Flammability Tests Research Articles

Effects of biomaterial on the properties of waterborne intumescent fireproof coatings

AbstractSilk fibroin was used to enhance the properties of the fireproof coating, ensuring the safe evacuation of occupants in a fire accident. The effects of biomaterial on the properties of the coatings were investigated by fire protection test, thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index, vertical flame test, water resistance test, and mechanical properties test. The carbon layers were characterized after the fire protection test by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to analyze the microstructure and chemical composition. The results show that the coating with 6% SF demonstrated the best fire protection, thermal stability, and water resistance. The temperature on the backside is only 255.9°C, and the residual weight is 37.52%. However, the coating with 4% SF exhibits good mechanical properties.

Preparation and application of halogen-free and efficient Si/P/N-containing flame retardants on cotton fabrics

Cotton fabric is extensively utilized due to its numerous applications, but the flammability associated with cotton fabric poses potential security risks to individuals. A halogen-free efficient flame retardant named poly [(tetramethylcyclosiloxyl spirocyclic pentaerythritol)-piperazin phosphate] (PCPNTSi) was developed to consolidate the fire retardance of cotton fabrics. After PCPNTSi treatment, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of cotton fabric with 30 % weight gain (CP3) was raised to 32.8 %. In the vertical flammability test (VFT), CP3 has self-extinguished performance with a char length of 8.7 cm. The heat release rate (HRR) of cotton fabric with 20 % weight gain (CP2) is 78.8 % lower than that of pure cotton fabric (CP0). In addition, the total smoke release (TSP) of CP2 is 41.7 % lower than that of CP0, indicating PCPNTSi gives cotton fabric a good capability to inhibit smoke release. Finally, the possible flame retardant mechanism was discussed by the data of scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR). The results show that PCPNTSi is an intumescent flame retardant acting in both gas phase and solid phase.

Arone-containing cyclomatrix-type polyphosphazene hybrid microspheres for epoxy resin: Enhancing fire safety and mechanical properties

Arone-containing cyclomatrix-type polyphosphazene hybrid microspheres (PZK) were synthesized to enhance both the fire safety and mechanical performance of epoxy resin (EP). The chemical structure and micro-morphology of PZK were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Subsequently, PZK was employed in fabricating EP thermosets. Thermal properties of the PZK modified EP thermosets were comprehensively assessed through thermalgravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results indicate that PZK endowed EP with enhanced char yield and storage modulus, attributed to its exceptional thermal stability and distinctive microsphere structure. Additionally, with only a 1.5% loading of PZK, EP achieved a UL-94 V-1 rating during vertical flame testing, accompanied by an increased limiting oxygen index of 28.3%. Additional analysis with a cone calorimeter demonstrated that the addition of PZK markedly reduced the peak heat release rate, total heat release, fire growth rate, and total smoke production of EP, indicating notable efficacy in suppressing heat and smoke release. Char residue and pyrolysis products were analyzed using SEM, TG-FTIR, and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, revealing that PZK effectively inhibits the release of combustible gases from EP during thermal decomposition. The expected generation of Ph—O• radicals from arone units in PZK suggested a gaseous free radical trapping mechanism. The phosphazene framework played a crucial role in forming condensed-phase char due to its exceptional thermal stability. Consequently, PZK exhibited a typical biphasic flame-retardant mechanism for EP. Notably, the study observed that the introduction of PZK simultaneously enhances the tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of EP, with a particularly significant improvement observed in impact strength. This research expands the scope of investigation into the preparation and flame-retardant application of cyclomatrix-type polyphosphazene hybrid microspheres in polymers.

Polymer Waste Recycling of Injection Molding Purges with Softening for Cutting with Fresnel Solar Collector-A Real Problem Linked to Sustainability and the Circular Economy.

