Fixed Paraffin Embedded Tissue Blocks Research Articles

Demographics and Pathomorphology of Ameloblastoma: A 9 Year Retrospective Review at a Tertiary Health Care Centre in North-Central Nigeria

Ameloblastoma is a benign but locally invasive neoplasm that arises from odontogenic epithelium of the dental lamina. It is classified into the conventional, unicystic, extraosseous/peripheral and metastasizing variants. It is the most common odontogenic tumour in Nigeria and other developing countries. It affects individuals of all ages, has a peak of occurrence in the fourth and fifth decades with no sex predilection. The Mandible is the most commonly affected site and the conventional variant is predominant. The aim of this study is to document the demographics and Pathomorphology of ameloblastoma diagnosed at the Jos University Teaching Hospital over the past nine years. There is no previous documentation of the pattern of this tumour in the North-central region of Nigeria making this study relevant. This is a retrospective observational review of all cases of ameloblastoma diagnosed histologically at the Jos University Teaching Hospital between January 1st 2015 to December 31st 2023. Materials utilized consisted of patient clinical case files, electronic histopathology result records, histopathology glass slides and formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks. The patient age, sex, anatomic location of tumour in the Jaw/face and pathomorphological features were recorded for all cases. The data obtained was analysed using Epi-info 7 (version 3.5.4) and Microsoft-Excel. Results were presented in tables and charts. Fifty one cases of ameloblastoma were diagnosed during the 9 years of review. Their ages ranged between 6 and 65 years with a mean age of 30.9±13.8 years and a peak of occurrence in the third decade. There were 29 males and 22 females with a male to female ratio (M:F) of 1.3:1. Ninety-two percent of cases occurred in the mandible and 8% in the maxilla. The conventional variant accounted for 72.5% of cases and the unicystic variant 27.5%. The follicular type accounted for 64.8% of cases of conventional ameloblastoma. Ameloblastoma occurred more commonly in males with a peak in the third decade. A vast majority of cases involved the mandible and the conventional type was predominant. This demographic pattern supports existing evidence that ameloblastoma occurs more commonly in males and in relatively younger patients in Africa.

Expression of Interleukin 23p19 in Colorectal Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical Study with Clinico-Pathological Correlation

Background Cancer of the colon is the fourth most common cancer in the world, while cancer of the rectum is the eight most common. Together, colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) are the third most commonly diagnosed form of cancer globally, comprising about 11% of all cancer diagnoses. In Egypt, a rapid increase in CRC incidence has been observed with an unusually high rate under the age of 40. Interleukin 23 (IL-23) is a member of a family of pro-inflammatory cytokines, consisting of a p19 subunit and a p40 subunit. Studies showed that IL-23 signaling causes up-regulation of MMP9, increased angiogenesis, and reduced CD8+ T cell recruitment to tumors. Therefore, IL-23–mediated inflammatory processes might provide a tumor-promoting microenvironment. Objective To evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of IL23p19 in colorectal carcinoma with clinico-pathological correlation. Methods This is a retrospective study consisting of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of 25 cases diagnosed as colorectal carcinoma. All tissue blocks were retrieved from the archives of the pathology department at Al-Demerdash Hospital. Results There was a significant difference between CRC cases with different tumor stages as regard total IL23p19 expression, as 100% of cases with higher stage (T4a/b) had positive expression compared to 42.9% and 92.9% of T2 and T3 respectively. However, no significant difference was detected between cases with different tumor grades as regard total IL23p19 expression. Conclusion It can be concluded from our study that there is an association between IL23p19 expression and the pathological stage in CRC patients. IL23p19 could be used as a prognostic biomarker and a potential treatment target.

