Flat Board Research Articles

Reliability of Reusing Gypsum Flat Board Grinded Waste as a Conventional Plaster Replacement for Buildings

Reliability of Reusing Gypsum Flat Board Grinded Waste as a Conventional Plaster Replacement for Buildings

Assessment of particulate matter and particle path trajectory analysis using a HYSPLIT model over Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

This work deals with the assessment of particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) over Dire Dawa during the month of May 2021. In the study, purple sensor (PS) and gravimetric methods (GM) were used. The purple sensor was to provide real-time measurements of PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10 particulates. The GM instruments were constructed using wood with 1 m height (distance to ground), with flat board on top of which filter papers were placed to collect particulate matter. The difference in filter paper weight before and after sampling was used to calculate the particle masses. By dividing the weight gain of the filter by the amount of air measured, the concentrations of suspended particulate matter in the defined size range were estimated. The mean value of PM10 indicated a good status whereas the mean value of PM2.5 revealed a moderate condition as far as pollution is concerned. The purple sensor detected relatively higher values for PM10 measurement as compared to GM method during the study period. According to the calculated results of the ratio of mass concentration of PM1.0 to PM10, coarse particles were dominant whereas in the ratio of PM2.5 to PM10 both coarse and fine mode particles were equally present during the sampling period. The spatial distribution showed variations depending on the locations where the sampling filter papers were placed. The HYSPLIT backward trajectory analysis indicated various air masses and transport channels during different seasons. The predominant pathways were from both urban and desert origins.

Evaluation of landfill leachate biodegradability using IOT through geotracking sensor based drone surveying

In specific this work focuses on designing and developing a trial model first of its kind which is chemically non reactive using Urea Formaldehyde (UF) and a value added flat board that is to be prepared from solid waste. The display setup is to be monitored by Arduino Controller which incorporates the assessment of numerical factors and measurable compositions in the board. The compilation of manufactured goods from organic waste is a course of development network that is centrally operated by Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tools. Preservation of database from the organic fraction is managed through software guidelines, the fifth generation radio technology with lower economic can cover communication over a larger radio spectrum with the support of ultra high frequency RFID Tags and systems, which assure the most favourable management of valuable products from the storage unit. Sensors attached with board and cloud platform supports collection of data from the huge solid waste yard. The current leachate management has a desire to suggest a strong resolution in handling solid waste that is elaborated with a novel methodology, where we suggest the radiofrequency identification of leachate monitoring by the use of modern versions of unmanned aerial vehicle the drones. At some stage in neutralizing the toxic waste the risk of life may be eliminated and accumulated waste were identified and with the support of advanced techniques and instruments like drones are used in managing wastes.

De-Creation in Japanese Painting: Materialization of Thoroughly Passive Attitude

This paper demonstrates the method and meaning behind the argument that contemporary philosophers have found the key to “de-creation” in potentiality by implementing it in artwork. While creation in the usual sense seems to imply an active attitude, de-creation implies a passive attitude of simply waiting for something from the outside by constructing a mechanism to set up the gap to which something outside comes. The methods of de-creation are typically found in representations of reality using “Kakiwari,” which is commonly observed in Japanese art. Kakiwari was originally a stage background and has no reverse side; that is, there is no other side to the space. Mountains in distant views are frequently painted like a flat board as if they were Kakiwari. It shows the outside that is imperceptible, deviating from the perspective of vision. The audience can wait for the outside without doing anything (“prefer not to do”) in front of Kakiwari. It is the potentiality of art and it realizes de-creation. This paper extends the concept of de-creation by presenting concrete images and methods used in the author’s own works that utilized Kakiwari. This orients to the philosophy of the creative act by the artist herself.

A Fundamental Study of the Silla Shield through the Analysis of the Shape, Dating, and Species Identification of Wooden Shields Excavated from the Ruins of Wolseong Moat in Gyeongju

Various types of wooden relics are being unearthed following the full-scale excavation in Wolseong palace site, Gyeongju in Korea. In particular, a large number of relics were found in the moat surrounding the Wolseong Fortress. This study attempted to secure basic data on the shields of the Silla era through species identification, radiocarbon dating, and shape analysis of the two wooden shields excavated from the Wolseong moat. As a result of the radiocarbon dating, it was confirmed that the shields were made of wood procured in the period between the mid-4th century and the early 5th century. The species identification confirmed that the body of the relic was made with Pinus soft pine group and the handle with Zelkova serrata. It was also confirmed that the excavated wooden shield was made by first marking a thin line on a flat grain board, then marking double concentric circles and perforating small holes. The distance between the division lines is constant at about 6cm, and spaces between them are colored in red and black. The shape analysis estimated that two artifacts were more than 50cm and 36cm in width, respectively.

