Flat Form Research Articles

Development of Student Worksheets (LKPD) Based on Socio-Scientific Issue (SSI) on Flat Form Topics to Improve Reading Literacy and Numeration Skills

This study explores the development and effectiveness of student worksheets (LKPD) based on Socio Scientific Issues (SSI) to enhance reading literacy and numeracy skills among fifth-grade students. Conducted at SDN Jabontegal, SDN Lebaksono, and SD Islam Nahrul Ulum, the research identifies the challenges faced by students in implementing independent learning policies and the inadequacy of existing teaching materials in improving literacy and numeracy. The LKPD was designed to integrate reading and numeracy skills through contextual issues related to the students’ environment, such as historical events and objects in Mojokerto. Validity and reliability tests, involving expert validators in material, language, and media, confirmed the LKPD’s high validity and reliability, with scores of 86%, 83%, and 90%, respectively. The effectiveness of the LKPD was demonstrated through significant improvements in students’ literacy and numeracy skills, as evidenced by N-Gain scores of 0.82 in the experimental class, compared to 0.65 and 0.47 in control classes. Student and teacher responses indicated high levels of agreement on the practicality and readability of the LKPD, with percentages ranging from 72% to 100%. These findings suggest that the SSI-based LKPD is a practical and effective tool for enhancing literacy and numeracy skills in primary education. Keywords: Socio Scientific Issues, Literacy, Numeracy, Student Worksheets, Primary Education, Teaching Materials

Differences in Clinical Outcomes and Survival Among Primary, Secondary, and Concomitant Carcinoma In Situ of the Bladder.

Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is a flat, high-grade, and aggressive form of urothelial carcinoma with a high risk of progression to muscle-invasive disease and metastasis. This study aimed to investigate differences in clinical outcomes and survival among patients with primary, secondary, and concomitant CIS of the bladder. A total of 209 patients diagnosed with CIS between 2010 and 2022 in our department with a minimum follow-up of 12 months were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with muscle-invasive cancer at diagnosis, those with recurrence within one month after diagnosis, and those with primary malignant melanoma were excluded. The recurrence, progression, and cancer-specific mortality rates of patients receiving Bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy for CIS were analyzed. A total of 96 patients with primary (n = 18), secondary (n = 29), and concomitant CIS (n = 49) were included in the analysis. The median follow-up was 52.2 months. Patients with secondary CIS had a significantly higher recurrence rate than those with concomitant CIS (58.6% vs. 32.7%, p = 0.016). However, no significant difference in progression rates was observed among the three groups. Furthermore, no significant association was observed between CIS subtypes and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR = 1.45, 95% CI 0.96-2.46, p = 0.16) or progression-free survival (PFS) (HR = 2.20, 95% CI 0.99-4.87, p = 0.054). Secondary CIS had a significantly higher recurrence rate than concomitant CIS. However, no statistically significant association was observed between CIS subtypes and RFS or PFS.

Role of a novel uropod-like cell membrane protrusion in the pathogenesis of the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis.

Trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. As an extracellular parasite, adhesion to host cells is essential for the development of infection. During attachment, the parasite changes its tear ovoid shape to a flat ameboid form, expanding the contact surface and migrating through tissues. Here, we have identified a novel structure formed at the posterior pole of adherent parasite strains, resembling the previously described uropod, which appears to play a pivotal role as an anchor during the attachment process. Moreover, our research demonstrates that the overexpression of the tetraspanin T. vaginalis TSP5 protein (TvTSP5), which is localized on the cell surface of the parasite, notably enhances the formation of this posterior anchor structure in adherent strains. Finally, we demonstrate that parasites that overexpress TvTSP5 possess an increased ability to adhere to host cells, enhanced aggregation and reduced migration on agar plates. Overall, these findings unveil novel proteins and structures involved in the intricate mechanisms of T. vaginalis interactions with host cells.