The study of mutations of CDK4 and TP53 genes in selected breast lesions

Lesions are abnormal changes in tissue. The theories behind tumorigenesis can be genetic epigenetic, immune surveillance and monoclonal hypothesis, which led to genetic changes. The genetic change can be the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes or the activation of oncogenes in the cell cycle. This study investigated the presence of gene mutation in CDK4 and TP53 genes in breast lesions. Ten (10) formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue block, which includes 5 cases of fibroadenoma and 5 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma from the pathological archives were used. The nuclei amplification technique was carried out on the formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks. DNA extraction involves lysing the cells and solubilizing DNA, which is followed by chemical or enzymatic methods to remove macromolecules, lipids, RNA or proteins. Thereafter, the DNA is amplified using reagents and heated (denaturing) and cooling (annealing) steps. PCR requires free nucleotide (dNTPs), template DNA to amplify and unique single-stranded DNA primers that bind upstream (5') and downstream (3') of the DNA region of the tissue blocks. The integrity of the DNA is assessed by loading approximately 100 ng per sample on a 1.5% agarose gel and the sizes of PCR products were estimated by comparison with the mobility of a 100bp molecular weight ladder that was run alongside the samples in the gel. However, the amplified fragment was purified to remove PCR reagents and thereafter it was sequenced. The sequence of single nucleotide polymorphism of each gene was analyzed, and the results were reported. In mutation was more in both genes compared to the sequence of FA and IDC. From this study, both genes showed segments of mutation which were either SNPs or functional mutation. It showed that both genes were modified from a proto-oncogene to an oncogene and the protein it produces is an oncoprotein and as such it favours the alteration of both genes led to cell proliferation. The data generated from this research has highlighted the importance of carrying out further studies in assessing both genes to understand their involvement in the etiology of carcinogenesis which will help in clinical information about breast cancer. In line with the findings, there is an urgent need to understand carcinogenesis which may serve in early diagnosis and understanding of breast conditions and further help prevent or delay the onset of chronic complications and reduce morbidity and mortality rates to improve and assure the health of individuals.

Comparison between Anneroth’s Broder’s Grading Systems in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Relation to Histopathological Prognostic Factors

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a commonly occurring head and neck cancer. It has a high prevalence, and is associated with a high mortality rate. OSCC occurs due to many etiological factors, but smoking and alcohol remain the most common risk factors. The histological grading of tumors has been used to predict the clinical behaviour of OSCC. Broder’s initiated quantitative grading in cancer. Anneroth’s and Hansen developed another grading system for grading of OSCC’s. With this background, a study was undertaken to compare between Anneroth’s Broder’s grading systems in oral squamous cell carcinoma in relation to histopathological prognostic factors. Material Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on 50 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of the confirmed cases of Oral squamous cell carcinoma in the archives of department of oral pathology, Govt. Dental College Hospital, Srinagar. The cases were evaluated on the basis of Broder’s Anneroth’s grading systems for OSCC the comparison of the systems was made pertaining to histopathological prognostic parameters. Results: In our study according to Anneroth’s system maximum cases comes under grade III while in Broder’s system maximum cases are in grade I II. Conclusion: Anneroth’s classification provides us a detailed analysis of grading the cases according to scoring of each parameter. Thus, it is more informative than Broder’s grading system.

Correlation of amyloid and ameloblast-associated proteins to odontogenic cysts and tumors: A cross-sectional study.

Odontogenic cysts and tumors often form hard and soft structures that resemble odontogenesis. It is well known that amyloid is produced in Pindborgtumors; however, it is still debatable whether it is also formed in other odontogenic tumors and cysts. This study aimed to detect the presence of amyloid in different odontogenic cysts and tumors in correlation to matrix proteins secreted during enamel formation; namely amelogenin and odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein. This study included formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of 106 different types of odontogenic cysts and tumors. Congo red and thioflavin T were performed to confirm the presence of amyloid; immunohistochemistry was used to detect amelogenin and odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein. Amyloid was detected in pindborg tumors (conventional), adenomatoid odontogenic tumors, odontogenic fibroma (Amyloid variant), follicular solid and unicystic ameloblastomas, radicular cysts, dentigerous cysts, dentinogenic ghost cell odontogenic tumor, ameloblastic fibroma, calcifying odontogenic cyst, and primordial Odontogenic tumor. Amelogenin was detected in 95.3% of the cases, while odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein was detected in 93.4% of the cases. The association between odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein and amyloid was highly significant at p < 0.01. However, there was no significant relationship between amelogenin and amyloid p > 0.05. Although pindborg tumor is the bonafide example of amyloid deposition in odontogenic tumors, this study concluded that amyloid may be deposited in traces to massive amounts in various odontogenic cysts and tumors, and it is significantly linked to odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein but not amelogenin matrix protein, since all amyloid cases were odontogenic ameloblast associated protein positive.