A plastic injection waste known as "purge" cannot be reintegrated into the recycling chain due to its shape, size, and composition. Grinding these cannot be carried out with traditional mills due to significant variations in size and shape. This work proposes a process and the design of a device that operates with solar energy to cut the purges without exceeding the degradation temperature. The size reduction allows reprocessing, revalorization, and handling. The purges are mixtures of processed polymers, so their characterization information is unavailable. Some characterizations were conducted before the design of the process and after the cut of the purges. Some of the most representative purges in a recycling company were evaluated. The flame test determines that all material mixtures retain thermoplasticity. The hardness (Shore D) presented changes in four of the purges being assessed, with results in a range of 59-71 before softening and 60-68 after softening. Young's modulus was analyzed by the impulse excitation technique (IET), which was 2.38-3.95 GPa before softening and 1.7-4.28 after softening. The feasibility of cutting purges at their softening temperature was evaluated. This was achieved in all the purges evaluated at 250-280 °C. FTIR allowed for corroboration of no significant change in the purges after softening. The five types of purges evaluated were polypropylene-ABS, polycarbonate-ABS-polypropylene, yellow nylon 66, acetal, and black nylon 66 with fillers, and all were easily cut at their softening temperature, allowing their manipulation in subsequent process steps.

Biogas Production in a Variety of Sawdust and Cow Dung Mixtures Using the Intermittent Mixing Method

Cow dung is livestock waste that is very useful for renewable energy sources. The acceleration of the gas rate in cow dung biogas fermentation can be accelerated by the addition of secondary material, sawdust is one of the organic materials that can accelerate the rate of gas production in the formation of cow dung biogas. This study used a mixture composition: (B1) 675 g cow dung and 0 g sawdust, (B2) 472.5 g cow dung and 202.5 sawdust, (B3) 450 g cow dung and 225 g sawdust, and (B4) 427.5 g cow dung and 247.5 g of sawdust by fermentation for 20 days. In the research process, measurements of pH at the beginning and at the end of the study, gas pressure, gas volume, biodigester temperature, production rate, methane gas content, and flame test were carried out. In this study, the pH values ranged from 7-7.5 and the biodigester temperature was 27.5-31°C. The results of this study indicate that an organic mixture with a mixture of sawdust can accelerate production faster than without organic sawdust. Optimal results are found in the variation of the organic mixture of sawdust with a mixture of 450 g cow dung and 250 g sawdust having the highest production rate of 281.72 ml/day.

Characteristics and Quality of Flame-Retarded Ramie Fabrics for the Development of Functional Textiles.

Cellulose fabric testing for flame-retardant studies is frequently necessary in various textile applications. Natural cellulose material from ramie (Boehmeria nivea) is being promoted as an alternative raw material for the development of fire-resistant fabrics. This research aims to optimize the coating process of ramie fabric using a phosphorus-based flame retardant (FR) to enhance its flame-retardant characteristics. The FR treatment involves bleaching the fabric with H2O2; followed by fabric finishing using a formula comprising 3% (v/v) hydroxymethyl resin; phosphoric acid (2%); and two formulations of the flammable agent Flamatic DM-3072N: 40% (v/v) and 50% (v/v), applied using the pad-dry-cure method. The flame-retardant properties of the treated fabric are evaluated through flammability testing based on the ASTM D6413-08 standard, limiting oxygen index (LOI) analysis, and micrograph surface structure analysis with SEM. The results indicate that ramie fabric treated with the FR-50% material exhibits superior fire resistance, preventing fire spread on the fabric with a char length of 15-30 mm and a LOI value of 29. These findings highlight the potential of FR-treated ramie fabrics for various industries, including the automotive and protective clothing industries.

Preparation and Characterization of Microencapsulated Ammonium Polyphosphate with Polyurethane Shell and Its Flame Retardance in Polypropylene

Polypropylene (PP) shows no charring ability in burning due to the lack of hydroxyl functional groups; thus, the flame retardant system needs an additional amount of carbonizing agent. An ammonium polyphosphate (APP)-based all-in-one intumescent flame-retardant system was prepared by the in situ polymerization of polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) with a glycerol-based and a glycerol–sorbitol-based polyol of high OH value. The microencapsulated APP with a polyurethane shell (MCAPP) of different polyols was characterized. The MCAPP with speculated improved flame retardant performance was selected for further evaluation in the PP matrix at different loadings by means of standard flammability tests.

