattened 6MV beams

Introduction/backgroundIn conventional linear accelerators, to obtain flat profiles leading to uniform dose distribution in homogeneous medium, the flattening filter is usually applied on the beam path. In recent years, to obtain higher dose rates, there have been the options of flattening filter free (FFF) beams and it has been noticed that these have many advantages. The aim of this study was to clearly underline the advantages and the drawbacks of flattened filter free (FFF) beams in comparison with the flattening filter (FF) beams for different clinical contexts (planning target volumes locations). MethodsTwo groups (planned with auto-planning VMAT, full and partial arcs) of eight patients each were analyzed: Group I (small planning target volume PTV, with average volume 48.9 ±44.4 cm3), Group II (large PTV, with average volume 532.4 ±368.8 cm3). Both beam modalities 6MV and 6MVFFF were compared in terms of Dmax, D95%, D1cc, D2cc, homogeneity index (HI), number of monitor units (MU), treatment delivery time. ResultsUsing the 6MVFFF, the treatment delivery time was significantly reduced (p<0.05). For larger PTVs, the number of MU increased by more than twice, and the p-value shown a significant difference (p= 0.008). The value of Dmax increased by 4%. On the contrary, for small volumes, the results were quite similar from 6MVFFF to 6MV except some differences in terms of MU. ConclusionIt is recommended to use 6MVFFF beam with small PTV volumes. Dose distributions are almost the same as with 6MV and there is a significant reduction of the treatment delivery time up to 57%. Due to the dose profile shape in FFF mode, the dose is lowered beyond the central axis for the FFF beams, and the additional MU allows the dose to be delivered away from the beam axis.

Experimental assessment on the contact characteristics of 3D printed flexible poly lactic acid (PLA) soft fingertips

Abstract This purpose of this research work primarily focuses on assessing the contact characteristics of a novel 3D printed flexible poly lactic acid (PLA) fingertip exposed to a normal load ranging from 1–750 N. The 3D printed fingertip is pressed against three different target surfaces having concave, convex and flat profiles to facilitate a rational comparison. The growth of contact area is recorded for a wide range of applied normal force against the fingertip on logging sheets and the same is converted in vector format for facilitating digital measurements. From close examination of the results, it may be noted that the rate of growth of contact area follows the parametric relationship a = cN γ . A weighted least squares fit algorithm is used to formulate the parametric relationship based on experimental data. Further, the contact characteristics of the 3D printed fingertip follows the same pattern of soft neoprene fingertip, and it is well in line with the expected results. Hence, it is evident that 3D printed fingertips could be utilized for handling fragile to hard objects and capable of handling multi-profiled objects in dexterous robotic manipulation. Moreover, complex profiled fingertips can easily be manufactured by 3D printing, and it can be considered as a better alternative for conventionally manufactured anthropomorphic robotic grippers. Practical implications of this research will be highly useful for development of soft-fingered robotic grippers for dexterous robotic manipulations.

Transpiration-Cooling Heat Transfer Experiments in Laminar and Turbulent Hypersonic Flows

The design of a transpiration-cooled system requires detailed local heat transfer information on and in the vicinity of the porous injector; however, limited spatially resolved experimental studies exist, particularly in hypersonic flows. In this work, experiments were conducted in the University of Oxford’s high-density tunnel at Mach 6.1 in both laminar and turbulent regimes. Spatially resolved two-dimensional surface heat transfer measurements were acquired by imaging directly on and downstream of two microporous transpiration-cooled injectors (METAPOR® CE170 and zirconia) using high-speed infrared thermography. Whereas injection in the laminar regime results in a steady, monotonic reduction in heat transfer from the start of the injector, a flatter profile is present for the turbulent cases where turbulent mixing inhibits surface heat transfer reduction. It was found that a modification to existing relations from film theory successfully correlates the streamwise heat transfer distribution on the injector for different blowing rates of nitrogen and helium. A key result is that helium performs much better than reported in previous experiments. Finally, the downstream thermal effectiveness is characterized for turbulent flows. A collapse of the thermal effectiveness is achieved and a modified analytical correlation proposed.