Efficacy of Aloe Vera gel and Egg albumin as slide coating adhesives- A Comparative Pilot study

Introduction&#x0D; The problem with the staining process is the tendency for tissue section to detach from glass slides during the heat treatment used in the further processing of the slides. This has been minimised by the use of slide adhesives. The most commonly used slide adhesives for daily use are gelatine and egg albumin.&#x0D; Aim&#x0D; To compare the efficacy of Aloe Vera gel as slide coating adhesives with egg albumin.&#x0D; Methods&#x0D; 15 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of known histopathological diagnosis were sectioned from the archives of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology for the study, with n= 15 for Aloe Vera gel and n= 15 for egg albumin coating. The Aloe Vera gel was prepared and the slides were coated by the same and the routine staining procedure was done. The slides were viewed under the microscope by two independent blinded observers and grading was done for ease of handling, viscosity, ability to withstand heat and chemicals and adhesion.&#x0D; Results&#x0D; Our study showed that Aloe Vera gel when used as a slide adhesive was found have more advantage than routine albumin slide coating with a p &lt;0.05 value for ease of handling and absence of background staining.&#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; Aloe Vera gel was found to be superior to routinely used egg albumin as a slide coating agent.

Investigating the clinical significance of EGFR expression using machine learning in a series of Iraqi patients with triple-negative breast cancer.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a distinct profile of the expression of each tumor. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a molecular subtype of breast cancer characterized by an aggressive clinical behavior linked to loss or reduced expression of estrogen, progesterone, and Her2/neu receptors. The study's main objective was to investigate the clinical significance of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression in a series of Iraqi patients with TNBC. The sectional analytic study involved immunohistochemical analysis of EGFR expression in randomly selected 53 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of TNBC cases out of 127 Iraqi patients with TNBC and correlated expression data with clinicopathological parameters including survival time. Machine learning (statistical tests and principal component analysis (PCA)) was used to predict the outcome of the patients using EGFR expression data together with clinicopathological parameters. EGFR was expressed in approximately 28% of TNBC cases. We estimated the risk of mortality and distant metastasis based on EGFR expression and clinicopathologic factors using the principal component analysis (PCA) model. We found a substantial positive correlation between clinical stage and distant metastasis, clinical stage and death, death and distant metastasis, and death and positive EGFR expression. Overall, EGFR expression was linked to a poor prognosis and increased mortality. A higher risk of distant metastasis and death was associated with an advanced clinical stage of the tumor. Furthermore, the existence of distant metastases increased the risk of death. These findings raise the possibility of using EGFR expression data with other clinicopathological parameters to predict the outcome of patients with TNBC.

Diagnostic utility of PELP1 and GATA3 in primary and metastatic triple negative breast cancer

IntroductionMetastasis from Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a significant cause of morbidity and death and also presents a diagnostic challenge. There are significant therapeutic implications for making a correct and timely diagnosis of metastatic TNBC because the tumors may respond to chemotherapy. PELP1 expression has been reported recently in BC but is poorly studied in the diagnosis of primary and metastasis of TNBC. ObjectivesThe aim of the present study is to assess the diagnostic utility of PELP1and compare it with GATA3, the most commonly used in our practice for breast cancer. MethodsPELP1 and GATA3 were assessed by immunohistochemistry in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of 30 cases of primary TNBC and 15 cases of metastatic TNBC at the Pathology department, Zagazig University, Egypt. ResultsThe immunohistochemical expression of PELP1 revealed a higher frequency of expression than GATA3 in both primary and metastatic TNBC. PELP1 revealed a (96.67%) positive expression rate in primary TNBC and a (86.67%) positive in metastatic TNBC. In comparison to GATA3, revealed (53.33%) positive expression rate in primary TNBC and (60%) positive in metastatic TNBC. Furthermore, the majority of the PELP1 positive cases showed diffuse strong staining, making observation of the staining easy and suggested that PELP1 may be a molecular target for TNBC therapy. We predict that this analysis will shed light on PELP1's significance in TNBC. ConclusionIn comparison to GATA3, PELP1 protein expression is substantially higher in diagnosis of primary and metastatic TNBC.

