Flat Display Research Articles

Comparison of a Head-Mounted Display and Flat Screen Display during a Micro-UAV Target Detection Task

The use of micro-unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in military operations is rapidly increasing. However, limitations in the design of their human-machine interfaces (HMI) can limit their effectiveness. We propose that presenting the HMI of a micro-UAV through a head-mounted display (HMD) device is a viable alternative to using a flat screen display, however, factors such as simulator sickness and discomfort may reduce their usability. The present experiment compared participants’ target detection performance, usability ratings, and levels of simulator sickness when using either a HMD or a flat screen display in a micro-UAV simulation. Overall, there was no significant difference in performance between the two display conditions. However, participants reported significantly higher levels of mental workload, physical discomfort, and simulator sickness when using the HMD. Further, previous experience with virtual reality devices or video games did not reduce the levels of mental workload or simulator sickness experienced during the task. The results demonstrate that, at present, HMDs may not be suitable display devices for performing visual search tasks whilst flying micro-UAVs in urban environments.

The Effects of Curvature of Edge Screen on Subjective Feelings in Smartphone Usage

As the penetration rate of Smartphone grows high and the market gets saturated, the technological and aesthetic progress for manufacturers are heavily demanded to sustain their market share. To meet such demands, manufacturers continuously improve the design of their products. As the design of smartphone varies by manufacturers, there have been many existing researches to identify the relationships between various physical dimensions of smartphones and how users feel (Chowdhury, A., & Kanetkar, M., 2017; Lee, S., Kyung, G., Lee, J., Moon, S. K., & Park, K. J., 2016; Pereira, A., Miller, T., Huang, Y. M., Odell, D., & Rempel, D., 2013; Sung, K., Cho, J., & Freivalds, A., 2016). Recently, in accordance with the development and improvement of flexible displays, curved displays have been applied on smartphones with various curvatures. The popular one among them is the “edge screen” on smartphones, which refers to curved display implemented either on one single side or both sides. Considering that physical dimensions such as shape and size are the important features for customer satisfaction (Hwang, 2012; Ling, C., Hwang, W., and Salvendy, G., 2007), curvature of edge screen can influence on user comfort when the users carry out their tasks on their smartphones. However, such issue hasn’t been dealt in previous studies. Therefore, as a preliminary study, this study aimed to identify the relationships between curvatures of edge screens and subjective feelings in smartphone usage with various usage patterns using subjective evaluation experiment. In this laboratory study, 47 subjects assessed their subjective feelings (grip comfort, control comfort, stability, front visibility, side visibility) towards given samples with four different kinds of usage patterns. The samples were designed with a 5.5-inch flat display of 16:9 ratio (Samsung Galaxy Note 2) as a main screen along with a curved display of different radii of curvatures (R, unit: mm) on the right edge as an edge screen: 4R, 6R, 8R, and 10R. The usage patterns were defined according to which hands were used for grip and control: Grip with right hand and control with right thumb (usage pattern (a)), Grip with left hand and control with right index finger (usage pattern (b)), Grip with both hands and control with both thumbs (usage pattern (c)), and Grip with right hand without control (usage pattern (d)). The statistically significant results of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc analysis (Duncan’s test) showed that the sample with 4R curvature belonged to the third homogeneous subset (in descending order) for the front visibility while it belonged to the second homogeneous subset for the control comfort in usage pattern (b) and (c). Whereas the sample with 6R curvature belonged to the second homogeneous subset for the front visibility and the second homogeneous subset for the control comfort in usage pattern (b) and (c). In case of the sample with 8R curvature, it was within the first homogeneous subset throughout all analyses conducted. Lastly, the sample with 10R curvature was within the second homogeneous subset for the grip comfort in usage pattern (d). Therefore, it is concluded that the optimal radius of curvature for edge screens is 8R. Although there were some samples evaluated better than the 8R sample in descriptive manner, however, such results were not statistically significant. This study is expected to contribute towards the design of smartphones with edge screens in terms of better subjective feeling by various usage patterns. However, this study is yet a preliminary study which is based on a subjective evaluation. In the future research, more criteria of subjective feeling are needed to be evaluated to decide more precise optimal curvature. In addition, objective evaluation method such as analysis of muscle activity, motion tracking analysis, or behavior analysis could be applied to verify the reliability and validity of the result of this study.

Lenticular Waterwheels: Simultaneous Kinetic and Embedded Animation

After decades as a novelty, lenticular technology has resurfaced in compelling large-scale projects. Without any required energy, the medium offers stereography without glasses and frame animation without electronics. A kinetic artwork installed in a remote river in the French mountains broke from the technology’s previous restrictions of static and flat display, recalculated the print mathematics for a curved surface, and explored narrative structures for a moving image on a moving display. This paper documents how the sculpture used custom steel fabrication, site-specific energy, and revised lens calculation to present a previously unexplored hybrid of animation.