Exploring the Flat Form Language of Chinese Figures in Contemporary Oil Painting

Exploring the Flat Form Language of Chinese Figures in Contemporary Oil Painting

ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIKA MATERI BANGUN DATAR SISWA KELAS V SEKOLAH DASAR

The purpose of this study is to characterize and understand the mathematical problem-solving skills of fifth-grade students at SDN 1 Tanjung Sari, particularly with regard to narrative problems with flat forms. This study employs a qualitative descriptive methodology that focuses on close observation and in-depth examination of the research participants, who are SDN 1 Tanjung Sari fifth-grade pupils. Two primary methods were used in this study to gather data: assessments of students' mathematical problem-solving skills and interviews. The Miles and Huberman Model, which has three primary stages data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing was used to conduct the data analysis. The technique of eliminating extraneous or useless data is known as data reduction. Data presentation is the process of arranging and displaying information in a way that is simple to understand. Drawing conclusions from study results entails analyzing data and drawing judgments. The study's findings indicate that pupils' average proficiency in solving mathematical problems involving flat shapes is 75.78, falling within the middle range. This indicates that although there is still need for development, pupils' grasp of the notion of flat forms is adequate. The study indicated that, when considering learning interest, students' average mathematical problem-solving skill was 87.22 for high learning interest students, 74.85 for moderate learning interest students, and 57.80 for low learning interest students. This demonstrates that students' aptitude for solving mathematical puzzles is greatly influenced by their learning interests. Overall, this study offers significant new information on how learning interests might influence students' ability to solve mathematical problems. Future instructional materials for more efficient learning can be developed using these findings as a foundation

Photodynamic therapy of leukoplakia of the oral mucosa: experience of using method in 223 patients

The aim of this study was to analyze the immediate and long-term results of using photodynamic therapy (PDT) in patients with leukoplakia of the oral mucosa. The retrospective study included 223 patients with morphologically verified leukoplakia of the oral mucosa. Patients received treatment at the hyperthermia and photodynamic therapy department from 2013 to 2023. The average age was 51.9±8.9 years. Clinically, 211 patients (94.6%) had a flat form of the disease, 12 patients (5.4%) had a verrucous form. The photosensitizer (PS), based on chlorin e6, was administered intravenously once in doses of 1.7 to 2.5 mg/kg body weight. Irradiation of pathologically changed lesions was carried out 2-2.5 hours after the end of its infusion, using a semiconductor laser device “UPL PDT”, with a wavelength λ=665±5 nm. The laser radiation dose density varied from 25 to 100 J/cm², the power density from 0.07 to 0.32 W/cm², the duration of one irradiation field - from 2 to 13.5 minutes, depending on its linear dimensions. The severity of adverse reactions was assessed on days 1-30 after treatment using the CTCAE 4.03 scale. The immediate results of treatment were assessed up to 3 months after PDT, with morphological confirmation of the response to treatment. No serious adverse reactions were observed during PS infusion and irradiation. No symptoms of dermal phototoxicity were reported. During control examinations, up to 3 months after irradiation in patients with flat and verrucous forms, the frequency of complete regressions was 97.1% (n=205) and 58.3% (n=6) cases, partial regressions - 2,9% (n=7) and 25% (n=3) of cases, respectively. Objective response rates were observed at 100% and 83.3%, respectively. The period of observation of patients varies from 3 to 120 months. (average 66 months). The frequency of disease relapses during this period was 9%. Patients with partial regression and identified relapse were treated with repeated PDT sessions. PDT is a well-tolerated and effective treatment method for patients with leukoplakia of the oral mucosa, which has significant advantages over traditional methods of treating this precancerous pathology. These include minimal toxicity to the normal tissues surrounding the pathological foci due to the selective accumulation of PS in leukoplakia tissues, a slight risk of serious adverse reactions, the possibility of an outpatient session, the possibility of repeated treatment over a large area of damage and good cosmetic results).