Immunohistochemical Expression of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase in Invasive Breast Carcinomas- A Retrospective Study

Introduction: Breast carcinoma remains one of the most common causes of mortality among female cancer patients in spite of improvements in treatment modalities. Increased survival rate can be achieved by identification of new targeted therapies. Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) alterations are present in many solid and hematological tumours indicating its role in pathogenesis and treatment. There are studies regarding the expression of ALK in few breast cancers but its importance was not clearly mentioned. Hence, identification of ALK overexpression in breast cancers, particularly in Triple Negative Breast Cancers (TNBC) might play a role in their chemotherapy with the help of ALK inhibitors. Aim: To study the ALK expression in different subtypes of invasive carcinomas of breast. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective crosssectional study conducted in the Department of Pathology at Great Eastern Medical School (GEMS) &amp; Hospital, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India, from January 2022 to July 2022. The data of 60 patients, from January 2021 to December 2021 was retrieved using Hospital Information Management System (HIMS) and the Hematoxylin &amp; Eosin-stained slides and formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of breast tumour were retrieved and reviewed. Estrogen receptor (ER), Progesterone receptor (PR) and Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2) immunostains were performed and categorized based on molecular classification as Luminal, Her2 and Triple negative. ALK Staining was performed on all cases and its expression was studied. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 2.0 was used for analysis of data. Mean with standard deviation is used for quantitative variables and prevalence, ratio is used for quantitative variables. Chi-square test and Fischer exact test were used for detecting significance. The p-value &lt;0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Out of 60 cases, majority(N=22;36.66%) of patients were in the age group of 51 to 60 years. The mean tumour size was 3.2±0.5 cm. The most common histological type was invasive breast carcinoma, No Special Type (N=44;73.34%). Majority of the tumours showed grade 1 and 2 with 24 (40%) and 25 (41.67%) cases respectively. A total of 30 cases (50%) of tumours belong to stage T2. Luminal molecular subtype is the most common 31 cases (51.67%) followed by TNBC, 16 cases(26.67%) and Her2neu 13 cases (21.67%). Among all the cases, ALK overexpression was seen in 17 (28.33%) cases and among different molecular subtypes, its expression is seen in 5 (8.33%) cases of Luminal type, 3 (5.0%) cases of HER2 type and in 9 (15.0%) cases of TNBC cases. Conclusion: Immunohistochemical analysis showed ALK over expression in a substantial proportion of cases and possibly plays a significant role in aggressive behaviour of breast cancer. ALK inhibitors offer an opportunity to treat aggressive subtypes of breast cancer.

EVALUATION OF NLRP3 INFLAMMASOME PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS

The aim: This study aimed to evaluate the NLRP3 immunoreactivity in ulcerative colitis in various clinical presentations. Materials and methods: The retrospective study involved 80 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks. These were divided into 50 samples of ulcerative colitis and 30 with normal colonoscopy findings. NLRP3 protein expression patterns were evaluated in various cellular components in tissue sections using immunohistochemistry method. Results: NLRP3 inflammasome was significantly expressed with higher percentage among ulcerative colitis tissue sections compared with normal tissue sections. Intense staining was observed in Paneth cells at the base of crypts, inflammatory cells infiltrated between glands and near the base of crypts. Variable intensities of NLRP3 staining were observed in surface epithelial cells and glandular epithelium. Statically higher percentage of expression was found among active disease and patients with extra-intestinal complications. Conclusions: The NLRP3 protein expression pattern was upregulated among various cellular compartments among ulcerative colitis and correlated with disease activity.

Detection of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) Antigen in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) by Immunohistochemistry in Patients from KPK Province of Pakistan.

