Flat Part Research Articles

Operation of Gate-Controlled Irrigation System Using HEC-RAS 2D for Spring Flood Hazard Reduction

Flooding events have been negatively affecting the Republic of Kazakhstan, with higher occurrence in flat parts of the country during spring snowmelt in snow-fed rivers. The current project aims to assess the flood hazard reduction capacity of Alva irrigation system, which is located in the interfluve area of Yesil and Nura Rivers. The assessment is performed by simulating spring floods using HEC-RAS 2D and controlling the gates of the existing system. A digital elevation model of the study domain was generated by integration of Sentinel-1 radar images with the data obtained from bathymetrical survey and aerial photography. Comparison of the simulated inundation area with a remote sensing image of spring flood in April 2019 indicated that the main reason for differences was due to local snowmelt in the study domain. Exclusion of areas flooded by local snowmelt, which were identified using the updated DEM, from comparison increased the model similarity to 70%. Further simulations of different exceedance probability hydrographs enabled classification of the study area according to maximum flood depth and flood duration. Theoretical changes on the dam crest as well as additional gates were proposed to improve the system capacity by flooding agriculturally important areas, which were not flooded during the simulation of the current system. The developed model could be used by local authorities for further development of flood mitigation measures and assessment of different development plans of the irrigation system.

고려 초기청자 요지의 운영체계와 성격

“Goryeo celadon kiln site” refers to the remains of sites where various types of celadon, including the bowl with a halo-shaped foot, were produced during the early stages of celadon production in Korea.
 From the 1960s to the 1980s, the Gangjin Yongun-ri No. 9 and 10, Gochang Yonggye-ri, and Yongin Seo-ri sites were excavated, and research was conducted on the date of appearance and comparisons with Yue ware in China, as well as the evolution of the celadon bowl with a halo-shaped foot. After the 1990s, when the early celadon brick kilns in Wonsan-ri, Baecheon, and Bangsan-dong, Siheung, were investigated, more detailed research on the kiln’s structure and excavated objects has been conducted. Since the 2010s, early celadon kiln sites such as have been rediscovered or newly investigated. Specifically, in Yonggye-ri, Gochang, and Seo-ri, Yongin, new materials such as kilns and sedimentary layers, as well as other related facilities such as surrounding building sites have been uncovered, shedding light on the operation and characteristics of early celadon.
 The celadon kilns of the early Goryeo period were located in mountainous regions, and the range of the kiln site was confined to the local region. The kiln site is typically surrounded by large or small mountains and is located at the bottom of a mountain slope. On the flat surface area beneath the kiln site, facilities such as workshops and construction sites were located.
 This article examines the current state of excavation research to determine the locations of the celadon sites during the early Goryeo period as well as the systems of operation of the kilns and disposal sites. The celadon kilns of the early Goryeo period were located in mountainous regions, and the range of the kiln site was confined to the local region. The kiln site is typically surrounded by large or small mountains and is located at the bottom of a mountain slope. On the flat surface area beneath the kiln site, facilities such as workshops and construction sites were located.
 Early Goryeo celadon kiln sites were dispersed over an area between 2,000 and 5,000㎡ containing the kilnand disposal area. The kilns were renovated and repaired multiple times, the combustion chambers were relocated, portions of the previous kilns were demolished, and new kilns were constructed on a saggar sedimentary layer above the previous kiln. Even though the area was surrounded by the same terrain for several kilometers, kilns and disposal sites operated within a restricted area. This system of operation of kilns and disposal sites is distinct from that of mid-century Goryeo celadon sites.
 The operations of the early Goryeo celadon sites are believed to be very closely related to the tiled building sites created in the flat part of the kiln and the disposal site. Only a few specific sites, including the early celadon brick kiln site and the mid-century Goryeo celadon sites in Gangjin and Buan. However, based on the “Taepyeong Imsul” tiles excavated in Yonggye-ri, Gochang, it is assumed that this tile-roofed building site was a monitoring facility of the kiln site able to quickly reflect the decisions of the Goryeo court.

