Flat Piece Research Articles

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WEAR IN SHEET METAL DURING VARIOUS FORCES

The experiments are conducted for different clearances between punch and die. It is observed that, beyond a clearance for each thickness of the steel sheet metal, however, below the critical clearance, scratches on the surface of the sheet metal were seen due to wear. Sheet metal is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. It is one of the fundamental forms used in metalworking and it can be cut and bent into a variety of shapes.

Surface roughness modelling for Double Disk Magnetic Abrasive Finishing process

Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) is a super finishing process having capability to produce surface finish in nano-meter level. The value of surface roughness obtained using MAF process depends upon the material properties of work piece and process factors. In the present work, a mathematical model has been proposed for Double Disk Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (DDMAF) process. DDMAF process is a process that can effectively finish even the flat paramagnetic work piece, which were considered ineffective to be finished by conventional MAF. In the present work, the surface roughness has been modelled as a function of workpiece material properties and process factors namely working gap, abrasive mesh number, percentage weight of abrasive, rotational speed and feed rate. The process model utilizes Lorentz force and Amperes law to estimate the finishing force experienced by an iron particle. The force so obtained has been used to calculate the finishing force transferred to the abrasive particle by using force equilibrium between iron and abrasive particle. The effect of normal distribution of abrasive particle size and the effect of frictional force on finishing forces have also been considered in this work. A MatLab code has been developed to include all the above aspects to determine the change in surface roughness. The model so obtained has been validated using experimental findings and thereafter used to study the effect of various process parameters.

Clinical value of bedside ultrasonography used by ICU doctor in the diagnosis of traumatic hematocelia

Objective To explore the value of bedside ultrasound used by ICU doctor in the rapid diagnosis of traumatic abdominal, and to evaluate the advantage of bedside ultrasound in the treatment decision. Methods 60 patients with traumatic abdominal blood in our hospital admitted to the ICU were selected.All patients were checked through bedside ultrasonography by physicians with professional training of ICU, bedside ultrasound and abdominal CT and abdominal flat piece of traumatic hematocelia, and compared the diagnosis of the time of the bedside ultrasound, abdominal CT and abdominal X-ray and ultrasound physician ultrasound examination. Results The difference of abdominal blood detection rate between bedside ultrasonography and abdominal computed tomography (CT) had no statistical significance (P>0.05); bedside ultrasonography of abdominal blood detection rate was higher than plain film of the abdomen, the difference was statistically significant (χ2=73.346, P<0.01); bedside ultrasound received a preliminary diagnosis of time-consuming (4.37±2.1)min was significantly lower than that of the examination of ultrasound physicians (13.86±5.6)min, abdominal CT (22.13±6.9)min and abdominal plain film (28.19±7.32)min, the differences were statistically significant (t=3.947, 14.607, 21.139, 26.338, all P<0.01). Conclusion By the professional training of ICU physicians for bedside ultrasound traumatic blood abdominal patients can make a more accurate diagnosis, time-shorten, more accord with the requirement of treating critically ill patients in ICU, which has important clinical value for trauma abdominal blood in early rapid diagnosis and treatment. Key words: Blood abdominal, trauma; Bedside ultrasound; Rapid diagnosis; Clinical value

Optimization of Process Parameters of Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys (AA6061-T6 and AA6082-T6)

Objective: Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a process in which the tool is given the desired rotation and feed to produce the heat required to weld the joints. The recrystallization temperature is achieved thereby leading to formation of strong weld without the melting of joining materials. In this examination, the Friction Stir Welding of different 6 series Alloy flat pieces (AA6061 and AA6082) of 6 mm thickness was explored. Methods/Analysis: Experimental conditions were finalized and this welding method was performed on plates at various tool rotational velocities of 800, 1100 and 1400 rpm by shifting the welding speeds i.e. 120, 150 and 180 mm/min and tool pin profiles (cylindrical strung and decrease threaded). Tensile tests were done on the acquired welded joints and the outcomes had been investigated utilizing Taguchi L9 strategy. Findings: It was concluded from the present study that the tensile strength is mostly affected by tool rotational speed. Confirmation experiment shows that error (%) associate with tensile strength is 4.03. O p t i m a l setting of process parameters for tensile strength is 1400 rpm, 120 mm/min with cylindrical threaded tool (TPI-22). Application/Improvement: Friction Stir Welding method can emerge as an efficient process used in welding of aluminum alloys with different compositions.