Objective: To determine the frequency of EBVLMP-1 antigen positivity in OSCC and normal oral squamous epithelial tissues (control) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and to see the effect of age and gender in both the OSCC and control tissues. Study Design: Descriptive, Cross Sectional, Multicenter study. Setting: Pathology/ Peshawar Medical College (PMC), Peshawar Dental College and Sardar Begum Dental College, Peshawar. Period: April 2018 to September 2018. Material &amp; Methods: Conducted on total 60 samples divided into two groups. Group A: 30 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of OSCC cases and Group B: 30 non neoplastic oral epithelial tissues (control). Both groups A and B slides were stained through immunohistochemistry for EBV LMP-1 monoclonal antigen. Results: 30 cases of OSCC Group A and 30 cases of non-neoplastic oral mucosa Group B were selected for the LMP-1 staining by immunohistochemistry. The mean age of OSCC was 56.5 years (±14.47 Standard deviation) with a range of 20-80 years. Male: Female ratio was 1.3:1 .OSCC commonly involved buccal mucosa. 80% (n=24/30) OSCC cases were grade 1, all the cases of OSCC (100%) showed epithelial positivity for EBV LMP-1 antigen, whole (29/30) cases of non-neoplastic oral mucosa cases showed positivity and there is no statistically significant difference in both Groups A and B. Conclusion: With the findings of EBV positivity in both the OSCC and all of the control cases; it is concluded that EBV does not play an important role in etiology of OSCC. This suggests that the infection by this ubiquitous virus (EBV) occurs at some point in the life of a person leaving LMP, protein latent in the cells of oral epithelium.

Potential role of BRCA1 protein expression as a prognostic tissue biomarker in breast carcinoma: an immunohistochemical and clinicopathologic study from South India

Introduction. BRCA1 dysfunction is a hallmark of both hereditary and sporadic breast cancer. BRCA1 protein expression can be lost by germline mutation, somatic mutation or promoter hypermethylation. This study aimed to explore BRCA1 dysfunction in breast cancer patients by immunohistochemistry and to study its association with prognostic factors. Material and methods. BRCA1 protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of 110 invasive breast carcinoma patients. Furthermore, the clinical findings and tumor features associated with BRCA1 dysfunction were characterized. Results. Reduced BRCA1 immunoreactivity was observed in 19% of breast cancer cases. Although these patients presented with aggressive tumor characteristics, statistical significance was observed only with presence of lymphovascular emboli (p &lt; 0.05). These results suggest that loss of BRCA1 protein expression is associated with an aggressive phenotype of breast carcinoma. Conclusions. Immunohistochemistry for BRCA1 protein expression in tumor tissues may provide a less expensive screening tool to identify BRCA1 dysfunction due to genetic or epigenetic alterations.

Utilization of cell proliferation markers to diagnose cystic jaw pathologies

Markers of cell proliferation are widely used as diagnostic and prognostic tools. Coincident estimation of these markers increases the precise evaluation of the proliferative status of different tissues and can also be helpful in determining progression, aggressiveness and prognosis of the lesions. The current study investigated the expression of PCNA and MCM3 cell proliferation markers in 40 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) and unicystic ameloblastoma (UA) cases using immunohistochemistry method. Markers` expression based on the intensity, percentage of positively stained cells and localization of reaction through the cyst lining epithelium was separately analyzed for each marker using Chi square test, the results of which were significant for the two markers (P &lt; 0.05). Both markers revealed statistically significant differences between OKC and UA cases regarding markers expression intensity, positivity score and localization of reaction through the epithelium. Mural UA histologic variant was significantly different than luminal and intraluminal variants. The correlation coefficient between the two markers was found to be 0.86.

Role of p53 Expression in the Progression of Gastric Cancer in the Indian Population

Introduction: Gastric carcinogenesis frequently affects tumor suppressor TP53 gene, resulting in increased expression of p53 protein and mutations towards later stages of Gastric Carcinoma. Objectives: To analyze p53 protein expression in different stages of gastric cancer to determine if it could be used as a biomarker to allow targeted screening of high risk groups with intestinal metaplasia. Methods: We retrieved 101 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of histopathology proven Gastric Carcinoma specimens and conducted an immunohistochemical study on a subset of 25 cases. Tumor sections were taken with adjacent normal mucosa. p53 expression was evaluated using immunohistochemical markers. With the observations from the study, analysis of p53 expression in different areas of the mucosa was done. Result: Thirteen carcinoma cases (52%) expressed p53 protein with a majority of eight (66.7%) cases showing intensity 3. Normal and metaplastic mucosa did not express p53 protein. In dysplastic mucosa, seven (28%) cases showed p53 expression with intensity ranging from 1 to 3. On comparing the data after excluding the p53 negative regions of normal and metaplastic mucosa, there was no difference with statistical significance. Conclusion: p53 expression is negative in normal and metaplastic gastric mucosa but shows expression in dysplastic and cancer cells. Thus, TP53 mutation is most likely an event towards later stages of carcinogenesis. We are dubious on the ability of p53 to be used as an authentic screening tool at the metaplastic stage to predict progression to carcinoma.