Research on Image Measurement Method of Flat Parts Based on the Adaptive Chord Inclination Angle Algorithm

To accurately measure the critical dimensions of flat parts using machine vision, an inspection method based on the adaptive chord inclination angle progressively screening the segmentation points of graphic elements was proposed in this study. The method doubled the size of the part image using bicubic interpolation, extracted the single-pixel contour with more detailed information, and designed an adaptive step size to obtain the front and back chord inclination angles of the contour. The method of complementing the front and back chord inclination angles was employed to avoid the negative effects of contour jaggedness, thereby obtaining the contour segmentation points after the initial screening. The segmentation points obtained in the initial sieving were divided into different point clusters according to the distance, and the contour, which was segmented by two segmentation points in different point clusters, was fitted using the least squares. The fitting results were evaluated, and all the fitting results were selected using the improved non-maximum suppression (NMS) algorithm to obtain the precisely selected segmentation points of the graphic elements. Consequently, the segmented individual graphic elements were fitted with the segmentation points as constraints to obtain the key dimensions of the closed part. The developed method could accurately find the contour segmentation points, and the relative error was less than 0.6%.

Analysis of Non-uniform Local Strain in Corroded Reinforcing Bar in Concrete using Digital Image Correlation

Change in the mechanism of post corrosion bond behavior was investigated in a previous experimental study by analyzing the deformations in concrete using digital image correlation (DIC). Using their DIC data, this study focuses on the local strain non-uniformity in reinforcing bar during the uniaxial tensile test due to the effect of rib height reduction and corrosion layer. The results show that, the local strain below the rib tip is higher than that below the flat part between ribs, due to compressive stress resulting from mechanical interaction at the rib tip. Furthermore, the non-uniformity in local strain is less pronounced in highly corroded reinforcing bar because less compressive stress is transferred due to gentler rib slope. In highly corroded reinforcing bar, the appearance of non-uniformity in local strain is delayed since the accumulated corrosion product on the reinforcing bar surface delays the mechanical interaction and stress transfer between the concrete and the reinforcing bar.

Crimean Tatars: Autochtonity of the Indigenous People of Ukraine. Historical Origins

The study is devoted to substantiating the status of the Crimean Tatars as an indigenous people of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to identify the phenomenon of historical continuity of the Crimean Tatars ethnogenesis on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula. The anthropological, population and genetic continuity of the autochthonous population existence on the territory of Crimea is argued. The direct genetic and cultural kinship of a series of basic ethnic groups of the peninsula (Tavrs, Scythians, Roksolans, Polovtsians, Crimean Tatars) is substantiated. The ability of the Crimean Tatar ethnic group to a high level of self-organization, including the formation of an independent state, has been proven. During the 13th-15th centuries, the process of political formation and self-determination of the Crimean Tatars took place. The landscape and climatic features of certain regions of the Crimean Peninsula contributed to the formation of several regional centers of ethnogenesis. It is with the flat part of its territory that the actual process of birth and formation of the Crimean Tatars as an ethnic group is connected. The southern coast and the mountainous part of Crimea, in the conditions of a peculiar natural isolation, and as a result, attractiveness for colonization expansions, had a peculiar trajectory of ethnic changes and transformations. And only with the emergence of the Crimean Khanate as an independent state, local ethnic groups and national groups were involved, through assimilation, in the further development of the Crimean Tatar people. The same applies to the population from the neighboring countries forcibly brought into the Crimean society, which became a kind of source of diversification of the gene pool and cultural borrowings for the Crimean Tatar ethnic group. The influence of Lithuanian Rus on the ethno-political formation of the Crimean Khanate is traced.