Eco-friendly surface coating of wool/polyester blend fabric using a combination of montmorillonite and polyquaternium 10: Enhanced flame-retardant performance using layer-by-layer assembly

Wool and polyester blends are sensitive to heat and pose fire hazards. In this study, the flame retardancy of wool/polyester blended fabric was improved by coating montmorillonite (MMT) and polyquaternium-10 (PQ-10) using the layer-by-layer assembly (LBL) method. This was done to confirm the feasibility of combining eco-friendly materials such as MMT and PQ-10 coatings and to secure the flame retardancy of the wool/polyester blend. The phosphate-buffered solution enhanced the intermolecular forces during pretreatment. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses confirmed the successful deposition of the MMT/PQ-10 combination on the fabric, and the deposition on the fabric surface increased as the number of coating layers increased. The thermogravimetric analysis results showed that the MMT/PQ-10 combination effectively reduced the maximum decomposition temperature, contributing to improved high-temperature thermal stability. Additionally, compared with the untreated fabrics, the coated fabrics exhibited a 38.2% increase in residual substances, and flame-retardant properties enhanced up to 27.3%. As a result of the vertical flame test, the MMT/PQ-10 combination improves the cohesiveness of the fabrics and prevents melt dripping, contributing to the improvement of flame retardancy.

Si-N Matrix as an Effective Fire Retardant Source for Cotton Fabric, Prepared through Sol–Gel Process

In this study, process control factors such as dipping time, heat treatment time and curing conditions were optimized to prepare N-Si network sol–gel-based coatings on a cotton fabric. The dipping time was varied from 14 h to 30 min, the heat treatment time at ~90 °C was varied between no heating conditions to 15 h and the curing was performed at 165 °C. The microstructure of the coating was analyzed using low electron scanning microscopy (LV-SEM), while a compositional study of the coated substrate was carried out using FTIR and EDS techniques. From the thermal and combustion analysis of the coated samples using thermogravimetric and vertical flame test techniques, significant resistance to the degradation process was observed, particularly in the initial stages, in addition to the highest char residue for DI-0.5 h-15~32.93%. Similarly, for DI–5 h–RT, the peak degradation temperature was around ~372 °C, accompanied by a notable char residue of approximately 31.12%. The flame spread and burning rate profile further supported the findings; DI-0.5 h-15 and DI-5 h-RT had the lowest flame spread.

Green synthesis of silane-assisted fluorescent carbon dots based on sanding dusts and its application in flame-retardant and anti-leaching wood materials

Novel silane-assisted flame-retardant carbon dots (FR-CDs) were synthesized via the hydrothermal carbonization strategy using recycled wood sanding dusts, tris(hydroxymethyl) phosphine oxide (THPO), phosphoric acid (PA), and amino-silane as precursors. The highly transparent FR-CDs suspension appears pale yellow color under daylight and exhibits a strong fluorescence response to light excitations, which helps to keep the original color of the wood and also has broad application prospects for monitoring the leaching behavior of FR-wood. The as-prepared FR-CDs can be applied in FR-wood materials using the facile dipping process owing to their tiny nanoparticles, uniform dispersion, and numerous nitrogen–phosphorus groups. In the flame test, the FR-CDs treated wood composites emitted little smoke initially and maintained primary carbon layer that did not catch fire for over 180 s. The flame-retardancy of the FR-wood materials was confirmed by the thermo-analysis, limiting oxygen index, exposure to a high heat flux (50 kW/cm2), and the propane blowtorch tests (∼600 °C). Moreover, the formation mechanism of the silane-assisted FR-CDs during hydrothermal process and the FR-wood materials with dipping method was proposed. This study provides a facile and efficient strategy for developing highly transparent and cheap flame retardants for the wood materials, which could expand the application of the wood sanding dusts and the silane-assisted carbon-based nanomaterials in the design of anti-leaching flame-retardant materials.