Signature of possible spin liquid state at 2K in spin-frustrated Cr1-xFexPSe3 alloy

Disordered spin systems typically exhibit glass-like characteristics below the glass transition temperature [1–4]. However, when the competition between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic couplings is balanced, the spin liquid state persists towards zero Kelvin rather than a glass state [5]. This unique state is known as the quantum spin liquid state. In this study, we examined a potential spin liquid state in the two-dimensional spin-frustrated Cr1-xFexPSe3 alloy by magnetic susceptibility measurements as a function of temperature and doping. Two end compounds, CrPSe3 and FePSe3, exhibit an antiferromagnetic order. With the Fe doping, the antiferromagnetic order of frustrated CrPSe3 gradually weakened and reached its minimum transition temperature at the critical concentration of x = 0.33. This weak order became indeterminate when a high magnetic field was applied, indicating the possibility of converting the magnetic order to the spin liquid state down to 2 K. With further doping, an antiferromagnetic order was observed in the Fe-dominated compound. Our results provide a new two-dimensional flat form for exploring quantum spin liquid states.

Morphological Changes of 3T3 Cells under Simulated Microgravity.

Cells are sensitive to changes in gravity, especially the cytoskeletal structures that determine cell morphology. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of simulated microgravity (SMG) on 3T3 cell morphology, as demonstrated by a characterization of the morphology of cells and nuclei, alterations of microfilaments and microtubules, and changes in cycle progression. 3T3 cells underwent induced SMG for 72 h with Gravite®, while the control group was under 1G. Fluorescent staining was applied to estimate the morphology of cells and nuclei and the cytoskeleton distribution of 3T3 cells. Cell cycle progression was assessed by using the cell cycle app of the Cytell microscope, and Western blot was conducted to determine the expression of the major structural proteins and main cell cycle regulators. The results show that SMG led to decreased nuclear intensity, nuclear area, and nuclear shape and increased cell diameter in 3T3 cells. The 3T3 cells in the SMG group appeared to have a flat form and diminished microvillus formation, while cells in the control group displayed an apical shape and abundant microvilli. The 3T3 cells under SMG exhibited microtubule distribution surrounding the nucleus, compared to the perinuclear accumulation in control cells. Irregular forms of the contractile ring and polar spindle were observed in 3T3 cells under SMG. The changes in cytoskeleton structure were caused by alterations in the expression of major cytoskeletal proteins, including β-actin and α-tubulin 3. Moreover, SMG induced 3T3 cells into the arrest phase by reducing main cell cycle related genes, which also affected the formation of cytoskeleton structures such as microfilaments and microtubules. These results reveal that SMG generated morphological changes in 3T3 cells by remodeling the cytoskeleton structure and downregulating major structural proteins and cell cycle regulators.