Single acquisition label-free histology-like imaging with dual-contrast photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy.

.Significance: Histopathological analysis of tissues is an essential tool for grading, staging, diagnosing, and resecting cancers and other malignancies. Current histopathological imaging techniques require substantial sample processing, prior to staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) dyes, to highlight nuclear and cellular morphology. Sample preparation and staining is resource intensive and introduces potential for variability during sample preparation.Aim: We present a method for direct label-free histopathological assessment of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks and thin tissue sections using a dual-contrast photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS) microscopy system.Approach: To emulate the nuclear and cellular contrast of H&E staining, we leverage unique properties of the PARS system. Here, the ultraviolet excitation PARS microscope takes advantage of DNA’s unique optical absorption to provide nuclear contrast analogous to hematoxylin staining of cell nuclei. Concurrently, the optical scattering contrast of the PARS detection system is leveraged to provide bulk tissue contrast reminiscent of eosin staining of cell membranes.Results: We demonstrate the efficacy of this technique by imaging human breast tissue and human skin tissues in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks and frozen sections, respectively. Salient nuclear and extranuclear features such as cancerous cells, glands and ducts, adipocytes, and stromal structures such as collagen are captured.Conclusions: The presented dual-contrast PARS microscope enables label-free visualization of tissues with contrast and quality comparable to the current gold standard for histopathological analysis. Thus, the proposed system is well positioned to augment existing histopathological workflows, providing histological imaging directly on unstained tissue blocks and sections.

Evaluation of Immuno histochemical Expression of Stem Cell Markers (NANOG and CD133) in Normal, Hyperplastic and Malignant Endometrium

Background: cancer stem cells (CSC) are potential cause for recurrence, metastasis and resistance of tumorsto different therapeutic modalities like hormonal radiotherapy and chemotherapy. We investigated twoCSC markers (NANOG and CD 133) in normal, hyperplastic endometrium and in endometrial carcinoma.Method: A total of 93 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks were used for immunohistochemicalexpression of NANOG and CD133 markers. Results: NANOG expression was detected in 88.37% ofendometrial carcinoma cases compared to 15 % of the normal endometrium and to 60% of hyperplasia cases.In endometrial carcinoma, high NANOG expression was significantly correlated with high grade, deepmyometrial invasion, lymph node metastasis and high stage. CD133 was positive in 76.74% endometrialcarcinoma cases and it shows significant correlation with deep myometrial invasion, positive lymph node,positive lymphovascular invasion and high stage. Normal endometrium showed less expression of CD133(only 5%) than hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma with statistically highly significant difference.Hyperplastic cases with atypia express higher CD133 than those without atypia (6 out of 12 versus 3 out of18). However, this difference was statistically not significant. Conclusion: The cancer stem cell markersNANOG and CD 133 are expressed in high percentage in endometrial carcinoma in comparison to normaland hyperplasia and their expression are positively correlated with aggressive behavior of the tumor.Therefore, inhibition of these markers can be a promising method to stop progression of early cancers.

Expression of Cyclin D1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its correlation with histopathological differentiation

Cyclin D1 is a vital protein that has a widespread role in cell cycle regulations, providing control over G1 to S Phase transition and governing cell proliferation rates.Cyclin D1 overexpression has been reported in variety of tumors. Present study was carried out to the study the expression of cyclin D1 and its association with histopathological differentiation and stage of oral squamous cell carcinoma.48 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of biopsy specimens of oral squamous cell carcinoma were immunohistochemically evaluated for expression of cyclinD1.CyclinD1 expression was seen in 98.5% (46) cases of OSCC. It did not correlate with site and staging. CyclinD1 expression was seen in 94.6% of well differentiated tumor,100% in moderately differentiated and 100% in poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma, but it was not statistically significant(p=0.065).Relatively higher frequency of Cyclin D1 immuno-reactivity observed in patients with less differentiated tumours suggest inverse correlation of Cyclin D1 expression with histological differentiation of tumour.

