Fit Values Research Articles

Long range push-pull based NIR switching and photovoltaic optimization as energetic offset novel study design of novel quinazoline anchoring dyes

This study investigates the photovoltaic (PV) properties, their energetic offset correlations of quinazoline-based push-pull switches. It finds an interesting correlation between their band-gaps and the rotational velocities with a linear fit value of 0.78. Also, their larger positive offsets up to 1011 by their open circuit voltage (Voc) tend to facilitated their efficient electron injection, leading to an improved photocurrent generation for device performance. Through push-pull phenomenon, a highest λmax of 574 nm was attained for the dye T5. Their PV performance of the was calculated as Voc, short circuit current (Jsc), and light harvesting efficiency (LHE) as 0.05–0.81 eV, 28.52–40.10 mA/cm2 and 0.65–0.87 respectively. Their transition density matrix (TDM) maps showed an enhancement of electron injection with the use of a more intense electron acceptor. This study advances understanding of the PV properties of quinazoline-based switches for developing PV devices. Their further research can lead to high-performance PV systems.

Investigating the accelerated expansion of the Universe through updated constraints on viable f(R) models within the metric formalism

ABSTRACT Modified theories of gravity encompass a class of f(R) models that seek to elucidate the observed late-time accelerated expansion of the universe. In this study, we examine a set of viable f(R) models (Hu–Sawicki: two cases, Satrobinsky, Tsujikawa, exponential and arcTanh models) in metric formalism, using recent cosmological data sets: type Ia supernovae data, cosmic chronometer observations, baryonic acoustic oscillations data, data from H ii starburst galaxies, local measurements of the Hubble parameter (H0), and cosmic microwave background radiation data. We re-parametrize the f(R) models using a distortion/deviation parameter (b) which is a measure of their deviation from the lambda-cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model. Taking into account the ‘Hubble tension,’ we perform the study both with and without a Gaussian prior for H0 from local measurements, following the standard statistical procedures for constraining parameters and comparing models. Our findings are as follows: (i) in many cases the f(R) models are strongly favoured over the standard ΛCDM model, (ii) the deviation parameter (b) significantly deviates from zero in several cases, (iii) the inclusion of local H0 not only increases the fitted value of H0 (as expected) but also affects the gap between predictions of f(R) models and the ΛCDM model, and (iv) the relevant quantities characterizing the (accelerated) expansion of the universe such as transition redshift and the equations-of-state parameters, obtained in our models, are consistent with those obtained in a model-independent way by others. Our investigation and results present a compelling case for pursuing further research on f(R) models with future observations to come.

Experimental evaluation of ECG signal denoising methods based on HRV indices and their application in indoor thermal comfort study under different temperatures

The heart rate variability (HRV) features extracted from an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal have been widely used to help improve the performance of thermal comfort models, with the ECG signal denoising method being very important. In this study, 20 volunteers were recruited for experiments in a well-controlled chamber. Their ECG signals (a total of 6,000,000 sets of data) were collected under stable and variable temperature environments. With the use of the setup database, four denoising methods were compared: the fast Fourier transform (FFT), wavelet transform, Chebyshev filter, and Butterworth filter. When the performance of these methods was evaluated from ECG images, the Butterworth filter exhibited a more comprehensive and smoother representation of the original signal. Judging from denoising indices, the Butterworth filter exhibited the best performance, with its denoising indices surpassing those of fast Fourier transform and wavelet transform by differences ranging from 26% to 122%. Judging from HRV index and R-peak positioning, the data processed by Butterworth exhibited the highest reliability (93.5%), outperforming FFT (30.0%), the wavelet filter (72.5%), and the Chebyshev filter (78.5%). Furthermore, the 5th-order Butterworth filter exhibited the largest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with 1.1–34.4% larger and the smallest percent root-mean-square difference (PRD) with 15.2–66.1% smaller compared to other orders. Next, the characteristics of denoised HRV features under different temperatures were studied. During a temperature rise stage, the fitting R2 values of rMSSD, SDNN, and HR with temperature were 0.85, 0.64, and 0.78, respectively; meanwhile, during the subsequent temperature drop stage, the fitting R2 values were 0.78, 0.84, and 0.78, respectively. This suggests that changes in temperature can be effectively reflected by HRV indices. When gender was taken into consideration, the HR of females showed a 55.8% higher fitting level compared to males.