Molecular dynamics simulations of ballistic He penetration into W fuzz

Results are presented of large-scale Molecular Dynamics simulations of low-energy He bombardment of W nanorods, or so-called ‘fuzz’ structures. The goal of these simulations is to see if ballistic He penetration through W fuzz offers a more realistic scenario for how He moves through fuzz layers than He diffusion through fuzz nanorods. Instead of trying to grow a fuzz layer starting from a flat piece of bulk W, a new approach of creating a fully formed fuzz structure 0.43 µm thick out of ellipsoidal pieces of W is employed. Lack of detailed experimental knowledge of the 3D structure of fuzz is dealt with by simulating He bombardment on five different structures of 15 vol% W and determining the variation in He penetration for each case. The results show that by far the most important factor determining He penetration is the amount of open channels through which He ions can travel unimpeded. For a more or less even W density distribution He penetration into fuzz falls off exponentially with distance and can thus be described by a ‘half depth’. In a 15 vol% fuzz structure, the half depth can reach 0.18 µm. In the far sparser fuzz structures that were recently reported, the half depth might be 1 µm or more. This means that ballistic He penetration offers a more likely scenario than He diffusion through nanorods for how He moves through fuzz and may provide an adequate explanation for how He penetrates through the thickest fuzz layers reported so far. Furthermore, the exponential decrease in penetration with depth would follow a logarithmic dependence on fluence which is compatible with experiments. A comparison of these results and molecular dynamics calculations carried out in the recoil interaction approximation shows that results for W fuzz are qualitatively very different from conventional stopping power calculations on W with a similarly low but homogeneous density distribution.

Beyond developable

We present a computational method for interactive 3D design and rationalization of surfaces via auxetic materials, i.e., flat flexible material that can stretch uniformly up to a certain extent. A key motivation for studying such material is that one can approximate doubly-curved surfaces (such as the sphere) using only flat pieces, making it attractive for fabrication. We physically realize surfaces by introducing cuts into approximately inextensible material such as sheet metal, plastic, or leather. The cutting pattern is modeled as a regular triangular linkage that yields hexagonal openings of spatially-varying radius when stretched. In the same way that isometry is fundamental to modeling developable surfaces, we leverage conformal geometry to understand auxetic design. In particular, we compute a global conformal map with bounded scale factor to initialize an otherwise intractable non-linear optimization. We demonstrate that this global approach can handle non-trivial topology and non-local dependencies inherent in auxetic material. Design studies and physical prototypes are used to illustrate a wide range of possible applications.

Understanding the Fragmentation Pattern of Marine Plastic Debris.

The global estimation of microplastic afloat in the ocean is only approximately 1% of annual global plastic inputs. This reflects fundamental knowledge gaps in the transformation, fragmentation, and fates of microplastics in the ocean. In order to better understand microplastic fragmentation we proceeded to a thorough physicochemical characterization of samples collected from the North Artlantic subtropical gyre during the sea campaign Expedition seventh Continent in May 2014. The results were confronted with a mathematical approach. The introduction of mass distribution in opposition to the size distribution commonly proposed in this area clarify the fragmentation pattern. The mathematical analysis of the mass distribution points out a lack of debris with mass lighter than 1 mg. Characterization by means of microscopy, microtomography, and infrared microscopy gives a better understanding of the behavior of microplastic at sea. Flat pieces of debris (2 to 5 mm in length) typically have one face that is more photodegraded (due to exposure to the sun) and the other with more biofilm, suggesting that they float in a preferred orientation. Smaller debris, with a cubic shape (below 2 mm), seems to roll at sea. All faces are evenly photodegraded and they are less colonized. The breakpoint in the mathematical model and the experimental observation around 2 mm leads to the conclusion that there is a discontinuity in the rate of fragmentation: we hypothesized that the smaller microplastics, the cubic ones mostly, are fragmented much faster than the parallelepipeds.