Design and Manufacturing Process of a New Type of Deep-Sea Spherical Pressure Hull Structure

Spherical shell structures are the most suitable shape for deep-sea pressure hulls because they have ideal mechanical properties for handling symmetrical pressure. However, the shape accuracy requirement for a hull in a spherical shell structure subjected to deep-sea pressure is extremely high. Even minor asymmetry can significantly degrade its mechanical properties. In this study, a new type of spherical deep-sea pressure hull structure and its integral hydro-bulge-forming (IHBF) method are proposed. First, 32 flat metal plate parts are prepared and welded along their straight sides to form a regular polygonally shaped box. Next, water pressure is applied inside the preformed box to create a spherical pressure vessel. We performed a forming experiment using a spherical pressure vessel with a design radius of 250 mm as a verification research object. The radius of the spherical pressure vessel obtained from the forming experiment is 249.32 mm, the error from the design radius is 0.27%, and the roundness of the spherical surface is 2.36 mm. We performed a crushing analysis using uniform external pressure to confirm the crushing and buckling characteristics of the formed spherical pressure vessel. The results show that the work-hardening increased the crushing and buckling load of the spherical pressure vessel, above that of the conventional spherical shell structure. Additionally, it is established that local defects and the size of the weld line significantly and slightly affected the crushing and buckling load of the spherical pressure hull, respectively.

Crystalline surface diffusion flow for graph-like curves

This paper studies a fourth-order crystalline curvature flow equation for a graph-like curve. The equation is a special example of general crystalline surface diffusion flow. We consider a special class of piecewise linear periodic functions and calculate its speed. We introduce the notion of firmness and prove that the solution stays firm at least for a short time for firm initial data. We show that a facet (flat part) may split if the initial profile is not firm by giving an explicit example. Moreover, we give an example of facet-merging as well as several estimates for the speed of each facet.

Automatic design of conformal cooling channels with an asymmetric centre

In this paper, a compensation-based calculation method is proposed for designing a CCC with an asymmetric centre to make the temperatures of the core and cavity moulds uniform. By redefining the parting line, a heat accumulation centre can be obtained and the distance between a cooling channel and a plastic part can be calculated to ensure a more uniform temperature distribution, thereby reducing the severity of volumetric shrinkage and deformation. Two case studies with different characteristics were used for verifying the proposed method. One is a flat part large thickness difference; the other is a uniform thickness with a large curved surface. According to the analysis results obtained in the aforementioned cases, the CCC with an asymmetric centre not only reduces the temperature of molten plastic rapidly to the ejection temperature, but also effectively evens the temperature variation over the entire mould cavity.

К вопросу о миграциях орла-могильника и степного орла в Туркменистане

A dedicated analysis of spring and fall migration of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) and Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) in Turkmenistan has never been conducted before. Both species have been considered migratory, although in the last decade some individuals began to overwinter. Wide portions of their flyways pass over Turkmenistan. Both species are more often found and concentrated in the southern half of the country and areas containing an abundance of Great Gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) and Libyan Jird (Meriones erythrourus), especially in population outbreak years. The migrating Imperial Eagle may be encountered almost everywhere, preferring areas in various open habitats in the flat parts of the country. It is difficult to estimate the total number of migrating Imperial Eagles, as well as Steppe Eagles, because it is rarely possible to record them over large areas during migration. We have put together the few known facts: a migrating flock of 26 individuals was recorded on April 28, 1939, near the Karabogazgol Strait (Isakov, Vorobyev, 1940); after detailed observations in 1949–1958 the Imperial Eagle was recorded twice in Badkhyz (Sukhinin, 1971), and only once in 1984–1997 (Bukreev, 1997); 37 Imperial Eagles have been observed in a flyway on October 20, 1976, in the delta of the Murghab River (in the Karakum lowlands), 36 km north of the village of Chashgyn. In the South-Eastern shore of the Caspian Sea there were 2 sightings over the period of 1977–1991: in October 1977 (3 individuals near Maloye Delili Lake) and March 1979 (2 individuals near Cheloyuk settlement) (A.A. Karavaev, unpublished data); In Central Kopetdagh in 1990–2010 this eagle was recorded only 7 times, with 1–2 birds observed each time, for a total of 27 birds (Efimenko, 2010), including once a flock of 9 individuals (Efimenko N.N., unpublished data); In the Western Kopetdagh in 2009–2018 it was also recorded 7 times, usually 1–2 individuals, with one observation of 6 individuals at one time (March 6, 2015) (Khodjamuradov, Rustamov, 2010; 2019). Although Steppe Eagles can be found throughout Turkmenistan, they migrate mostly over the western and southeastern parts of the country. The first flyway is predominantly over the Western Kopetdag and then through Southern Ustyurt (territories surrounding Karabogasgol bay and Sarakamysh lake), while the other goes through the broader Badkhyz corridor further along the edge of the Southeastern Karakum and Karabil to the southern half of the Sundukly Desert (Tallimerjen massif). Individual migrant streams can be traced along the foothills of the Bolshoi Balkhan and Maliy Balkhan, Kopetdag and/or across the Karakums. At the same time, birds can be seen everywhere in small groups and even singly (as if in isolation, but parallel to the main stream), crossing the flat portion of Turkmenistan in a broad front. Compared to the Imperial eagle, there are considerably more recorded sightings of Steppe Eagles (detailed analysis is given in the report).

О ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИИ СХЕМЫ ОСОБО ОХРАНЯЕМЫХ ПРИРОДНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ В КРАСНОДАРСКОМ КРАЕ. ГЕОИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЙ АСПЕКТ20

The paper presents the results of designing a scheme of protected natural areas in Krasnodar Territory (region) using satellite images and geoinformation mapping. The proposed substantiation of the location of protected areas is based on the biogeocenotic approach. The geobotanical factor of their location was taken into account through the accepted florogenetic zoning of the territory. The geoinformation aspect in the study was the key one and included a set of sequential actions: determining the location of promising protected areas based on data from the PROBA-V satellite system with a spatial resolution of 100 m (zonal design scale),analyzing the representativeness of vegetation cover types and unvegetated lands on sites of proposed protected areas (local scale),mapping and cartometric calculations, creation of a GIS of protected areas of the region. The design process was preceded by an analysis of the existing network of protected areas of Krasnodar Territory comprising 424 objects of various significance and categories with a total area of 958.7 thousand hectares, or 12.7% of the region’s territory. The scheme includes 29 territories with a total area of 24.6 thousand hectares. In each of the 10 florogenetic areas on the territory of the region, the organization of protected areas is proposed in accordance with the biogeocenotic approach. At the zonal level, the largest number of reserves (14) are designed in florogenetic areas in the flat part of the region in order to preserve the discovered fragments of primary natural complexes – grassforb and shrub steppes, ravine oak forests, and floodplain forests. At the local level, in determining the contours and sizes of the protected areas, the priority was the representativeness of vegetation cover types, established from satellite images.

Remarks on sharp boundary estimates for singular and degenerate Monge-Ampère equations

By constructing appropriate smooth supersolutions, we establish sharp lower bounds near the boundary for the modulus of nontrivial solutions to singular and degenerate Monge-Ampère equations of the form $ \det D^2 u = |u|^q $ with zero boundary condition on a bounded domain in $ \mathbb R^n $. These bounds imply that currently known global Hölder regularity results for these equations are optimal for all $ q $ negative, and almost optimal for $ 0\leq q\leq n-2 $. Our study also establishes the optimality of global $ C^{\frac{1}{n}} $ regularity for convex solutions to the Monge-Ampère equation with finite total Monge-Ampère measure. Moreover, when $ 0\leq q<n-2 $, the unique solution has its gradient blowing up near any flat part of the boundary. The case of $ q $ being $ 0 $ is related to surface tensions in dimer models. We also obtain new global log-Lipschitz estimates, and apply them to the Abreu's equation with degenerate boundary data.