Measurement and Analysis of Depth Resolution Using Active Stereo Cameras

We propose a novel method to measure and analyze depth resolution in near range. Depth resolution is the smallest depth difference that can be detected by a depth camera, which is an important parameter but is hard to be measured accurately. Intuitively, a stair-shaped target is preferred to measure depth resolution but has many limitations. To overcome the difficulties, we use a flat target and move a depth camera at specified steps to form a stair-shaped depth map. Then, the depth map is compressed to one-dimensional profile by an average cross-section method. The 68-95-99.7 rule is applied for identifying the depth resolution. In order to obtain accurate data, a computer-controlled positioning platform is used to move or rotate a depth camera and a target in high precision. Three types of targets are made and tested, including a stair-shaped metal plate, a flat acrylic board, and a tensioned electric screen. A procedure is provided for aligning the optical plane of depth camera to the target before measuring. The Intel RealSense D400 series depth cameras are adopted for verification. Their theoretical depth resolution is derived and compared to the measured depth resolution. The effect of image resolution (x, y) on the depth resolution (z) is also analyzed. The experimental results offer useful information for researchers to design a depth camera and verify its depth resolution.

Experimental Research on the Influence of Different Curved Rigid Boundaries on Electric Spark Bubbles.

It is well known that the bubble dynamics and load characteristics of cavitation bubbles depend to a great extent on their proximity to the boundary. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between the boundary curvature and bubble dynamics, as well as the load characteristics, and summarize the relevant change laws. This study takes three hemispheres of different curvatures and one flat board as its main research boundaries. The hemisphere was chosen as the curved surface boundary because the hemisphere represents the simplest type of curved surface boundary. This method allowed us to easily observe the experimental results and summarize the change laws of bubble dynamics and load characteristics. A high voltage electricity of 400 V was used to produce stable and repeatable electric spark bubbles in this experiment. Since the pulsation time of the bubbles is very short, we used a high-speed camera to acquire the necessary photographs. We also used a Hopkinson bar (HPB) to measure the bubble collapse load. Suppose that the dimensionless parameter of curvature is ζ and the dimensionless parameter of the explosion distance is γ. By summarizing the 44 groups of the experimental results under different combinations of ζ and γ, we found that the cavitation bubble dynamics and loading characteristics are affected by ζ. With an increase of ζ, the shockwave load and bubble collapse load will decrease. In addition, in terms of load characteristics, this study further verified the change trend of the shockwave load and bubble collapse load with γ. For the bubble shrink shape, this paper illustrates the relationship between the bubble’s shrink shape and its shrinkage speed. Four typical bubble shrink shapes are summarized. The effects of different ζ and γ values on the jet are preliminarily explored using the experimental results, and, by considering the experimental results, the developmental trends of the time of the bubble’s first pulsation period are discussed.

Natural convection from a horizontal plate built in a vertical variable height duct

Natural convection from flat plate built in variable height duct was investigated experimentally. With air as the working liquid the impact of variable height duct on the heat transmission of the flat panel were studied. Duct was with Square section of (300×300) mm2 and the elevation of the duct H was various asl00, 200 and 300 mm. square flat plate (300×300) mm2 which heated surface facing upwards, was built in the bottom of the duct and exposed to different input power which represent a heat flux of (423, 660 and 830 W/m2. The experimental results showed that the variable height duct deteriorate the heat transmission. heat transmission of the flat panel built in a variable height duct become lower than those do not have a channel and heat transmission are significantly reduced in the circumference of the duct. at circumference of variable height duct, heat transmission for flat board become 27% smaller than heat transfer for flat panel that do not have a duct owing to that the perpendicular duct hinders airflow from the top of the perpendicular duct this causes decrease of heat transmission.