MARDONIUS' SENSELESS GREEKS

In Herodotus' royal council scene, where Xerxes decides whether or not to punish the Greeks, the king's cousin and adviser Mardonius is made to say these famous lines (Hdt. 7.9β.1): καίτοι [γε] ἐώθασι Ἕλληνες, ὡς πυνθάνομαι, ἀβουλότατα πολέμους ἵστασθαι ὑπό τε ἀγνωμοσύνης καὶ σκαιότητος. ἐπεὰν γὰρ ἀλλήλοισι πόλεμον προείπωσι, ἐξευρόντες τὸ κάλλιστον χωρίον καὶ λειότατον, ἐς τοῦτο κατιόντες μάχονται, ὥστε σὺν κακῷ μεγάλῳ οἱ νικῶντες ἀπαλλάσσονται· περὶ δὲ τῶν ἑσσουμένων οὐδὲ λέγω ἀρχήν, ἐξώλεες γὰρ δὴ γίνονται.Yet, the Greeks do wage war, I hear, and they do so senselessly, in their poor judgement and stupidity. When they have declared war against each other, they find the finest, flattest piece of land and go down there and fight, so that the victors come off with terrible loss—I will not even begin to speak of the defeated, for they are utterly destroyed. This passage has long been one of the pillars of the ‘orthodox’ view of Greek warfare. It appears to describe a very peculiar way of war, in which conflicts were resolved by single battles at prearranged times, fought on open ground where neither side had an advantage. Fairness counted for more than tactical skill; all conditions were made equal, so that the winners could truly claim to be the braver and stronger men. The result, as Mardonius stressed, was needlessly bloody—but it was quintessentially Greek. Modern authors have argued that this ‘agonistic’ style of fighting, this ‘wonderful, absurd conspiracy’ of open hoplite battle, determined the shape of Greek warfare until the long and hard-fought Peloponnesian War changed the rules.

Experimental determination of the level of damage suffered by rigid PVC pipes under quasi-static impact load

This paper presents a approach to determining the level of damage on rigid PVC pipes (polyvinyl chloride), destined for the supply of drinking water, and previously subjected to quasi-static impact. The originality of the work has been to experimentally characterize the level of damage via readily measurable physical quantities obtained under operating conditions. For this purpose, a wide range of experiments were performed. Firstly, trials involving impact with a hemispherical-end hammer weighing 16kg, dropped from a height of between 0 - 2m on portions of rigid PVC pipe. Thereafter, the dimensions of the affected area on the portions of the pipe are measured using a Tridimensional Measuring Machine (TMM). Finally, tensile tests on flat test pieces from around the impacted area of the pipe section were used to determine the post-impact residual mechanical strength. This investigation on post-impact properties allows the definition of the level of damage reached via the unified theory model of Bui Quoc. By analogy to the latter, the damage is expressed as a function of the area of the impacted section.

Annealed Scaling for a Charged Polymer

We study an undirected polymer chain living on the 1-dimensional integer lattice and carrying i.i.d.\ random charges. Each self-intersection of the polymer contributes to the Hamiltonian an energy that is equal to the product of the charges of the two monomers that meet. The joint law for the polymer chain and the charges is given by the Gibbs distribution associated with the Hamiltonian. The focus is on the \emph{annealed free energy} per monomer in the limit as polymer length diverges. We derive a \emph{spectral representation} for the free energy and we exhibit a critical curve in the parameter plane of charge bias versus inverse temperature separating a \emph{ballistic phase} from a \emph{subballistic phase}. The phase transition is \emph{first order}. We prove large deviation principles for the laws of the empirical speed and the empirical charge, and derive a spectral representation for the associated rate functions. Interestingly, in both phases both rate functions exhibit \emph{flat pieces}, which correspond to an inhomogeneous strategy for the polymer to realise a large deviation. The large deviation principles lead to laws of large numbers and central limit theorems. We identify the scaling behavior of the critical curve for small and large charge bias and also the scaling behavior of the free energy for small charge bias and small inverse temperature. Both are linked to an associated \emph{Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problem}. A key tool in our analysis is the Ray-Knight formula for the local times of 1-dimensional simple random walk. It is used to derive a \emph{closed form expression} for the generating function of the annealed partition function and to derive the spectral representation for the free energy. What happens for the \emph{quenched free energy} remains open. We state two modest results and raise a few questions.