Formation mechanism of (Ti, Zr, Hf)C medium-entropy carbide derived from polymer precursors and its modification on the ablative mechanism of C/C-SiC composites

Medium-entropy carbide (MEC) of (Ti, Zr, Hf)C was synthesized and its modification on the ablative mechanism of C/C-SiC composites was investigated. After 60 s oxyacetylene flame test, the mass and linear ablation rates were 1.43 mg/s and 11.1 μm/s, respectively. The evolution of ceramics oxide scale dominated the anti-ablation process, which transfers from (Ti, Zr, Hf)xCyOz, (Ti, Zr, Hf)xSiyOz to (Ti, Zr, Hf)O2, (Zr, Hf)TiO4. With further evaporation of SiO2, the generated (Ti, Zr, Hf)O2 skeleton and the residual liquid oxides ((Zr, Hf)TiO4 and (Zr, Hf)SiO4) can block the oxygen channel and further reduce oxidation of the inner matrix.

Enhanced High-Temperature Cycling Stability of Garnet-Based All Solid-State Lithium Battery Using a Multi-Functional Catholyte Buffer Layer

HighlightsThermally stable catholyte buffer layer was fabricated via incorporating a multi-functional flame-retardant triphenyl phosphate additive into poly(ethylene oxide).The optimized catholyte buffer layer enabled thermal and electrochemical stability at interface level, delivering comparable cycling stability of garnet-based all solid-state lithium battery, i.e., capacity retention of 98.5% after 100 cycles at 60 °C, and 89.6% after 50 cycles at 80 °C.Exceptional safety performances were demonstrated, i.e., safely cycling behavior at temperature up to 100 °C and spontaneous fire-extinguishing ability.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ULTRAFINE CLAY-WOOD DUST HYBRID REINFORCED RECYCLED POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE MATRIX COMPOSITE FOR SEMI-STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS

This research involves the production of polymer matrix composites as a combination of ultrafine clay, wood dust and recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) where the matrix is recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate, and the dispersed phase (hybrid fillers) are ultrafine clay and wood dust. The proportion of recycled PET used for composite production varied from 97 wt% - 99 wt%, while that of wood dust varied from 0.5 wt% - 2 wt% and ultrafine clay from 0.5 wt% - 2 wt%. Physical tests including porosity, water absorption and flammability tests were also carried out on the developed samples. Results obtained from physical tests revealed that the densities of ultrafine clay-wood dust hybrid reinforced recycled PET composites (1.051 - 1.209 g/cm3) were relatively higher than those of ultrafine clay reinforced recycled PET composites and wood dust reinforced recycled PET composite. The WD2 composite sample has the least experimental density value of 0.793 g/cm3. The percentage water absorption rate of the wood dust reinforced recycled PET composites were relatively higher than the ultrafine clay reinforced recycled PET composites. The percentage water absorption rate of the hybrid reinforced recycled PET composites were in between those of the wood dust reinforced and ultrafine clay reinforced fillers. The UFC0.5 composite sample (0.5 wt% ultrafine clay, 0 wt% wood dust reinforced 99.5 wt% recycled PET composite sample) has the least percentage water absorption value of 0.12846535 when compared to other samples. The porosity of the hybrid reinforced recycled PET composite samples were relatively lower than the control sample and separately reinforced samples with ultrafine clay and wood dust. However, HB1 composite sample has the least % porosity value of 1.1563. UFC2 has the least flame propagation rate of value of 0.05482456 mm/s.
 Keywords: Ultrafine Clay, Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate, Polymer Matrix Composite, Wood Dust.

Interaction of silica with polystyrene: mechanical properties, polymer/filler adhesion and failure behavior

Composites of polystyrene with different loading of silica were prepared by melt mixing in a Brabender Plasticorder at a rotor speed of 60 rpm. The mechanical properties of the composites such as tensile behavior, impact strength, and flexural properties were studied as a function of filler loading. The tensile moduli of the composites increased with silica content. To improve adhesion between the filler and the matrix, an amino silane coupling agent was used. The composites with coupling agents showed enhanced mechanical properties. Thermal properties were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TGA) and flammability tests. Composites with 15 wt.% and 0.5 wt.% coupling agent showed optimum properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies of the tensile fractured samples revealed the extent of filler dispersion and filler/matrix interaction. Finally, experimental results were compared with theoretical predictions.