Learning about the scale of the solar system using digital planetarium visualizations

We studied the use of a digital planetarium for teaching relative distances and sizes in introductory undergraduate astronomy classes. Inspired in part by the classic short film The Powers of Ten and large physical scale models of the Solar System that can be explored on foot, we created lectures using virtual versions of these two pedagogical approaches for classes that saw either an immersive treatment in the planetarium or a non-immersive version in the regular classroom (with N = 973 students participating in total). Students who visited the planetarium had not only the greatest learning gains, but their performance increased with time, whereas students who saw the same visuals projected onto a flat display in their classroom showed less retention over time. The gains seen in the students who visited the planetarium reveal that this medium is a powerful tool for visualizing scale over multiple orders of magnitude. However the modest gains for the students in the regular classroom also show the utility of these visualization approaches for the broader category of classroom physics simulations.

Spatial Learning and Wayfinding in an Immersive Environment: The Digital Fulldome.

Previous work has examined whether immersive technologies can benefit learning in virtual environments, but the potential benefits of technology in this context are confounded by individual differences such as spatial ability. We assessed spatial knowledge acquisition in male and female participants using a technology not previously examined empirically: the digital fulldome. Our primary aim was to examine whether performance on a test of survey knowledge was better in a fulldome (N = 28, 12 males) relative to a large, flat screen display (N = 27, 13 males). Regression analysis showed that, compared to a flat screen display, males showed higher levels of performance on a test of survey knowledge after learning in the fulldome, but no benefit occurred for females. Furthermore, performance correlated with spatial visualization ability in male participants, but not in female participants. Thus, the digital fulldome is a potentially useful learning aid, capable of accommodating multiple users, but individual differences and use of strategy need to be considered.

Do consumers prefer curved monitors? Assessment of preferred curvature and readability performance

ABSTRACTComputer users have a wide variety of computer display preferences, but a contentious argument has been used in favor of the curved display. In this context, this study investigated the users’ curvature preference for six different content types, and compared the usability of the curved and flat panels in terms of readability performance. A 27-inch bendable display panel was devised for the experiment to enable users to adjust the curvature manually. In the first experiment, the study participants searched for the optimal radii of curvature when the six content types were mounted in sequence on the bendable display, which confirmed the users’ preference for the curved display over the flat display. The following experiment demonstrated that the study participants showed improved readability on the curved display, which supported the study hypothesis. The results of the experiments in this study suggest that the curved display will help improve the work efficiency of consumers.

Experimental observation of spatially resolved photo-luminescence intensity distribution in dual mode upconverting nanorod bundles

A novel method for demonstration of photoluminescence intensity distribution in upconverting nanorod bundles using confocal microscopy is reported. Herein, a strategy for the synthesis of highly luminescent dual mode upconverting/downshift Y1.94O3:Ho3+0.02/Yb3+0.04 nanorod bundles by a facile hydrothermal route has been introduced. These luminescent nanorod bundles exhibit strong green emission at 549 nm upon excitations at 449 nm and 980 nm with quantum efficiencies of ~6.3% and ~1.1%, respectively. The TEM/HRTEM results confirm that these bundles are composed of several individual nanorods with diameter of ~100 nm and length in the range of 1–3 μm. Furthermore, two dimensional spatially resolved photoluminescence intensity distribution study has been carried out using confocal photoluminescence microscope throughout the nanorod bundles. This study provides a new direction for the potential use of such emerging dual mode nanorod bundles as photon sources for next generation flat panel optical display devices, bio-medical applications, luminescent security ink and enhanced energy harvesting in photovoltaic applications.

Automatic inspection of salt-and-pepper defects in OLED panels using image processing and control chart techniques

In the manufacture of flat display panels, salt-and-pepper defects are caused by a malfunction in the chemical process. The defects are characterized by the dispersion of many black and white pixels in the display panels; these pixels are difficult to detect with conventional automatic fault detection methods that specialize in recognizing certain shapes, such as line or mura defects (stains). This study proposes a simple but high-performance salt-and-pepper defect detection method. First, the background image of the original image is generated using the mean filter in the spatial domain to create a noise image, which is the subtraction of the two images. A binary image is then obtained from the noise image to count the defective pixels, and a statistical control chart that monitors the number of defective pixels identifies the panel defects. Two experiments were conducted with images collected from an organic light-emitting diode inspection process, and the proposed method showed excellent performance with respect to classification accuracy and processing time.