Forced oscillations with linear and nonlinear damping

A general solution is derived for the differential equations of forced oscillatory motion with both linear damping (∼v) and nonlinear damping (∼v2). Experiments with forced oscillators are performed using a flat metal plate with a drag force due to eddy currents and a flat piece of stiffened cardboard with a drag force due to air resistance serving as the linear and nonlinear damping, respectively. Resonance of forced oscillations for different damping forces and quality factors is demonstrated. The experimental measurements and theoretical calculations are in good agreement, and damping constants are determined.

Quantification of material loss from the neck piece taper junctions of a bimodular primary hip prosthesis. A retrieval study from 27 failed Rejuvenate bimodular hip arthroplasties

The early failure and revision of bimodular primary total hip arthroplasty prostheses requires the identification of the risk factors for material loss and wear at the taper junctions through taper wear analysis. Deviations in taper geometries between revised and pristine modular neck tapers were determined using high resolution tactile measurements. A new algorithm was developed and validated to allow the quantitative analysis of material loss, complementing the standard visual inspection currently used. The algorithm was applied to a sample of 27 retrievals (in situ from 2.9 to 38.1 months) of the withdrawn Rejuvenate modular prosthesis. The mean wear volumes on the flat distal neck piece taper was 3.35 mm(3) (0.55 to 7.57), mainly occurring in a characteristic pattern in areas with high mechanical loading. Wear volume tended to increase with time to revision (r² = 0.423, p = 0.001). Implant and patient specific data (offset, stem size, patient's mass, age and body mass index) did not correlate with the amount of material loss observed (p > 0.078). Bilaterally revised implants showed higher amounts of combined total material loss and similar wear patterns on both sides. The consistent wear pattern found in this study has not been reported previously, suggesting that the device design and materials are associated with the failure of this prosthesis.

Solid Phase Microextraction Devices Prepared on Plastic Support as Potential Single-Use Samplers for Bioanalytical Applications

This study presents new thin-film solid phase microextraction (SPME) devices prepared on plastic as potential single-use samplers for bioanalysis. Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) was selected as a support due to its well-known chemical resistance, low cost, and suitability as a material for different medical grade components. The herein proposed samplers were prepared by applying a hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced (HLB)-polyacrylonitrile (PAN) coating on rounded and flat PBT pieces previously sanded with regular sandpaper. SPME devices prepared on PBT were evaluated in terms of robustness, chemical stability, and possible interferences upon exposure to different solvents and matrixes. Rewarding results were found when these samplers were employed for the quantitative analysis of multiple doping substances in common biological matrixes such as urine, plasma, and whole blood. Finally, the proposed thin-film SPME devices made on a PBT were evaluated by conducting multiple extractions from whole blood and plasma using the Concept 96 system. Results showed that more than 20 extractions from plasma and whole blood can be performed without observed decreases in coating performance or peeling of the extraction phase from the plastic surface. These findings demonstrate the robustness of PAN-based coatings applied on such polymeric substrate and open up the possibility of introducing new alternatives and cost-effective materials as support to manufacture SPME biocompatible devices for a wide range of applications, particularly in the clinical field.

Contribution of Light and Electron Microscopy to Identification of Bark from Frangula azorica, an Azorean Medicinal Plant.

Frangula azorica V. Grubow is a Macaronesian flora medicinal plant, endemic from Azores islands and inscribed on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. This species, known as "sanguinho," belongs to the family Rhamnaceae, the same as Frangula alnus Mill. and Frangula purshiana (DC.) J. G. Cooper, two widely used official laxative herbal medicines of the western Pharmacopoeias constituted by the dried barks of each species. Morphological and chemical studies on F. azorica dried bark are scarce although it is potentially recognized as a Portuguese laxative herbal medicine. Macroscopically, the bark occurs in quills or nearly flat pieces. A channeled external surface with transversely elongated lenticels is characteristic. When the outer phellem layer is removed, a bright purple inner phellem layer is disclosed. Light and electron microscopy observations revealed flattened phellem cells with slightly thickened walls, cortical parenchyma with secretory ducts and groups of sclereids, phloem with groups of fibers and sheaths of parenchymatous cells containing druses or more frequently prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, and parenchymatous medullary rays one to three cells wide with spherical starch grains. Observation of these botanical characteristics must be included in quality monographs of F. azorica bark herbal medicine.

Finding Fifths in Origami

Paper folding, or origami in Japanese, is a traditional craft that has been enjoyed by both children and adults for hundreds of years. An origami is typically made with a square piece of paper and no additional tools. A series of folds can transform a flat piece of square paper into an everyday object such as a bird, a boat, or a flower. Aligning vertices or edges makes a crease, and as new creases are made, they and their intersections become additional matching targets used to create new folds.