Geomorphological Parameters as Correlates of Channel Erosion in River Ajilosun in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria

The paper examined the relationship between geomorphological parameters and channel erosion in River Ajilosun in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Data on geomorphological parameters and channel erosion of the River Ajilosun were generated through direct field measurements using tape measure, ranging pole and a piece of flat board. Some of the variables were also derived through simple linear mathematical relationships. Analysis of the various data was done with both descriptive and inferential techniques. The result of the analysis showed that channel erosion exhibited spatial variation across and along the longitudinal profiles of River Ajilosun and also between the concrete-channelised and the alluvial reaches of the river. The result of the analysis also revealed both positive and negative correlations between the geomorphological parameters and channel erosion in the river. The measures suggested for controlling channel erosion in River Ajilosun included effective channel and slope management, improvement of the channel capacity retention of channel bank vegetation and protection of the valley side vegetation among others.

Binarized dual phase-shifting method for high-quality 3D shape measurement.

It has been demonstrated that using 1-bit binary patterns is better than using 8-bit sinusoidal patterns for high-speed applications. However, the phase quality generated from binary patterns is lower, especially when the projector is nearly focused. A dual phase-shifting method can effectively reduce the dominant periodical phase errors caused by high-order harmonics. Yet, such method requires an additional set of phase-shifting patterns, which thus slows down the measurement speed. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a binarized dual phase-shifting method (BDPS) to generate a high-quality phase map using just three phase-shifted binary patterns. The basic idea is to merge the two sets of squared binary phase-shifting patterns into one set of patterns with three gray levels, which is further binarized by employing 2D area modulation. Given this, the BDPS method can realize error reduction for the binary defocusing technique while maintaining its speed advantage by neither adding the total number of patterns nor the number of bits. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by both a quantitative evaluation by measuring a white flat board and an additional quantitative evaluation by measuring a complex sculpture surface.

Crushing Behaviour of the PVC Foam Loaded with Beaters of Various Shapes

Abstract Statistically, at least 50% of all injuries experienced by police officers in the line of duty are due to assaults with blunt objects. Therefore, vests used by the police should provide not only good ballistic resistance, but also good protection against such threats. Foamed materials are possible to be used for body protectors or inserts of protective clothes. The effects of dynamic impact with beaters of different shapes onto behaviour of polymeric foamed material were determined. There were used four types of beaters: flat, cylindrical, edgy and cornered. Strikes with blunt objects such as a flat board, baseball bat, edgy brick, pavement brick or a sharp stone, to which a protective ware can be subjected, were simulated. The impact load was applied to the rectangular specimens, made of polyvinyl chloride foam, with a usage of a drop hammer. Plots of force versus compression for all the tested samples were obtained and analysed. The effects of impacts with beaters of different shapes onto foamed material samples were presented. A shape of the blunt object significantly influences crushing behaviour of the foamed material. The impact energy of a flat beater is absorbed effectively on a short distance, since it is spread on a relatively large surface. The cylindrical and edgy beaters did not cause fragmentation of the samples, however, on the upper surfaces of the samples, permanent deformations mapping the beaters shapes as well as some cracks occurred. An impact with a sharp object, for example, a cornered beater is very difficult to be neutralized by the foam material, because it is cumulated on a small area.

Theory of the interaction of flat sensing organ with the head of the sugar beet root

Sugar beet leaves now are very widely used for livestock feeding, as an organic fertiliser, and also as a raw material for the production of biogas. Therefore the harvest of the sugar beet tops (including leaves) can be considered as current task for the sugar beet growing system. Modern technologies involve harvest of the tops of sugar beet in two stages: flat basic cut and collecting of the entire green mass at higher altitude and the subsequent cutting of the heads of root crops from the residues. Therefore, topical issues of the sensing of the heads of sugar beet roots arranged in rows, are related to the majority of the sugar beet toppers, cleaners of the sugar beet heads, leaves cutters and, digging up working bodies of some designs. The aim of this study is theoretical determination the optimum design and kinematic parameters of a new sensing mechanism of the sugar beet heads located in the soil on the basis of the theory of interaction of flat passive swath board sensing organ with the sugar beet heads during their topping when located in the soil. In the study there are used methods of creation of mathematical models of functioning of the agricultural machines and their working bodies with the using of main provisions of mathematics, theoretical mechanics, programming and numerical calculations on the PC. In this paper, there is presented a theoretical study of the interaction of passive sensing organ with the head of the sugar beet root when there are located residues of the leaves on a root head spherical surface in the form of short elastic rods. Thus, for such an interaction of the sensing organ and the head of sugar beet root head there is taken into account elastic-damping properties of the sugar beet leaves residues. In the study there was first of all developed a new design of the topper for sugar beet heads with the use of a flat swath board sensing organ, there was developed the equivalent scheme of the interaction of the sensing organ with a fixed sugar beet root head. There was also selected and arranged the axis of coordinates, and determined the active forces and angle parameters. Using the basic law of dynamics there was made up a new system of differential equations and the integration of which has made it possible to find the laws of variation of the speed of movement and of the movement of the flat passive sensing organ on the head of sugar beet root head at the beginning of the contact. After determining the initial values of force and design parameters it is possible to solve them on PC to optimise kinematic and structural parameters of the sensing mechanism.