Antireflective polymer films via roll to roll UV nanoimprint lithography using an AAO mold

Anti-reflection based on the mimicking of moth eye subwavelength structures (SWSs) has several advantages over conventionally used multilayer thin film antireflective coatings like broad angular and spectral responses, polarization insensitivity and improved stability. In this study, we present the low cost fabrication of moth eye based SWSs on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates using roll-to-roll ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography. We have used a novel method to create a roller mold with embedded nanopores that can be used for easy replication of SWSs without demolding issues. Pure aluminum foil was wrapped around an acrylic cylinder (O = 90 mm) and a multistep anodizing and pore widening scheme was employed to create well-ordered and periodic anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) nanopores with different aspect ratios. Optical characterization of the antireflective PET film shows a transmittance over 92%, an increase of 3% as compared to bare PET, while reflectance can be reduced from 5.3 to 0.09% in the range of visible light. It was observed that higher aspect ratio SWSs is more effective in reducing reflections at higher incident angles. Consequently, we have demonstrated an economically feasible method for fabricating large area polymer films that can be used to reduce light reflections which impose severe limitations on the performance of many optoelectronic devices like solar cells, photodetectors and flat display panels.

F5-1 Effects of display curvature and hand length on smart watch touch interaction

The objective of the current study was to examine the effects of display curvature on smart watch touch interaction. A total of 36 younger individuals with the mean (SD) age of 22.2 (3.3) yrs were divided into three groups according to the length of their dominant hand. Each hand-size group was comprised of 12 individuals. Two smart watches were used, one with a flat display and the other with a curved display. To evaluate touch interaction, two types of touch gesture (short and long touches) and four types of swiping gesture (upward, downward, leftward, and rightward swiping) were considered. The flat display smart watch provided better touch and swiping feels during upward and downward swiping, higher swiping satisfaction with respect to touch, swiping, and gap feels, and higher overall touch interaction satisfaction with respect to touch and swiping gestures. The curved display smart watch provided more errors during leftward and downward swiping. Touch and swiping feels during upward and downward swiping were more influenced by display curvature. In the case of the smart watch display that is curved along the wrist, the index finger appeared to lose contact with the touch screen earlier than intended during upward and downward swiping.

P-61: Advanced Method of Curved Display Cell Gap Measurement

We tried to improve the method to check and control the cell gap when we curve the cell. The hardware and fitting function were designed to measure cell gap excluding the influence from photo-elastic in curved panel by Mueller matrix. Through our modified calculation, we checked the influence by sealant. The behavior difference between curved and flat display could be understood via this confident measurement method

55-2:Invited Paper: ILED Displays: Next Generation Display Technology

The emergence of ILED Displays (also termed MicroLED Display) has the potential to be a true 4th Gen flat display technology by superseding Plasma, LCD and OLED technologies. They offer significant increase in power efficiency, brightness with reduced cost. The use of inorganic LEDs largely removes the challenge of lifetime and sealing which, until recently, has curtailed the wide adoption of OLED display. While ILED Display technology offers a range of benefits, there remain a number of issues to be addressed before this new display technology can achieve market acceptance. InfiniLED introduces the technology, discusses some of the performance characteristics and presents its practical approach to commercializing this technology.

78-3:Distinguished Paper: Flexible AMOLED Displays with Bending Interactive Interface

The human-machine interaction provides effective operation and control of the machine on the users' end, and feedback from the machine. Flexible display prevails over the conventional flat display by its ability to change the display geometric appearance, and can provide alternative user-display interactions. In this paper, a bendable phone technology with flexible AMOLED display and a novel bending interactive interface has been disclosed. The bending interface provides a more intuitive operation for users

P‐100: Novel Method of Curved Display Cell Gap Measurement

We develop a method to correctly measure the cell gap when the panel is curved. Through our hardware design and modified calculation model of software, the accuracy and reproducibility are well presented as expected. The behavior difference between curved and flat display could be understood via this confident measurement method

P‐31: Will Curved Displays Become Mainstream in Electronics? Appraisal for Aesthetic and Usability Aspects of Various Curves and Sizes

This study investigated the benefits of a curved display compared with a flat display, and discovered the optimal radius of curvature for large‐size curved television based on the subjective judgment on aesthetics and usability. The experimental results showed that the optimal radius of curvature varies depending on the display size and it increases as the size becomes larger. The curvature with a radius equal to 2000 mm is optimal for a 55‐inch television, and the curvature with a radius range between 2000 mm to 3000 mm is appropriate for 65‐inch and 75‐inch televisions.

Implementation of 21:9 cinema mode function using two ICs supporting full HD resolution

After the appearance of digital broadcasting, realistic images such as 3D and high resolution broadcasting are rapidly developing and evolving. And, recent trend emphasizes not only viewing the information but also using it through the display media. To keep up with this trend, large size display manufacturers are trying to support resolution beyond the full HD, in order to display additional information and high definition broadcasting at the same time. In this paper, we present a 21:9 cinema mode resolution (2560×1080) function using two ICs that support full HD for Plasma Display Panels (PDPs) which is one of the largest flat display panels. In order to achieve this, we first set the master and the slave between the two ICs, and propose an efficient information exchange and computation scheme using serial communication that links the master and the slave. Furthermore, we realize the cinema function with 21:9 resolution through image quality processing and operational parameter exchange and computation in the boundary that is set between the master and the slave. Finally, the cinema mode image realized using the hardware circuit board is demonstrated.