О ВЕРТИКАЛЬНОМ РОСТЕ ЗЕМНОЙ КОРЫ НА ОКРАИНЕ ВОСТОЧНОЙ АЗИИ И ЗАТОПЛЕНИИ ЕЕ МИРОВЫМ ОКЕАНОМ 6 ТЫС. ЛЕТ НАЗАД

The relevance of the study is determined by the need of considering the earth’s crust in the East Asia outskirts, as there are various contradictory judgments on its origin. The purpose of the work is to characterize the geological structure of the eastern margin of Asia, supplemented with new data. To solve the problem, it is used numerous geological data and seismic sections of the territory, obtained by means of its detailed studies in the twentieth century, and new data. It is established that the eastern margin of Asia has a three-layered continental structure. Its active vertical geological development took place in the Precambrian (4.5–1.7 billion years ago), when the ancient crystalline foundation was created, partly in the Paleozoic, and most powerfully in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic time, when certain parts of the territory underwent several tectonic-magmatic cycles. During the Neocene-Quaternary period, there intensified vertical tectonic movements, volcanism and seismicity. Six thousand years ago, significant flat parts of the territory were covered by sea waters due to the increase in the level of the World Ocean, with the formation of large grabens in the Arctic and the Asia outskirts. Therefore, there appeared a wide shallow shelf and separate deep seas (3–7 km). In addition to well-established facts on the structure of the Earth's crust, there are also the discussion ideas based on plate tectonics and paleomagnetism –movements of individual tectonic blocks and even individual continents from south to north, by a distance of up to 2 thousand kilometers, and the oceanic crust immersion under the outskirts of Asia.

The extreme Anthropogen of the Arctic: the formation of the Great Glacier, the emergence a man and the Arctic Ocean in the Early Holocene

The relevance of the article stems from the need to consider recent events in the Arctic in recent time, which are largely contradictory. The aim of the study is to show extreme environmental changes in the Arctic of anthropogenic nature, including the emergence of man and the Arctic Ocean in the Early Holocene. The territory of the Arctic was a landmass with high mountains, in the period preceding the Holocene, on which a large glacier formed 30-18 thousand years ago (Late Pleistocene). The glacier slid irrepressibly southward over great distances, where it covered vast areas of Europe and North America. In the years that followed, a dramatic warming and active melting of the glacier began. By the beginning of the Holocene, the glacier had melted, and a narrow strait of the Atlantic appeared at the foot of Greenland. Coniferous-deciduous forests, numerous rivers and the first human settlements appeared on the flat territory of the Arctic, and various animals – mammoths, horses, bulls - spread out. However, a major catastrophic event occurred by the middle of the Holocene (6.0 thousand years ago), after active volcanism in the Arctic: the collapse of the central part of the Arctic to a depth of about 5 km and the formation of the Central Arctic graben, associated with the appearance of a huge amount of endogenous water. There began a rapid movement of water on the flat parts of the Arctic and the formation of the modern huge, shallow (50-100 m) shelf - the Arctic Ocean. Many human settlements were flooded, animals escaped, in part, on high uplands. For example, huge animal cemeteries were preserved on the Novosibirsk Islands. A new cooling of the climate occurred 4 thousand years ago, and an ice sheet formed on the surface of the ocean, which led to the name of the North Glacial Ocean in Russia. Modern man began to explore the coastal territories of the Arctic shelf since the mid - Holocene, but active industrial development of the Arctic began in the 21st century.

CLASS EMPOWERMENT OF PREGNANT WOMEN ABOUT COUNTERPRESSURE EDUCATION AND BIRTH BALL FOR PAIN OF LABOR

Childbirth is a natural process that every pregnant woman will experience. Labor is defined as the stretching and dilation of the cervix due to contraction of the uterine muscles to promote the expulsion of conception. The labor experienced was a painful, most maternity mothers began to feel the peak of pain in the first stage of the active phase, namely in the maximal dilatation phase and deceleration phase. , and strong so that the sensation of pain felt increased by HIS and the opening of labor affected the pain felt by the mother. The more intense the HIS and the bigger the opening, the stronger the pain, so it requires birthball exercises as a decrease in labor pain scale during pregnancy, Counterpressure is a massage by placing the heel of the hand or the flat part of the hand, massaged 20 minutes every hour during labor will be more free from pain, can manage fear, create a feeling of comfort, relax and respond positively, Birth ball is a physical therapy ball that helps mothers in the first stage of labor to kneel and lean on the birthball can reduce pain so that mothers are more comfortable . When the birthing adjust the position, control anxiety and have a birth attendant who can divert her mind from the perception of pain, the pain will decrease. So the combination of Counterpressure Birth Ball is very important for pregnant women to learn when they want to give birth.