Utility of Immunohistochemical Expression of Ki-67 in Liver Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a primary malignancy of the liver and occurs predominantly in patients with underlying chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma is highest in Asia and Africa, where there is higher predisposition to chronic liver disease and subsequent development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The most widely used proliferation-associated marker is Ki-67, which is a nuclear antigen present only in proliferating cells. To study the immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and its association to the progression of cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. This is a retrospective study conducted on estimated sample size of 26 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of histopathology proven liver cirrhosis/ hepatocellular carcinoma specimens received in the Department of Pathology at a tertiary care center. The immunohistochemical markers are used to evaluate Ki-67 levels in these specimens. Ki-67 expression was positive in 20% of cirrhotic specimens and 66% of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. There may be a possible relationship between Ki-67 expression and changes of the liver from cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. The Ki-67 antigen expression was relatively low in cirrhosis and high in hepatocellular carcinoma, the increased expression indicating the neoplastic growth. Further studies are required for quantification of such association to be used for diagnostic and prognostic significance.

Clinicopathological correlation of the expression of excision repair cross complementation group1 (ERCC1) in oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas: an immunohistochemical study.

The nucleotide excision repair pathway is a sophisticated DNA repair mechanism that reduces DNA damage caused by exogenous factors. Excision repair cross complementation group 1 (ERCC1) is a prominent member of this pathway that maintains the genomic stability. The aim of this study is to determine the association between the immunohistochemical expression of ERCC1and the clinical and pathological features of oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas. The sections of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of oral squamous cell carcinomas (n=60) were immunohistochemically stained with anti-ERCC1antibody. Theassociation between the nuclear expression of ERCC1and the clinicopathological parameters of the tumors and the patient outcomes was evaluated using the chi-square test. ERCC1expression was evident in all studied cases of the oral squamous cell carcinomas. A high ERCC1expression was associated with smaller tumors, tumors without lymph node involvement and well-differentiated tumors (p<0.001). Better outcomes were associated with higher expression of ERCC1 (p=0.028). ERCC1seems to be an efficient biomarker for prognostication of oral squamous cell carcinomas. High expression of ERCC1indicates more favorable course of the disease.

151P - Gene expression profiling for a better understanding of gastric cancer: From the perspective of metabolic rearrangement

BackgroundMetabolic rearrangement has been shown to be an important characteristic for stomach adenocarcinomas. Here we aimed to improve our understanding of the tumorigenesis of gastric cancer by means of gene and protein expression profile analysis with a focus on metabolic genes and pathways. MethodsArray-based gene expression profiling of fresh frozen cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues were obtained from 8 patients with gastric cancer at early stage by using Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarray. Assays targeted 179 unique genes related to cancer metabolism. The raw expression data were normalized using nSolver Analysis Software 3.0 and a dataset of gene expression ratios for GC vs. controls was generated. The p values were calculated using a paired t-test, and the threshold for up- and down-regulated genes was set at p value < 0.05. The protein expression of the dysregualted genes were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks. The signal was quantified by the Allred score system which represented the estimated intensity and proportion of positive-staining cells. ResultsOur microarray results showed increased expression of 20 metabolic genes and decreased expression of 6 metabolic genes in all cases of gastric cancer at early stage. Besides of the undetected NOX4, the protein levels of all the others dysregualted genes, detected by IHC, showed consistently results. Half of all dysregulated genes (AKT2, EGLN3, G6PD, GLS, HIF1A, HK2, HRAS, MAP2K1, NTRK3, PGK1, PLCG1, RET and RPS6KB1) are implicated in Carbon Metabolism, a pivotal metabolic approach involving in nucleic acid biosynthesis. Five genes (ARNT, EGLN1, EGLN3, HIF1A and NOX4) are molecules implicated in hypoxia signaling. Besides, the upregulated HIF1A is a cancer metabolism driver, which means that HIF1A may induce the oncogenesis of gastric cancer. ConclusionsThe gastric mucosa in gastric cancer at early stage is characterized by dysregulated expression of a limited repertoire of metabolic genes. The nature of the corresponding metabolic rearrangement and pathways may help guide further investigations into its etiology. Legal entity responsible for the studyFudan University Shanghai Cancer Center. FundingNational Human Genetic Resources Sharing Service Platform (2005DKA21300), National Natural Science Foundation of China (81602078),. DisclosureAll authors have declared no conflicts of interest.