Flame Lonization Detector Research Articles

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT, PRELIMINARY SCREENING AND GC- FID PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER EXTRACTS OF PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS LEAVES.

The Gas Chromatography– Flame lonization Detector (GC-FID) method was employed in this study to evaluate the phytochemical constituents of both the aqueous and petroleum ether extracts of phyllanthus amarus leaves. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids Glycosides, Phenols, Saponins, and Tannins. Further analysis revealed a total concentration of Phenol as 82.95mg/100g (4.46%) in the aqueous extract, Tannins 722.77mg/100g(38.82%),Alkaloids was 466.82mg/100(25.07%) while in the petroleum ether extract, Flavonoids was 472.59mg/100g (29.50%), Saponins 12.60mg/100g (0.79%) and Glycosides 18.63mg/100g (1.16%). These results are suggestive that P.amarus is endowed with phytochemicals that contains therapeutic potencies which support its use as traditional remedies for the treatment of variety of ailments.

Measurement of in-cylinder equivalence ratio during starting using a fast FID

In spite of the importance of the mixture preparation process during starting in affecting HC emissions, it has been poorly understood because the process is highly complicated by the multi component fuel, transient thermal environment, and two-phase mass transfer. For better understanding of the process, measurement of the equivalence ratio in the cylinder was attempted using a fast FID (Flame lonization Detector). Although extensive research has been made on the measurement using the fast FID, the method is not yet straightforward and needs careful operation. In this paper, the current status of the method is described. And within the limitations of the method the in-cylinder sampling test was conducted under the engine operating condition of 900 rpm, 0,527 bar intake pressure with gasoline injceted. The test results show that 15 to 20% of the injected fuel evaporates in the first cycle regardless of the amount of fuel injected. The lean limit of the equivalence ratio for engine firing was about 0.6. For secure firing in the first cycle, 5 to 6 times the stoichiometric fuel amount had to be injected. The contribution of the left-over fuel in the previous cycles to the mixture formation in the present cycle was found to be substantial.

Phospholipid composition of canola oils during the early stages of processing as measured by TLC with flame lonization detector

Canola oils at initial stages of processing from different crushing plants were analyzed for phosphatides. The major phospholipid components identified and quantified in refined canola oils were phosphatidic acid and phos‐phatidylinositol. Phosphatidic acid was the main phosphorus component identified in solvent extracted canola oil samples. The two‐dimensional separation that was used combined classical thin‐layer chromatography with quantitation on chromarods in an Iatroscan with a flame ionization detector. Phosphatides quantitated with this procedure ranged from 0.1 to 20 μg with a coefficient of variation of 4.4 to 7.2%. Using the modified procedure, recoveries of better than 90% were obtained for all phospholipids analyzed.

Quantitative gas chromatographic analysis of perhalogenated compounds using a flame lonization detector

In the determination of several perhalogenated compounds after gas chromatographic separation on an Apiezon L column, using a flame ionization detector, all the compounds tested gave linear area-mass plots although the coefficients observed do not lead to extrapolations which would permit quantitation of perhalogenated compounds for which no standard is available. Of the compounds tested, dibromodichloromethane, tetrachloroethene and tetrabromoethene gave good linear correlations of area ratio-mass ratio (using n-decane as the internal standard). Bromotrichloromethane and tetrabromomethane gave continuously curving area ratio-mass ratio plots which were very reproducible and could be used for graphical interpolation.

Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters with high accuracy and reliability. V. Validation of theoretical relative response factors of unsaturated esters in the flame lonization detector

AbstractBecause unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are subject to autoxidation, it is virtually impossible to obtain and maintain high purity standards. Accordingly, it is not possible to determine flame ionization detector response factors by the usual technique of analyzing standard mixtures of known composition. In an alternative approach, the response factors of methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, methyl arachidonate and methyl 4,7,10,13,16,19‐docosahexaenoate relative to methyl stearate were estimated by determining the peak areas before and after quantitative hydrogenation in the presence of an internal standard. The estimates showed excellent agreement in all cases with the theoretical factors predicted by Ackman and Sipos and thus constitute an independent and unambiguous proof that the theoretical factors are highly accurate for all olefinic unsaturated FAME. Whereas it is common practice to determine an empirically derived correction factor for each FAME by analyzing standard mixtures of known composition, the thesis is now proposed that, for both saturated and olefinic unsaturated FAME, the proper approach to accurate analysis requires that peak areas be corrected using the theoretical response factors as the only correction factors. If the correct result cannot be obtained when analyzing a primary standard of saturated FAME, it is an indication of faulty technique or equipment, and the only acceptable resolution of the problem is to locate and correct the fault(s).