Reduction of Salmonella enterica serotype Poona and background microbiota on fresh-cut cantaloupe by electron beam irradiation

The efficacy of electron beam (e-beam) irradiation processing to reduce Salmonella enterica serotype Poona on surfaces of fresh-cut cantaloupe, and the impact of e-beam irradiation processing on the numbers of indigenous microorganisms were determined. Additionally, the D10-value for S. Poona reduction on the cut cantaloupe was also determined. Fresh-cut cantaloupe pieces, inoculated with S. Poona to 7.8log10CFU/g, were exposed to 0.0, 0.7, or 1.5kGy. Surviving S. Poona, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and fungi (yeasts, molds) were periodically enumerated on appropriate media over 21days of storage at 5°C. Cantaloupe surface pH was measured for irradiated cantaloupe across the 21day storage period. To determine the D10-value of S. Poona, cantaloupe discs were inoculated and exposed to increasing radiation dosages between 0 and 1.06kGy; surviving pathogen cells were selectively enumerated. S. Poona was significantly reduced by irradiation; immediate reductions following exposure to 0.7 and 1.5kGy were 1.1 and 3.6log10CFU/g, respectively. After 21days, S. Poona numbers were between 4.0 and 5.0log10CFU/g less than untreated samples at zero-time. Yeasts were not reduced significantly (p≥0.05) by e-beam irradiation and grew slowly but steadily during storage. Counts of LAB and molds were initially reduced with 1.5kGy (p<0.05) but then LAB recovered grew to high numbers, whereas molds slowly declined for irradiated and control samples. Cantaloupe pH declined during storage, with the greatest decrease in untreated control cantaloupe (p<0.05). The D10-value for S. Poona was determined to be 0.211kGy, and this difference from the reductions observed in the cut cantaloupe studies may be due to the more precise dose distribution obtained in the thin and flat cantaloupe pieces used for the D10-value experiments. The effect of e-beam irradiation at the same doses used in this study was determined in previous studies to have no negative effect in the quality of the cut cantaloupe. Therefore, incorporation of low dosage ionizing irradiation and consistent application of irradiation processing can significantly improve the microbiological safety of fresh-cut cantaloupe.

Autologous tissue patch rich in stem cells created in the subcutaneous tissue

To investigate whether we could create natural autologous tissue patches in the subcutaneous space for organ repair. We implanted the following three types of inert foreign bodies in the subcutaneous tissue of rats to produce autologous tissue patches of different geometries: (1) a large-sized polyvinyl tube (L = 25 mm, internal diameter = 7 mm) sealed at both ends by heat application for obtaining a large flat piece of tissue patch for organ repair; (2) a fine polyvinyl tubing (L = 25 mm, internal diameter = 3 mm) for creating cylindrically shaped grafts for vascular or nerve repair; and (3) a slurry of polydextran particle gel for inducing a bladder-like tissue. Implantation of inert materials was carried out by making a small incision on one or either side of the thoracic-lumbar region of rats. Subcutaneous pockets were created by blunt dissection around the incision into which the inert bodies were inserted (1 or 2 per rat). The incisions were closed with silk sutures, and the animals were allowed to recover. In case of the polydextran gel slurry 5 mL of the slurry was injected in the subcutaneous space using an 18 gauge needle. After implanting the foreign bodies a newly regenerated encapsulating tissue developed around the foreign bodies. The tissues were harvested after 4-42 d of implantation and studied by gross examination, histology, and histochemistry for organization, vascularity, and presence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (CD271+CD34+ cells). Implanting a large cylindrically shaped polyvinyl tube resulted in a large flat sheet of tissue that could be tailored to a specific size and shape for use as a tissue patch for repairing large organs. Implanting a smaller sized polyvinyl tube yielded a cylindrical tissue that could be useful for repairing nerves and blood vessels. This type of patch could be obtained in different lengths by varying the length of the implanted tube. Implanting a suspension of inert polydextran suspension gave rise to a bladder-like tissue that could be potentially used for repairing heart valves. Histologically, the three different types of tissue patches generated were organized similarly, consisting of three layers, increasing in thickness until day 14. The inner layer in contact with the inert material was avascular; a middle layer that was highly vascular and filled with matrix, and an outer layer consisting of loose connective tissue. MSCs identified as CD271+CD34+ cells were present in the medial layer and around major blood vessels at day 4 but absent at later time points. The early-harvested tissues, endowed with MSCs, could be used for tissue repair, while the later-harvested tissues, being less vascular but thicker and tougher, could be used as filler tissue for cosmetic purposes. An autologous, vascularized tissue patch of desired shape and size can be created in the subcutaneous space by implanting different types of inert bodies.