강화 정족산성진지의 보존관리 및 활용 방안 연구

Jeongjoksanseong Fortress Site is an important defense facility established after the mid-Joseon Dynasty for the purpose of protecting the Jungjoksan sago. Through the excavation survey in 2008~2009, most of the building sites such as Naesa, Jinsa, Sindang, Poryanggo, and Heincheong, as well as stonework, fence facilities, and drainage facilities, were identified on the map of 『Jeongjoksanseong Fortress Site』.
 In this paper, we analyzed the current status and conditions of the natural and geographical environment of the Jeongjoksanseong Fortress Site, the archaeological historical environment, the status of surrounding cultural properties, excavation survey, and maintenance of the ruins, and analyzed the preservation and utilization cases of domestic and foreign architectural ruins. Since the nature of the ruins is clear and the condition is good, the plan form according to the use of each building site is clearly identified. Therefore, we selected the restoration and maintenance target building site considering the utilization and proposed restoration, maintenance and utilization plan.
 First of all, in order to select the object of restoration and maintenance, the site for restoration and maintenance was selected by setting the selection criteria such as 1) whether the results of the excavation survey match the document record, 2) the planar shape is clear and the superstructure can be checked, 3) the usability is large, 4) the symbolism as the central building site, and 5) the surrounding landscape such as Jeondeungsa Temple is not damaged. The restoration targets are Jinsa, Eeast·West Poryanggo, and the main gate, and the maintenance targets are building sites such as Naesa, North Poryanggo 1, North Poryanggo 2, Sindang, Haincheong, Building Site 8, Building Site 9, as well as fence facilities, drainage facilities, and surrounding maintenance.
 Jinsa, the object of restoration, is the central building of the Jeongjoksanseong Fortress Site, and was selected as the object of restoration because the excavation survey results and the document records are consistent, the flat form is clear, the symbolism is excellent, The main gate was selected as a restoration target because it has a clear plan shape as well as a coincidence between the excavation survey results and the document records, and because it is located in the main entrance and has symbolism. East·West Poryanggo was selected for restoration because it has excellent usability as a patriotic history museum.
 Among the building sites subject to maintenance, the building site expressed on the map of 『Jeongjoksanseong Fortress Site』 is an important defense facility established after the mid-Joseon Dynasty for the purpose of protecting the Jungjoksan sago. Through the excavation survey in 2008~2009, most of the building sites such as Naesa, Jinsa, Sindang, Poryanggo, and Heincheong, as well as stonework, fence facilities, and drainage facilities, were identified on the map of 『Jeongjoksanseong Fortress Site』 has a clear planar shape and cornerstone Reorganized using the “Phenomena Preservation + Stone Exposure” method.
 Building site 9 (presumed to be a Jeongjoksan Seongjin before Jeongjoksan Seongjin) was intended to be differentiated from the Jeongjoksan Seongjin building site by restoring the overall soil and preserving the phenomenon, which was identified in the excavation survey and was not seen in the literature record. However, building site 8 (presumed to be a Jeongjoksan Seongjin before Jeongjoksan Seongjin) was reorganized with a “Phenomena Preservation + Stone Exposure” method, even though it was not seen in the literature record, to show the overlapping appearance with the east poryanggo, which is the target of restoration. The fence facility shall be maintained to the height at the time of the excavation survey so that the area of the JeongjoksanSeongjin site and the space within the site can be recognized.

Ethnomathematical exploration of Yogya Kembali Monument (Monjali)

Yogya Kembali Monument is one of the tourist attractions in which there are relics of the struggle for Indonesian independence in reclaiming the Special Region of Yogyakarta. In terms of form, if analyzed in depth, there is a connection with mathematical concepts. This study aims to explore mathematical concepts (ethnomathematics) in the Yogya Kembali Monument. The type of research used in this study is exploratory research with an ethnographic approach. Data collection techniques are done through observation, documentation, and literature studies. This study aims to explore the collection of objects contained in the Yogya Kembali Monument, which can then be used as a source of learning media in teaching mathematical concepts to students. This research resulted in the discovery of mathematical concepts in the Yogya Kembali Monument, generally in the form of Build Flat and Build Space. These results can be implemented into mathematics learning and an effort to increase the love of local culture through ethnomathematics-based learning.

Experimental investigation of flame state transition in a gas turbine model combustor by analyzing noise characteristics

Hysteresis of flame transition from lifted (V-shaped) to flat form is studied in a gas turbine model combustor by using acoustic measurements in connection with infrared thermometry and visual recordings. The impacts of varying several parameters including the shape of the fuel injector, flow rates, confinement (i.e., combustion chamber), and air preheat on flame shape transition and the corresponding acoustic behavior are studied using experimental measurements. It is shown that the flat flame produces noise at two dominant frequencies (related to the acoustics and hydrodynamic instabilities), and these frequencies could be used for flame shape transition prediction from the V-shaped flame, which produces different frequencies. Time–frequency wavelet analysis of the generated noise shows highly non-stationary behavior with mode hoppings for both flame states. The results show that the flame state transition hysteresis is highly dependent on the parameters that change the details of flow near the baseplate, and in this way, the higher flow rates, air preheat, and round slit injector intensify the transition hysteresis. Also, the presence of the combustion chamber was shown to be very effective in reducing the studied hysteresis.