Quantitative analysis of triglyceride species of vegetable oils by high performance liquid chromatography via a flame ionization detector.

A method for the quantitative analysis of triglyceride species composition of vegetable oils by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) via a flame ionization detector (FID) is described. Triglycerides are separated into molecular species via Zorbax chemically bonded octadecylsilane (ODS) columns using gradient elution with methylene chloride in acetonitrile. Identification of species is made by matching the retention times of the peaks in the chromatogram with the order of elution of all of the species that could be present in the sample on the basis of a random distribution of the fatty acids and comparison of experimental and calculated theoretical carbon numbers (TCN). Quantitative analysis is based on a direct proportionality of peak areas. Differences in the response of individual species were small and did not dictate the use of response factors. The method is applied to cocoa butter before and after randomization, soybean oil and pure olive oil.

Analysis of triglyceride species by high-performance liquid chromatography via a flame lonization detector.

The analysis of triglyceride species by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a flame ionization detector (FID) and reversed-phase chromatography using chemically bonded octadecyl silane (ODS) Zorbax columns and gradient or isocratic solvent elution with methylene chloride/acetonitrile is described. Triglycerides containing acyl groups of critical pairs,trans and positional isomers, as well as mixtures of even and odd chain lengths are separated. Identification of triglycerides is made on the basis of retention times compared with equivalent and theoretical carbon numbers, and comparison with chromatograms of reference triglyceride mixtures. The methodology is demonstrated by fractionizing the triglycerides of olive oil under different chromatographic conditions using single and coupled conventional 250×4.6 mm columns and a short 80×6.2 mm column for fast separations.

The origin of the flame lonization detector

On the occasion of the 25-year anniversary of its invention, this article summarizes the events which led to the development of the flame ionization detector.

Determination of Indoleacetic Acid from Plant Samples by an Alkali Flame lonization Detector

AbstractGas chromatography in which an alkali flame ionization detector is utilized has been shown to be a highly sensitive and selective method for determination of indoleacetic acid and certain other indoles. Methodology for detecting indoleacetic acid in plant samples (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. and Malus pumila Mill.) is described.

Anomalous Response off the Flame lonization Detector to Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids

Anomalous Response off the Flame lonization Detector to Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids

Identification and chemical classification of drugs based on the relative response of a nitrogen selective detector and a flame lonization detector in gas chromatographic analysis.

Identification and chemical classification of drugs based on the relative response of a nitrogen selective detector and a flame lonization detector in gas chromatographic analysis.

Response of the Flame lonization Detector to Nitrogenous Compounds

Response of the Flame lonization Detector to Nitrogenous Compounds

The extension of the quantitative range of the flame lonization detector

With the increasing availability of computer facilities and the existence of a satisfactory model for the behaviour of the flame ionization detector in the non-linear region, the extension of the quantitative range into this region is now a practical proposition.

The Flame lonization Detector: Further Comments on Molecular Breakdown and Fundamental Group Responses

Some factors affecting the concept of relative molar responses in the FID as arising from the sum of effective carbon responses of subunits formed by thermal cracking of molecules in the hydrogen flame are reviewed in the light of recent literature data. Occasional exceptional behaviour of long-chain hydrocarbon chains is discussed. 4-Methyl-4-methoxy-pentanone-2 is proposed as a low molecular weight material suitable for interlaboratory and interapparatus comparisons of FID response of exotic low molecular weight materials or biological and water-soluble materials. The present “state of the art” of volatile free fatty acid quantitation in the FID is briefly reviewed.

Flame lonization Detector Molar Responses for Methyl Esters of Some Polyfunctional Metabolic Acids

Molar responses, relative to CH2 = 100, were determined for methyl esters of some Krebs cycle and related acids. These experimentally determined values agreed well with responses predicted from general structural considerations. Comparison with data from another laboratory suggested that an apparent discrepancy was due to an anomalously low response for the internal hydrocarbon standard, and the ester responses were in fact comparable.

Flame lonization Detector Sensitivity Increased by Hyperoxygenation

Flame lonization Detector Sensitivity Increased by Hyperoxygenation

Gas Chromatographic Analyses of Organophosphorus Compounds Using a Hydrogen Flame lonization Detector. The Use of Chromosorb G as a Solid Support

Gas Chromatographic Analyses of Organophosphorus Compounds Using a Hydrogen Flame lonization Detector. The Use of Chromosorb G as a Solid Support

Relative Response of Flame lonization Detector to Short and Long Chain Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

Relative Response of Flame lonization Detector to Short and Long Chain Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

Some Observations on Linearity of Response with the Flame lonization Detector

Some Observations on Linearity of Response with the Flame lonization Detector