Calibration of fringe projection system for surface profile measurement

We propose a calibration method of a fringe projection system for surface profile measurement. The calibration method is divided into two parts: (1) phase to z calibration based on measuring the absolute phase distributions of a flat calibration board placed at several different known z positions. (2) Camera calibration based on Zhang’s method of imaging a checkerboard with different poses. Experiments of a flat plane, a sphere, and a Gorky sculpture demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the proposed technique.

PERCENTAGE YIELD OF VOLATILE OIL FROM WOOD DUST OF TREES FROM SAW MILL IN HIMALAYAN AREAS

ABSTRACTObjective: Trees with medicinal values have always been ignored and neglected from their inherent medicinal value. Instead of their medicinal use,such plants are widely used by carpenters and also by people for cooking. The irrational uses of such valuable flora are diminishing our medicinalplants’ bank. There is no doubt that the uses of such plants by carpenters are a necessity of growing society. Then, we need to opt any other middleway to fulfill both the necessities from such valuable flora. By considering this, all the present study is focused on the extraction of volatile oil fromsawdust of Pinus roxburghii and Cedrela toona (SDPR and SDCT) was carried out in the present study.Methods: Here, in the present work, we have collected the fresh powder near from the running saw of working carpenter cutting Pinus roxburghiiwood and Cedrela toona wood into flat board. The SDPR and SDCT were then weighed and filled separately to two 500 ml round bottom flask, andclevenger apparatus assemblies were adjusted for both. The temperature was adjusted at75°C. Hydrodistillation was continued for 3 hrs.Result: The result revealed 0.5% v/w of volatile oil from SDPR in 3 hrs. The meniscus observed for SDCT is slightly blurred up to 0.5 ml (2 mm) whichwas considered as volatile oil. The total percentage so obtained was calculated as 0.25% v/w.Conclusion: The present study may guide to utilize the saw rust from pine and red cedar plant to isolate valuable medicinal constituents. Further, thestudy may help the researcher to use wood dust to research different ways.Keywords: Pinus roxburghii, Cedrela toona, Hydrodistillation, Herbal medicine.

Analysis and Compensation for Lateral Chromatic Aberration in a Color Coding Structured Light 3D Measurement System.

While color-coding methods have improved the measuring efficiency of a structured light three-dimensional (3D) measurement system, they decreased the measuring accuracy significantly due to lateral chromatic aberration (LCA). In this study, the LCA in a structured light measurement system is analyzed, and a method is proposed to compensate the error caused by the LCA. Firstly, based on the projective transformation, a 3D error map of LCA is constructed in the projector images by using a flat board and comparing the image coordinates of red, green and blue circles with the coordinates of white circles at preselected sample points within the measurement volume. The 3D map consists of the errors, which are the equivalent errors caused by LCA of the camera and projector. Then in measurements, error values of LCA are calculated and compensated to correct the projector image coordinates through the 3D error map and a tri-linear interpolation method. Eventually, 3D coordinates with higher accuracy are re-calculated according to the compensated image coordinates. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in the following experiments.

Experimental Study of CLARK-Y Smoothed Inverted Wing with Ground Effect

Aerodynamic characteristics of inverted single element airfoil with and without ground effect had been investigated experimentally in Low-Speed Wind Tunnel of test cross section area (0.7x0.7 m) and maximum velocity 55 m/s to quantify the aerodynamic characteristics of inverted CLARK-Y smoothed airfoil. The ground effect was introduced by using a fixed flat board moves vertically to produce the required distance between the airfoil and ground board. The model was tested with and without ground effect and at various wind tunnel velocities (Reynolds numbers), ride heights (ground clearances) and angles of attack. Data obtained in airfoil experiments include sectional forces and surface pressure data. Results are compared with the free-drive case and with published works. Data indicated that the pressure distribution increased at the upper and lower surfaces in ground proximity, at low angles of attack, and increased also with incidence. The negative lift coefficient increased with angle of attack except the angles of attack larger than 10 and with ground effects except at ride heights of less than 0.1c due to the force reduction phenomena. The drag coefficient increased with the ground effect which caused a decrease in the airfoil efficiency. The aerodynamic characteristics remain relatively an affected by the velocity change. The experimental data were compared with published works and showed good results.