Color difference threshold of chromostereopsis induced by flat display emission.

The study of chromostereopsis has gained attention in the backdrop of the use of computer displays in daily life. In this context, we analyze the illusory depth sense using planar color images presented on a computer screen. We determine the color difference threshold required to induce an illusory sense of depth psychometrically using a constant stimuli paradigm. Isoluminant stimuli are presented on a computer screen, which stimuli are aligned along the blue–red line in the computer display CIE xyY color space. Stereo disparity is generated by increasing the color difference between the central and surrounding areas of the stimuli with both areas consisting of random dots on a black background. The observed altering of illusory depth sense, thus also stereo disparity is validated using the “center-of-gravity” model. The induced illusory sense of the depth effect undergoes color reversal upon varying the binocular lateral eye pupil covering conditions (lateral or medial). Analysis of the retinal image point spread function for the display red and blue pixel radiation validates the altering of chromostereopsis retinal disparity achieved by increasing the color difference, and also the chromostereopsis color reversal caused by varying the eye pupil covering conditions.

Design and modeling of optimal distillation sequence for recovery of valuable components from a waste photoresist stripper

Currently, waste photoresist stripper from the semiconductor industries is generally incinerated at high temperatures or processed as a high-calorie fuel, which can have adverse effects on the environment and economy. Recovery of valuable solvents from waste photoresist strippers is, therefore, very important for thin flat transistor-liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) manufactures to reduce the production costs and protect the environment against industrial waste. In the present work, systematic laboratory-scale distillation experiments were carried out to regenerate the organic solvents from the waste photoresist stripper and determine if they are feasible to recycle for commercial TFT-LCD grade chemicals: in particular, 1-hydroxyethylpiperazine and methyl diglycol were mainly tried to retrieve. Based on the experiment results, possible alternative distillation sequences were examined through intensive techno-economic analysis using a rigorous process simulator. As a result, an optimal distillation sequence and condition were drawn to separate valuable organic solvents from waste photoresist stripper for a commercial purpose recovery process.

A Research on Curved Display Comparing to Flat Display Regarding Posture, Tilt Angle, Focusing Area and Satisfaction

Objective: This study is conducted on the differences between flat and curved displays with respect to location of focused points, posture and satisfaction as well as preferred tilt angles. Background: In order to avoid physical and eye fatigue caused by misplayed sitting posture, many studies have asserted that the display requires appropriate location, size and tilt angle as well as curvature. However, most studies have focused on the work environment and the results are varied in the extent. Method: Eye height data in sitting posture were collected from 30 participants. Participants selected the most comfortable viewing angle within the range from 0° to 12° while watching videos for both curved and flat display. Then, physical and eye fatigue and overall satisfaction were subjectively evaluated. Lateral diagram describing viewing display condition was set and used to develop linear models for expecting the preferred tilt angle. Results: Due to sitting in the natural viewing posture rather than upright, the eye height is lowered to about 4.6 centimeters, on average, for both displays showing no significant differences. In contrast, preferred angles for the two displays are significantly different and this can be interpreted that curvature vary the points focused. Two linear models as functions of sitting eye height are developed to expect preferred tilt angle for each display. Based on the result of overall satisfaction evaluation, curved display is statistically better than flat display. Conclusion: The results show that flat and curved displays are significantly different expect for the viewing posture. However, reasons for preferring curved display are not accurately factorized and the linear models are limited in the experiment condition such as size of display, distance between display and viewer and other physical environmental factors. Further studies on curved displays under more various conditions are required. Application: This study can contribute to use of the curved display in various way.

Resist-free antireflective nanostructured film fabricated by thermal-NIL.

Resist-free antireflective (AR) nanostructured films are directly fabricated on polycarbonate (PC) film using thermal-nanoimprint lithography (T-NIL) and the moth-eye shape of AR nanostructure is elaborately optimized with different oxygen reactive ion etching conditions. Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates are directly used as master molds of T-NIL for preparation of AR nanostructures on PC film without an additional T-NIL resist. AR nanostructures are well arranged with a period of about 200 nm and diameter of about 150 nm, which corresponds to those of the AAO template mold. The moth-eye AR nanostructures exhibit the average reflectance of 2% in wavelength range from 400 to 800 nm. From the results, highly enhanced AR properties with simple direct imprinting on PC film demonstrate the potential for panel application in the field of flat display, touch screen, and solar cells.