The utilization of phytic acid as a reactive flame retardant in the preparation of a fully waterborne biobased epoxy system

AbstractA fully biobased waterborne flame‐retarded epoxy system was prepared using sorbitol polyglycidyl ether epoxy resin (SPE) and phytic acid (PA) as a reactive flame retardant (FR). The flame‐retardant efficiency was evaluated by comparing the reference SPE‐PA system with solventborne and waterborne SPE systems. Additional enhancement of intumescence and reduction of flammability was achieved by incorporating ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and melamine (MEL) into the SPE–PA system. PA, serving as a curing agent, contributed approximately 1% phosphorous content, resulting in an increased limiting oxygen index (LOI). UL‐94 flammability tests demonstrated improved FR properties with PA, and the addition of 2% phosphorous from APP to SPE‐PA achieved a self‐extinguishing V0 UL‐94 rating. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed enhanced thermal stability and higher char yield with PA compared with other curing agents. Mass loss calorimetry (MLC) confirmed the superior charring effect of PA compared with other curing agents. The thermal insulation properties of the residual char were assessed by measuring the temperature on the back surface (Tb) of coated steel plates exposed to a 25 kW/m2 heat flux for 1 h. The PA sample containing 3%P of APP exhibited a Tb decrease of 130°C compared with the solventborne reference sample. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the char morphology supported these findings, indicating the effectiveness of the intumescent FR system. Infrared spectra of the char residues and pyrolysis gaseous products were obtained to gain insights into the flame‐retardant mechanism of the different systems.

A cationic, durable, P/N-containing starch-based flame retardant for cotton fabrics

A cationic, durable flame retardant for cotton fabrics, 6-(2-(dimethoxy phosphoryl)-2-(trimethyl ammonium)) methoxy-2-methoxy-polysaccharide ammonium phosphate (DTPAP), was synthesized. Its structure was verified by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. According to the FTIR spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), DTPAP formed P(=O)-O-C bonds with cellulose molecules and firmly grafted to cotton fabrics, giving the fabric a high durability. DTPAP-25-treated fabrics passed the vertical flame test (VFT), and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was 43.9 %. After 50 laundering cycles (LCs), the DTPAP-25-treated fabrics had an LOI of 29.9 %, passed the VFT, and retained their flame retardancy. EDS data showed that, compared with engrafted cationic ammonium phosphate flame retardants, the DTPAP-treated fabrics contained fewer metal ions. Cone calorimetry data showed that DTPAP-25-treated fabrics did not display concentrated heat release. The results suggested that DTPAP exhibited a condensed-phase flame retardant mechanism, and the introduction of cations into the ammonium phosphate flame retardant reduced ion exchange, which improved the durability.

Effect of silane coupling grafted polyethylene terephthalate foam and areca fruit fiber reinforced chitin modified vinyl ester prosthetic composite on thermal and water accelerated aging conditions

AbstractThe primary aim of this research work was to develop a lightweight vinyl ester based prosthetic composite with silane treated Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foam and areca fiber and how the silane surface treatment process influence the laminar adhesion against to accelerated aging conditions. Both the foam (3 mm) and fiber is silane‐treated via aqueous solution method and the composites were subjected to accelerate aging via temperature (40 and 50°C) as well as sea and rain water. The developed composites were evaluated based on American society of testing of materials (ASTM) standards and the results revealed a consistent stability in tensile strength for post‐silane treated composites on both aging conditions. Particularly, the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) test emphasized that the silane treated reinforcements has high resistance against delamination. Similarly, flammability test demonstrated sustained fire‐resistant properties in both horizontal and vertical orientations, with negligible variations in flame propagation speed. Thermal conductivity test revealed the intricate interplay of PET core and areca fiber on heat transfer. Thus, from results it is evident that the silane surface treatment helped to maintain the laminates adhere with matrix in spite of the accelerated aging conditions such as prolonged heat exposition as well as water immersion. These findings contribute valuable insights into the load bearing performance of the lightweight composite materials in human prosthetic applications where prolonged heat and water aging happened frequently.Highlights Lightweight polymer foam‐areca fiber prosthetic composites prepared and tested for accelerated weather conditions PET foam and areca fiber is silane surface treated using amino‐silane Treated foam and fiber maintained mechanical properties under aged condition Treated foam and fiber maintained flammability properties under aged condition Silane treated foam and fiber maintained good thermal conductivity under aged condition