DEPICTION OF NATURE IN RAJASTHANI GITA GOVINDA

Humans have evolved their life in Nature’s Lap and gradually developed the consciousness accordingly. Nature’s beauty and mesmerizing elements have always influenced and attracted humans towards it. This impacted human to an extent that elements of Nature were established as divine powers namely Surya, Chandra, Vayu, Varuna, Indra, and Pruthvi. Poets and Painters have given Nature a new dimension with their imagination, vision, emotions, and glorification. The paintings found in Indian Art have been depicting Nature’s elements in Jainism, Buddhism and Brahmanism majorly. The renaissance of Indian Art has been initiated by Rajput Style Paintings and this is noticeable that they were also influenced by Nature. The painters in Rajasthan were equally attracted by elements of Nature as the poets were. The major poetic-literature created were Sur-Sagar, Ramayana, Bhagwat Puran, Mahabharata, Geet-Govind etc.The poetic-literature Geet-Govind consists of enormous amount of beautiful Nature-depiction in it, with bright colors and figures covered under Rajasthan’s style. Lotus floating in Yamuna River, deep-blue clouds covering the sky, Moon, stars, tree-groves, forest, flowers & plants filled over mountains have been depicted beautifully. In Rajasthan’s Style of paintings, the sky has a noticeable importance. Each artwork has the sky depiction on top area of frame with different climatic conditions like clouds, rain, plain open sky, stars in night etc. which is done on flat form surface.Objectives: Present research paper “Depiction of Nature in Rajasthan’s Geet-Govind” covers a unique angle of study which justifies the Flora & Fauna depictions in miniature. The motive of the paper is to showcase & mark different Natural demographics of Rajasthan in Geet Govind and the climatic influence over it. This paper also aims towards different art styles of Rajput Miniature covering different Bhava and Rasa theory conceptualized in Geet-Govind. Thus, the research paper will be helpful for further research-scholars, this will increase interest in studying the topic and will provide a new vision(dimension) for observing the Geet-Govind.

PERENCANAAN RUSUNAMI RUMAH DIFABEL DI SAMARINDA PENEKANAN PADA AKSESIBILITAS

Samarinda has a reasonably high population, with 872 people with disabilities (2021), based on PPDI DPC Samarinda City data. It is challenging for persons with disabilities to own a home. Therefore, a residential building in the form of a disabled-friendly flats that can house a group of people in one structure is required, emphasizing accessibility. This building's design aims to create a flat accessible to disabled people by paying close attention to the building's exterior rustic architecture. This design method involves identifying problems, collecting data and information, and transforming them into ideas or concepts. Accessibility refers to individuals with disabilities. Government-mandated implementation of accessibility features in circulation routes and space elements with standardized dimensions. This accessible Rusunami also gives attention to the exterior of the building's rustic architecture. The use of red brick characterizes the rustic architectural style, concrete finishing with conwood, natural colors of materials, and designs that evoke a natural look.

TINJAUAN KOMPARATIF ANTARA UNDANG-UNDANG HAK CIPTA NO No.19 Tahun 2002 TENTANG HAK CIPTA DENGAN UU No. 28 Tahun 2014 TENTANG HAK CIPTA