RF/Linearity figures of merit estimation for GaAs and GaN/SiC-based Nano-HEMTs

The performance of three transistors, a GaAs HEMT, a pHEMT and a GaN/SiC HEMT, was compared. Measurements of the standard device properties have been performed on DC, RF, and nonlinearity characteristics to provide more linear design solutions, which helps the entire system perform properly. The GaAs pHEMT experienced a more comprehensive flat band transconductance profile. Still, the GaN HEMT showed higher power and frequency operation capability in terms of modified Johnson's figure of merit based on the cut-off frequency. In addition, the intermodulation distortion (IMD) components, third-order intercept point, IP3 at low frequencies, i.e., 53 MHz and increasing up to higher frequencies, 3.6 GHz and 7.0 GHz also reported. With the need for a sophisticated semiconductor device with high linearity and excellent power handling capacity, it is essential to look at DC, RF, and nonlinearity comparisons to give more linear design solutions for improving the overall system's performance.

(Invited) Transport and Reaction Kinetics of Thermal ALE in High Aspect Ratio Hafnium Oxide Structures

Thermal atomic layer etching is rapidly becoming an important complementary processing technology in manufacturing 5 and 3 nm devices in the semiconductor industry. Critically, stacked chip architectures such as 3D NAND and 3D DRAM require conformal isotropic etching to remove material such as HfO2 in hard-to-reach locations with aspect ratios that can be >50. To achieve repeatable device performance throughout a 3D stack, the removal rate (etch per cycle) of the etched material during an etch process need to be controlled such that the overall etch is the same from top to bottom of the device stack. In this work, we have modelled the reaction kinetics and transport processes of reactants and by-products during a cyclical ligand exchange-based ALE process. This ALE process consists of two steps: a fluorination step, followed by a fluorine-to-chlorine ligand exchange-based removal step. Experimental data revealed that the fluorine dosing during the fluorination step was predominantly responsible for controlling the etch rate of the ALE process but had only a minimal impact on the etch profile inside these holes. The ligand exchange dosing, on the other hand, predominantly controlled the etch profile (depth loading) with equal etch rates top-to-bottom obtained when the step was operated close to saturation. Our model predicts, in agreement with the experiment, that adsorption and reaction rates during fluorination on HfO2 surfaces are significantly slower than transport times inside these deep holes leading to essentially flat fluorination profiles even if the fluorination step is not operated in saturation mode. In contrast, transport rates with the ligand exchange molecule are slow in comparison but adsorption and ligand exchange rates with the fluorinated hafnium appear to be significantly higher than for fluorine during the fluorination step. Slow transport in combination with high surface reaction rates for the ligand exchange step led to an etch rate that was dependent on aspect ratio (feature depth) in processes that used sub-saturation exposures.

Understanding the Structural Phase Transitions in Na3V2(PO4)3 Symmetrical Sodium-Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Based X-Ray Techniques

Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are the promising candidate for large scale applications due to their high abundance and low cost.The symmetrical SIBs (similar cathode and anode configuration) are highly promising as they exhibit negligible volume changes during the charge/discharge process and making SIBs highly stable. Several NASICON (sodium superionic conductor) have high potential towards symmetrical SIBs due to presence of multi-redox reactions in both anodic and cathodic regions. Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) has been found to be appeal for symmetrical SIB systems due to presence of flat voltage profile, multi-redox with a single transition metal, and a large working voltage difference between anodic and cathodic regions can greatly improve the output of the NVP symmetrical cell. However, the phase transitions associated during the electrochemical reaction in the symmetrical NVP cells are not widely studied. The synchrotron X-ray studies in NVP symmetrical cells confirms the redox reaction involving ≈2 moles of Na+ reaction instead of 1 mole of Na+ reaction. The in-situ X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy during the electrochemical cycling confirms the reversible formation of Na5V2(PO4)3 phase in the anode and NaV2(PO4)3 phase in the cathode. The charge storage process in NVP cathode region is through V3+/V4+ redox, and charge storage process in NVP anode region is through V3+/V2+ redox. The 2 moles sodium-ion storage process can make a discharge capacity of ≈99 mAh g−1, increasing the energy output of the symmetrical NVP.