Self-extinguishable, intumescent poly(urethane-triazole)s as halogen-free flame retardant materials via bulk polymerization of azide-alkynes

In the present study, an unexplored class of non-halogenated self-extinguishable and intumescent phosphorous-based poly(urethane-triazole)s (P-PUTs) were achieved through the bulk polymerization of azide-alkynes notably in absence of catalyst. A series of azide-functionalized urethane monomers (tetra azides) were synthesized by the reaction of 1,3-diazido-propan-2-ol with commonly used, but three structurally different diisocyanates, viz, aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic. Concurrently, a dialkyne, phenyl di-prop-2-ynyl phosphonate was synthesized and co-polymerized with these urethane tetrazides through bulk polymerization at 80 °C. The curing kinetics of the polymerization was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under non-isothermal conditions with different heating ramps. Thermal behaviour, elemental and morphological properties of the synthesized P-PUTs were comprehensively investigated employing thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), respectively. The flame retardant properties of P-PUTs were assessed by UL–94 vertical burning test, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and lab-scale flammability test. All the P-PUT compositions were found to self-extinguish immediately after the removal of flame with a V-0 rating of UL-94 V, the LOI value (vol%) are 26.3 %, 28.2 % and 29.0 % for H2P-PUT, I2P-PUT and T2P-PUT, respectively and the corresponding char yields were 26.03 wt%, 25.76 wt% and 39.58 wt% along with significant intumescence. This apart, the films with a transparency of 96.5 %, 96.7 % and 94.3 % in the visible wavelength for H2P-PUT, I2P-PUT and T2P-PUT, respectively, can possibly make these P-PUTs materials attractive as fire retardant top coats on wood substrates.

Formaldehyde-free and durable phosphorus-containing cotton flame retardant with -N=P-(N)3- and reactive ammonium phosphoric acid groups

A flame retardant (FR) hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene diethylenetriamine ammonium phosphoric acid (HDAPA) was synthesized. Vertical flammability test and limiting oxygen index (LOI) results showed that cotton samples finished with HDAPA solutions (15 % and 20 %) could pass vertical flame retardancy test, and LOIs reached 30.1 % and 35.4 % even after 50 laundering cycles according to AATCC 61-2013 3A washing standard (3A), performing flame retardancy and washing durability. Meanwhile, Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses suggested that HDAPA was grafted on cotton fibers through -P(=O)-O-C covalent bond. Total heat release (1.98 MJ/m2) and char residue (16.2 %) of HDAPA treated cotton were much lower than those (4.26 MJ/m2, 3.2 %) of untreated cotton. Thermogravimetry results showed HDAPA changed thermal decomposition pathway of cotton fabric, which was further supported by thermogravimetric-Fourier infrared spectrometer results, revealing HDAPA performed a condensed phase flame retardancy mechanism. Scanning electron microscopy implied HDAPA entered amorphous region of cotton fibers to react with cellulose. Mechanical properties of HDAPA treated cotton decreased a little. Although the synthesis process used formaldehyde but no free formaldehyde released. In consequence, the aforementioned results indicated that the introduction of -N=P-(N)3- and -P(=O)(O−NH4+)2 groups to FR was an viable method to improve flame retardancy and durability.

Fire Performance of Endospermum malaccense Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Treated with Fire Retardant

This study assessed the fire performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) made from sesenduk (Endospermum malaccense) painted with a fire retardant. Teknoksafe 2407 (Tk-Exterior) and Teknoksafe 2457 (Tk Interior) fire retardants were prepared and applied to the sesenduk CLT. Fire properties such as surface spread of flame test, charring rate test, fire resistance test, and chemical property changes before and after fire testing were evaluated and compared to Control CLT. The results showed that using fire retardant effectively prevented the fire from spreading.