ЧУТЛИВИЙ ЕЛЕМЕНТ СЕНСОРА ПОВЕРХНЕВИХ ПЛАЗМОНІВ З ТЕРМІЧНОЮ МОДИФІКАЦІЄЮ СТРУКТУРНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ПОЛІМЕРНОЇ ПІДКЛАДКИ

The development of an effective sensing element (ChE) sensor with a prism type of excitation (Kretchman configuration) of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in a gold film and a mechanical survey of the angle of incidence of monochromatic light based on a polymer substrate is based on a combination of radiation binding schemes using a prism and a lattice to prevent losses in the active metal film. Replacing the glass substrate with a polymer one has reduced the cost of ChE, led to increased sensitivity and simplification of its manufacturing technology, which does not require the use of intermediate adhesion layers. Additionally, we applied a thermal method of modifying the optical and structural properties of the substrate – hot pressing of the matrix, which contained a periodically nanostructured surface relief in the form of a diffraction two-dimensional (2D) lattice. The original 2D lattice was recorded on photoresist-covered (Shepley 1805) glass plates using the method of two-beam interference (He-Cd laser, = 440 nm) at double exposure (time 2040 s, power 20 mW/cm2) of the sample with a rotation of 90. Characteristics of ChE on an optical polycarbonate substrate (d = 2.25 mm, n = 1.58 at ( = 650 nm) after hot pressing, which contained a flat and periodically nanostructured surface in the form of a diffraction 2D lattice, followed by the deposition of a thin (d 40 nm) layer of gold on them was examined using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and the device "Plasmon". AFM studies have shown that the technological technique used made it possible to obtain lateral-ordered structures in the form of pyramids with calculated parameters – a period of 422435 nm (spatial frequency of about 2350 lin/mm) and a relief depth of 7090 nm. However, the preservation of a wave-like relief (about 300 nm) on a flat part of the surface and double ray refraction of the polymer substrate, encourage optimization of the hot pressing process using the resulting matrix on polymer substrates of smaller thickness.

Influence of magneto-abrasive machining on the characteristics of the surface layer of flat parts

The paper presents the study of the influence of the process of magneto-abrasive machining (MAM) on the characteristics of the surface layers of flat surfaces of parts made of ferromagnetic material U9 by machining with end-type heads based on high-power permanent magnets that form a magneto-abrasive tool of the "brush" type. For estimation of the influence of the process of magneto-abrasive machining on the surface layer, the parameters of surface hardness were analyzed after the machining of test samples with different powders and under different modes. The degree of influence of the MAM on the surface, both in terms of the hardness of the surface layer and the deformation of samples due to compressive residual stresses arising as a result of machining, was studied. The estimation of the state of the surface layer was performed by the change in hardness after machining, the magnitude of the degree of hardening, to some extent, by the parameters of roughness. The control of changes in internal residual stresses formed in the surface layers of samples due to the interaction of powder particles with the surface during machining was carried out according to the degree of their deformation after MAM. It was found that due to MAM, internal compressive stresses of 30–100 MPa arise in the near-surface layer of the material of the samples, while the magnitude of the stresses varied in inverse dependency, that is, with an increase in the working gap, in the vast majority of cases, a decrease in the magnitude of the stresses was observed. It was shown that the depth of the hardened layer under different machining conditions is up to 200 µm or more, and the strengthening coefficient varies from 10 to 40%.