This study aims to examine normatively what are the differences between the old and new Copyright Laws. This research is normative legal research, namely research based on written laws and regulations and various literature related to this problem. There are several differences in the arrangements in the new and old Copyright Law, namely that copyright protection is carried out for a longer period of time. Better protection of the economic rights of creators and/or owners of related rights, including limiting the transfer of economic rights in the form of sold flats. Effective dispute resolution through mediation, arbitration or court processes, as well as the application of complaint offenses for criminal prosecution. The trading place manager is responsible for the point of sale and/or copyright infringement and/or related rights in the shopping center they manage. Copyright as an intangible movable object can be used as a fiduciary guarantee object. The minister is given the authority to delete works that have been registered, if the creation violates religious norms, moral norms, public order, state defense and security, as well as statutory provisions. Authors, copyright holders, owners of related rights become members of the Collective Management Organization in order to collect fees or royalties. Authors and/or related rights owners receive royalty payments for creations or related rights products made in an official relationship and used commercially. The Collective Management Institution whose function is to collect and manage the economic rights of creators and owners of related rights is required to submit an application for an operational permit to the Minister. The use of copyright and related rights in multimedia means to respond to developments in information and communication technology.

Costs of plasmocytic myeloma therapy in the drug programme at a Regional Oncology Centre in Poland.

The rapidly growing market for drugs, including oncology and haemato-oncology drugs, is generating enormous financial expenditure for healthcare systems. In Poland, access to high-cost treatments is possible mainly within drug programmes, funded by public healthcare systems. The path of proceeding adopted in Polish regulations is similar to the solutions adopted in other countries. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the actual costs incurred by the treatment entity in the process of treating patients under the drug programme at the Regional Oncology Centre in Olsztyn, north-east Poland. The oncology drug programme B.54 'Treatment of patients with refractory or malignant plasmocytic myeloma' implemented at the Regional Oncology Centre in Poland between 2018-2021, was selected for the analysis. The choice of the B.54 programme was based on the small population of patients meeting the inclusion criteria for this programme, and the large number of diagnostic procedures stipulated in the drug programme description. On average, 25 patients were treated per year. The financial analysis used the financial categories related to hospital billing information. The costs were presented based on the purchasing power parity of money in 2021, i.e. 1 USD-inter is equivalent to 1.837 PLN. The flat rate form of financing medical services does not cover the actual costs of treatment. Providing patients with necessary medical services without their full coverage by the public payer, burdens the budget of the centre and may lead to indebtedness of the treatment entity. Without an increase in the valuation of benefits under drug programmes, corresponding to the actual costs of treatment, the expected increase in access to innovative therapies will be difficult to accomplish.

Korean Red Ginseng Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Senescence of Skin Keratinocytes.

Skin is a direct target of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), as it is constantly exposed. Herein, we investigate whether Korean red ginseng (KRG) can inhibit PM2.5-induced senescence in skin keratinocytes. PM2.5-treated human keratinocyte cell lines and normal human epidermal keratinocytes showed characteristics of cellular senescence, including flat and enlarged forms; however, KRG suppressed them in both cell types. Moreover, while cells exposed to PM2.5 showed a higher level of p16INK4A expression (a senescence inducer), KRG inhibited its expression. Epigenetically, KRG decreased the expression of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzyme, a DNA demethylase induced by PM2.5, and increased the expression of DNA methyltransferases suppressed by PM2.5, resulting in the decreased methylation of the p16INK4A promoter region. Additionally, KRG decreased the expression of mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1), a histone methyltransferase, and histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1) induced by PM2.5. Contrastingly, KRG increased the expression of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2, a histone methyltransferase, and histone deacetyltransferase 1 reduced by PM2.5. Furthermore, KRG decreased TET1, MLL1, and HAT1 binding to the p16INK4A promoter, corresponding with the decreased mRNA expression of p16INK4A. These results suggest that KRG exerts protection against the PM2.5-induced senescence of skin keratinocytes via the epigenetic regulation of p16INK4A.

Secondary structure in polymorphic forms of alpha-synuclein amyloids.