Effects of Substrate Size and Orientation on Quadrupedal Gait Kinematics in Mouse Lemurs (Microcebus murinus).

As the smallest living primate, the mouse lemur is a suitable model for reconstructing the locomotor mechanisms by which primate ancestors might have responded to the challenges of an arboreal environment. In this study, we tested the effects of substrate diameter and orientation on quadrupedal gait kinematics in mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus). Mouse lemurs highly preferred asymmetrical to symmetrical gaits as they moved across a flat board and poles of three diameters (2.5, 1.0, and 0.5cm), set at horizontal, 30° inclined, and 30° declined orientations. During symmetrical gaits, mouse lemurs used diagonal sequence walking and ambling gaits on the same substrates and at the same duty factors for which some similarly sized nonprimate mammals use lateral sequence gaits, suggesting that reliance on diagonal sequence walking in primates may not be explicitly a response to body size relative to substrate diameter. When using asymmetrical gaits, kinematic adjustments to small diameter and/or nonhorizontal substrates included a preference for transverse gallops over other gaits, the avoidance of whole-body suspensions, increases in limb contact duration, and increases in the time interval between the landing of trailing and leading limbs. All of these adjustments are consistent with increasing locomotor stability by dampening center of mass movements and reducing the forces imparted to the substrate. Like mouse lemurs, small-bodied ancestral primates likely used symmetrical gaits occasionally, but more frequently used asymmetrical gaits that were adjusted in response to challenging substrates. Therefore, asymmetrical gait dynamics should be incorporated into hypotheses addressing early primate locomotor evolution.

Numerical Study of Conjugate Heat Transfer for Cooling the Circuit Board

In this paper, a 3D model of a flat circuit board with a heat generating electronic chip mounted on it has been studied numerically. The conjugate heat transfer including the conduction in the chip and convection with the surrounding fluid has been investigated numerically. Computational fluid dynamics using the finite volume method has been used for modeling the conjugate heat transfer through the chip and the circuit board. Conjugate heat transfer has broad applications in engineering and industrial applications in design of cooling off electronic components. Effects of various inlet velocities have been studied on the heat transfer variation and temperature of the circuit board. Numerical results show that the temperature of the chip reduces as the velocity of the inlet fluid flow increases.

Optimization of the longitudinal resolution of a structured light shape reconstruction system, a DOE approach

Shape reconstruction using structured light has become one of the most widely used optical 3D scanning methods, especially in the field of reverse engineering. Longitudinal resolution is a main parameter in a shape reconstruction technique. An experimental assessment technique is proposed to evaluate the longitudinal resolution of a structured light measurement system. The proposed approach is based on incrementally moving a flat board, and reconstructing its shape at each position. The phase shift between the board wavefront at each position and the reference position wavefront is evaluated. The unwrapped phase is then used to evaluate the smallest board movement detectable by the measurement system. Taguchi method and ANOVA test are used to investigate the effect of various measurement system parameters on the estimated resolution.

Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Fibre Composite Incorporating Pulverized Fuel Ash

This study reports the findings of an experimental investigation for bamboo fibre (BF) reinforced concrete board. In this research, all specimens were prepared at 0.4 water/binder ratio. There were two series of specimens namely A series and B series. The A group utilizes only ordinary portland cement (OPC) as binder. Meanwhile, series B specimens uses binary binders, which were combination of OPC and pulverized fuel ash (PFA) with PFA to OPC ratio of 0.2. The performance of flat board plates with different percentage of bamboo fiber ranging from 0% to 5% and 20% PFA incorporation of cement weight were tested for bending strength (flexural) and compressive strength in accordance to BS 5669: Part 1 for particleboards. Specimens are cured in water curing tank and tested at 3, 7 and 28 days for compression test. Meanwhile for flexural strength test, the specimens are tested at 28 days. It is found that flexural and compressive strength increases with addition of BF. The optimum compressive and flexural strength at 28 days are recorded with 3% incorporation of BF for both PFA and control samples. Therefore, utilizing natural fibre and waste material for partial substitution of cement content in producing internal wall paneling system could contributes to the economic appeal and promoting sustainable construction approach.