FDM-3D printing LLDPE/BN@GNPs composites with double network structures for high-efficiency thermal conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding

Towards the high-frequency and miniaturization of modern electronic devices, the multi-functional materials with high-efficiency thermal management and electromagnetic interference shielding performance are urgently demanded. The contributions in materials are mostly focused on a single function, and difficult to meet the requirement of the precision device with complicated structures. Herein, linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)/boron nitride (BN)@graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) composite parts with double network structures were designed and realized by combining ball-milling strategy and fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology. The FDM-3D printed parts could exhibit a thermal conductivity of 3.11 W/(m·K) along the printing direction at 3.51 vol% GNPs loading, achieving an improvement of ∼2.88 and ∼8.33 times over that of flat printing parts and pure LLDPE, respectively. The long-range aligned network along the printing direction is formed due to the shear extrusion effect during FDM-3D printing. Also, FDM-3D printing is applied to print heat sinks with excellent thermal conductive property in vertical direction. Furthermore, the ball milling process could enable the GNPs to form thermal and electrical conductivity pathways in LLDPE/BN composites. The printed parts accordingly exhibit good electromagnetic shielding performance (27.8 dB) and electrical conductivity (12.5 S/m). This study not only enriches the strategy for preparation of multifunctional FDM 3D printed parts, but also paves the way for further applications in advanced thermal management and protection against electromagnetic irradiation.

DAILY OCCUPATIONS OF DAGESTAN UZDENIS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th – EARLY 20th CENTURIES

The subject of this research is the daily activities of Dagestan freemen (commoners) – uzdenis in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. In our research, we have applied procedural and modernization approaches. The first approach considers everyday life as an ordinary, everyday human existence, focusing on the environment, social relations in society. The modernization approach considers the transition of society from the traditional to the modern type, accompanied by the breaking of traditional values, a change in mentality. The article applies historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods. The author describes for the first time the daily activitis of Dagestan uzdenis after the annexation of Dagestan to Russia. The article aims to show the changes that occured in the traditional occupation of Dagestan uzdenis under the influence of capitalist relations that came from the Russian Empire. The author concludes that the daily occupations of the Dagestan freemen comprised traditional forms of agricultural production. The basis of the labor activity of uzden farms was the economic experience of previous generations. Farming in different parts of Dagestan had its own peculiarities. It received special development in the flat and foothill parts of the region with more arable land. In the mountainous zone, the lack of arable land forced farmers to use artificial fields – terraces created and maintained by the labor of several generations. Terraces testify to a high agriculture and have a centuries-old history in Dagestan. In addition to agriculture, Dagestani uzdenis were engaged in cattle breeding, handicrafts, seasonal work, and fishing. A major role in the daily activities of Dagestanis was played by the natural and climatic factor, which dictated the timing of agricultural work. Thus, in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century, the usual way of daily life of the Dagestan peasant gradually changed. Agriculture and cattle breeding acquired a commodity character, factory-made agricultural tools appeared on the farms of wealthy peasants, and the geography of seasonal works expanded. This might be explained by the integration of Dagestan into the economic space of Russia and the modernization of its economy during the period under study.

A method and apparatus for inspecting large flat composite parts by using the Infrared LST technique

The principle of Line Scan Thermography (LST) was used to develop a self-propelled infrared thermographic nondestructive testing device for the inspection of large, relatively flat composite aerospace parts, such as aircraft wings. The design of the unit allowed the suppression of noise from reflected radiation. The new equipment, using the LST method, provided defect detectability similar to that achieved with a classic, static, flash heating procedure, but with a higher rate of testing. Also, the line heating principle ensured more uniform thermal patterns, and the proper choice of scan speed and field of view allows the selection of optimal time delays and the creation of maps of defects at different depths. Defect characterization efficiency was improved by using a trained neural network.

DGS-Fuse: unsupervised image fusion network combining global information

To better preserve the global semantic information and edge information of the original image during the multi-focus image fusion process, we propose an encoder–decoder network, which combines pixel loss function, multiscale structural similarity loss function and total variation loss function to further reduce the detail loss in the image reconstruction process. The model introduces dynamic convolution and global context network to improve its feature expression ability and global context modeling ability. In the fusion stage, the fusion strategy based on the edge feature map is used to fuse the two feature maps output by the encoder to obtain the final decision map. Combining the gradient information of the deep feature map and the edge feature map, the fusion strategy can more effectively extract the flat parts of the focused and defocused regions and enhance the edge features of the image. Finally, the proposed algorithm is compared with seven advanced fusion algorithms, and the results are superior to other fusion algorithms in subjective and objective evaluation indexes.