Numerous Alpha-synuclein amyloid structures available in PDB enable their comparative analysis. They are all characterized by a flat structure of each individual chain with an extensive network of inter-chain hydrogen bonds. The identification of such amyloid fibril structures requires determining the special conditions imposed on the torsion angles. Such conditions have already been formulated by the Authors resulting in the model of idealised amyloid. Here, we investigate the fit of this model in the group of A-Syn amyloid fibrils. We identify and describe the characteristic supersecondary structures in amyloids. Generally, the amyloid transformation is suggested to be the 3D to 2D transformation engaging mostly the loops linking Beta-structural fragments. The loop structure introducing the 3D organisation of Beta-sheet change to flat form (2D) introduces the mutual reorientation of Beta-strands enabling the large-scale H-bonds generation with the water molecules. Based on the model of idealised amyloid we postulate the hypothesis for amyloid fibril formation based on the shaking, an experimental procedure producing the amyloids.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Square Hole Hydro-Piercing Process

The hydro-piercing process is an emerging approach to the direct punching of holes on complex hollow components. During tube hydro-piercing, the deformation in the region adjacent to the pierced hole may range from having a substantially flat form to having a countersunk form. To improve the understanding of deformation behavior in square hole hydro-piercing, an experimental setup was designed and the effects of internal pressure and punch corner radius on the deformation sequence, as well as the collapse behavior, were investigated in this study. At the same time, a numerical simulation was conducted using the Abaqus/Explicit software 6.13. The results showed that the degrees of collapse at three characteristic points were different when the internal pressure was low and that the differences in the degrees of collapse could be reduced by increasing the internal pressure. It was demonstrated that the collapse was related to the internal pressure but had little dependence on the punch corner radius.

PENERAPAN MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS DAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA KELAS 1 SD

This study attempts to ascertain if applying the Problem Based Learning learning paradigm to flat form material improves students' learning outcomes and results in terms of critical thinking abilities. This study is a two-cycle classroom action research project. All of the class 1A students of SDN Lowokwaru 3 Malang who participated in this study totalled 23, including 13 females and 10 boys. in the first semester of the academic year 2021–2022. The information for this study came from field notes, written tests, and observations. The study's findings show an improvement in critical thinking abilities from cycle I, going from 67% to 84% in cycle II. After using the Problem Based Learning paradigm for two cycles, student knowledge learning results improved. In cycle II, mastery learning increased from cycle I by 52% to 96%.

Data consolidation, correlations assessment, and new correlation development for pool boiling critical heat flux specific to cryogenic fluids

A common and crucial process for cryogenic fluid management is the need to fill the cryogenic fluids into warmer storage tanks efficiently while minimizing the evaporative and entrainment losses. However, no good predictive tool that can estimate the heat transfer behavior accurately during this fill process is available in the literature. In this study, we start with developing a new generalized correlation set for predicting critical heat flux (CHF), an important parameter on the boiling curve. First, a new pool boiling test facility is built to generate CHF data using a flat plate geometry. Based on our assessment of prior pool boiling data and correlations, 30 CHF datapoints in three different orientations with respect to gravity are obtained and validated against the existing CHF data from published literatures. Second, our experimental data is then combined with worldwide data for cryogenic fluids to generate a consolidate database that includes 2205 datapoints for 6 cryogenic fluids for 3 boiling surfaces (flat plate, cylinder and sphere). Third, a comprehensive assessment of prior pool boiling CHF correlations is conducted and it is observed that no one correlation or correlation form can capture all important parametric effects important to CHF. Fourth, a new correlation model for flat plate is setup that gave a mean absolute error (MAE) of 15.96% based on 1259 datapoints. In addition, multipliers to the flat plate correlation form are used to predict CHF for curved surfaces and gave MAE of 22.38% based on 355 datapoints and MAE of 17.16% based on 177 datapoints for cylinders and spheres, respectively. Values of CHF based on quenching is observed to be smaller than CHF based on boiling for the same test conditions regardless of the boiling surface material. Finally, a parameter to account for the thickness & thermal properties of the quenching surface is generated and added to the original correlation form and gave an MAE of 14.05% based on 245 datapoints.