The Promotion

The Promotion J. Allyn Rosser (bio) Normally he wouldn’t keep looking.It was an unusually flat piece of paperfor litter, and the wind toyed with itin an uncommonly conscious mannersending it from sidewalk to street tosidewalk, flipping it first flat on itsprinted face, then its blank back,hesitating and lifting it again, thenactually spinning it on edge like a blockywheel for several revolutions, twiceeven raising it several feet as ifabout to lift the words seventeen storiesso he could read them. From his windowhe wished he could just run out thereand grab the sheet, see what it said.Actually one couldn’t really be surefrom this distance there was anythingwritten on it, but he was surehe desperately needed to read it,that it would explain what he was doinghere, too many flights up to find out. [End Page 486] J. Allyn Rosser J. ALLYN ROSSER’s fourth collection of poems, Mimi’s Trapeze, will appear in fall 2014 from University of Pittsburgh Press. She teaches at Ohio University and edits New Ohio Review. Copyright © 2014 J. Allyn Rosser

Fabrication of adjustable cylindrical mirror segments for the SMART-X telescope

The adaptive optics system for the SMARTX telescope consists of piezoelectric PbZr 0.52 Ti 0.48 O 3 (PZT) thin films deposited on the backside of the mirror. To achieve sufficient strain response from the piezoelectric films, the substrates chosen are thin, flexible glass pieces that can be slumped into the desired curvature. Preliminary testing has been performed using flat pieces and parts that were slumped into a cylindrical geometry. Commercially available boro-aluminosilicate glass segments (100 × 100 mm) were slumped along one axis to a radius of curvature of 220 mm. 2-μm-thick PZT films were deposited via RF magnetron sputtering on flat glass substrates to demonstrate the viability of the processing approach. The deposited PZT showed high yield (>95%) on 1-cm 2 electrodes. The films exhibited relative permittivity values near 1500 and loss tangents below 0.05. In addition, the remanent polarization was 20 μC/cm 2 with coercive fields near 30 kV/cm. 1-μm-thick films with comparable electrical parameters were then deposited onto the slumped substrates. To understand the piezoelectric response of the films and characterize the device performance, influence function measurements were performed. The typical cell response using a 4 V (1.3V c ) drive voltage corresponded to a 0.5 μm out-of-plane displacement, which relates to an in-plane strain value larger than 150 ppm. Both of these parameters meet benchmark requirements for reaching the targeted 0.5 arcsecond resolution goal of the SMART-X telescope. These results demonstrate a viable route to fabricate highly functional mirror segments for the SMART-X telescope.

The non-destructive determination of Pt in ancient Roman gold coins by XRF spectrometry

The determination of trace concentrations of the platinum group elements in gold bullion can be significant for establishing the geographical location from which the gold was mined. Platinum is of particular importance for ancient gold as a marker of provenance. While many techniques have been used successfully to quantify Pt in a nearly pure Au matrix, wavelength dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (WDXRF) has not yet been evaluated for this application. This paper demonstrates that Pt can be determined in gold coins with a limit of detection of 20 μg g−1 (k = 3). Typical relative standard deviations were observed to range from 2% to 3% for Pt determined in gold coins (at 326 and 339 μg g−1, respectively). The low bias created from the imprinted coin design raising the coin up (compared to a completely flat coin piece) was largely overcome by making a 50 μm trough in the sample cup to lower the coin relative to the X-ray tube to compensate for the coin design. Determined Pt concentrations on the side of the coin with the imprinted design were within +1 to −13% of the values obtained with the opposite side where the design was removed by polishing (measured in a normal sample cup) using the same XRF method. This method was deemed fit for purpose for historians wanting to track changes in Pt concentration in ancient Roman gold coins over long time intervals.