Cohesive Zone Interpretations of Phase-Field Fracture Models

Abstract Unlike micromechanics failure models that have a well-defined crack path, phase-field fracture models are capable of predicting the crack path in arbitrary geometries and dimensions by utilizing a diffuse representation of cracks. However, such models rely on the calibration of a fracture energy (Gc) and a regularization length-scale (lc) parameter, which do not have a strong micromechanical basis. Here, we construct the equivalent crack-tip cohesive zone laws representing a phase-field fracture model, to elucidate the effects of Gc and lc on the fracture resistance and crack growth mechanics under mode I K-field loading. Our results show that the cohesive zone law scales with increasing Gc while maintaining the same functional form. In contrast, increasing lc broadens the process zone and results in a flattened traction-separation profile with a decreased but sustained peak cohesive traction over longer separation distances. While Gc quantitatively captures the fracture initiation toughness, increasing Gc coupled with decreasing lc contributes to a rising fracture resistance curve and a higher steady-state toughness—both these effects cumulate in an evolving cohesive zone law with crack progression. We discuss the relationship between these phase-field parameters and process zone characteristics in the material.

Prediction of charge-discharge behavior and state of charge estimation for tri-electrode rechargeable zinc-air flow batteries

An effective state of charge (SOC) estimation is essential for the development of a battery management system. At present, the provision of a SOC estimation for zinc-air flow batteries (ZAFBs) is still at its early stage of development. This work sets out to develop the SOC estimator for ZAFBs. The estimator is based-on a linear parameter varying (LPV) model integrated with an extended Kalman filter (EKF). The LPV model is constructed from multiple linear time-invariant (LTI) models with battery current and SOC as scheduling parameters. It is observed that the response data for ZAFBs have an exceptionally flat profile related to SOC change; dynamic differentiation only occurs when SOC is almost depleted. For this reason, the estimation of SOC converges to the true value when SOC is near depletion. In this work, it is shown that by appropriate tuning, the SOC estimation performance of the LPV model combined with EKF performs well as the absolute errors of soc. estimation lie under 2 % after true SOC convergence. The LPV model with the EKF algorithm is also compared with the Luenberger observer (LO). The proposed estimator can surpass the LO estimator. Overall, this SOC estimator provides a systematic way to fulfill the requirements of a battery management system.

Numerical analysis of liquid desiccant dehumidification system with novel trapezoidal baffled surface

Environmental concerns as well as a rapid decrease in fossil fuel reserves, raise the need for a substitute to the conventional vapor compression system (VCS). Low-grade energy run liquid desiccant absorption system is emerging to be a viable substitute to the VCS. One of the major barriers to the development of a liquid desiccant absorber (LDA) is its low effectiveness. Current study proposes a modification of the flat surface profile of a falling film type liquid desiccant absorber with a trapezoidal baffled profile. The numerical model involves a 2-D transient, multiphase-multicomponent system with conjugate heat-mass interaction. The complex governing equations are solved using ANSYS FLUENT 19.2. The computational model under consideration is validated using the experimental results. The maximum deviation is observed to be 10.31% and 0.38 K in terms of humidity and temperature, respectively. It is observed that the performance is maximized with an trapezoidal baffled configuration of p:e = 10:1.5. The incorporation of trapezoidal baffled surface (p:e = 10:1.5) augmented the dehumidification and enthalpy effectiveness of the system by 26.1% and 24.2%, respectively. The desiccant solution concentration of 35% and temperature of 293 K are optimum inlet conditions for better designing of the absorber. Also, it is observed that minimum the air velocity, maximum is the effectiveness. The proposed modification is found to have 12.1% improved dehumidification effectiveness compared to the earlier configuration of the triangular corrugated solution wall. The same is observed to yield lesser dehumidification effectiveness of 4.85% compared to sinusoidal geometry, proposed earlier.

Thermal energy storage using nano phase change materials in corrugated plates heat exchangers with different geometries

This manuscript investigates the thermal energy storage of nano-improved phase change material (NIPCM) used in a corrugated or undulated channel in heat exchangers. The problem is solved in two dimensions. The solution of the equations system is obtained by the Galerkin finite element method, and the enthalpy analysis is also performed. Flat, sinusoidal waves, square waves, triangular waves, and sawtooth wave profiles are considered different geometries of the plates. The impacts of Reynolds number (Re = 500–2000), inlet temperature (T = 65–80 °C), and nanoparticle volume fraction (φ = 0–8 %) on the thermal performance of heat exchangers are also investigated. The heat transfer fluid (HTF) between the plates is water, while the shell is filled with NIPCM (Cu-Paraffin). As the main outcome, the sinusoidal wave profile had the maximum average temperature and entropy, among other cases. Out of all the cases that were examined, the sawtooth plate had the best performance. At the highest values of Re, tin, and ϕ, the sawtooth plate reduced the melting time by 12 %, 11 % and 12 % compared to the flat plate, respectively.