Testing new kinetic models and calibration methods for Rock Surface Luminescence Exposure dating using controlled experiments

Rock surface luminescence exposure dating (RSLED) is an evolving tool in dating prehistoric rock surfaces. In this study, we explore and compare current and new models and calibration methods using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) depth profiles from quartz grains and Infrared Stimulated Luminescence (IRSL; IR50, pIRIR225, and MET290) from feldspar grains found in granite and sandstone samples.This study shows that, although correct model assumptions improve the quality of exposure age estimates, significant discrepancies between observed and expected fitting parameter values remain, and these discrepancies leads to inaccurate age estimation. This is particularly the case when post-IR signals from feldspar are used. Here, the spectral dependency of luminescence signals is examined to better understand these problems. The demonstrated depth dependency of fitting parameters, previously assumed to be constant with depth, also gives rise to discrepancies in parameter values. The surprising observation that, in rocks, the IR50 signal is apparently more easily bleached than the quartz fast-component OSL signal is explained in terms of the wavelength dependence of light attenuation increasing the effective path length for shorter wavelengths, and so changing the shape of the light spectrum with penetration depth. This complicates parameter estimates in exposure dating even more.Alternative approaches (rather than parameter estimation) for estimating how long a rock surface has been exposed to light are considered, based on modelling the shape and position of the measured luminescence-depth profile. It is concluded that the most accurate exposure age is derived by interpolating the depth of an unknown profile onto a curve of profile depths from known age profiles (the Exposure Response Curve, or ERC, approach).

Science Identity of Turkish Students: Adaptation of the Science Identity Questionnaire and Analysis in Terms of Demographic Variables

ABSTRACT Background Science identity has an important place in revealing the effects of learning experiences. Furthermore, science identity can help to understand future career intentions related to science; therefore, it needs to be understood and assessed. Purpose The aim of this study was to adapt the Student Science Identity Questionnaire into Turkish and examine its validity and reliability. Sample In the study, data were collected from 755 high school students in the Central Anatolian Region of Turkey. Design and Methods In the first part of the study, a scale adaptation was performed. In the second part, differences between groups were analyzed using parametric tests. Results Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the structure of the instrument consisting of 24 items and four factors and showed that the model had excellent fit values. Cronbach’s alpha values of the factors that make up the instrument were between .83 and .90, composite reliability values ranged between .92 and .93, factor loads and average variance extracted values were found to be above .50. In addition, the square root of the average variance extracted values and the correlation values between the factors were examined and the validity of the measurement model was ensured. Conclusion The findings show that the Student Science Identity Questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument in the Turkish sample. In addition, students’ science identity varies according to gender and socioeconomic status.

Testing theories of accretion and gravity with super-extremal Kerr discs

ABSTRACT Fitting the thermal continuum emission of accreting black holes observed across X-ray bands represents one of the principle means of constraining the properties (mass and spin) of astrophysical black holes. Recent ‘continuum fitting’ studies of Galactic X-ray binaries in the soft state have found best-fitting dimensionless spin values which run into the prior bounds placed on traditional models (a⋆ = 0.9999). It is of critical importance that these results are robust, and not a result solely of the presence of these prior bounds and deficiencies in conventional models of accretion. Motivated by these results we derive and present superkerr, an xspec model comprising of a thin accretion disc solution valid in the Kerr geometry for arbitrary spin parameter a⋆, extending previous models valid only for black holes (|a⋆| < 1). This extension into ‘super-extremal’ space–times with |a⋆| > 1 includes solutions which describe discs evolving around naked singularities, not black holes. While being valid solutions of Einstein’s field equations these naked singularities are not expected to be present in nature. We discuss how the ‘measurement’ of a Kerr spin parameter 1 < a⋆ < 5/3 would present compelling evidence for the requirement of a rethink in either standard accretion theory, or our theories of gravity.

Study on tool wear and optimization of machining parameters in laser-assisted fast tool servo machining of glass-ceramic

Glass-ceramic is difficult to be ultra precision machined due to its high hardness and brittleness. Laser-assisted fast tool servo machining (LAFTSM) of glass-ceramic optical free-form surface was carried out with tool wear as the characteristic value to study the machining quality of glass-ceramic. Orthogonal experiments on LAFTSM were conducted using the Taguchi method (TM). The range of tool wear reduction obtained by comparing laser-assisted machining (LAM) with fast tool servo (FTS) machining is 48.83%–64.12%. The order of contribution of each machining parameter obtained through variance analysis to the reduction of tool wear is: spindle speed > laser power > feed rate > piezoelectric frequency. The optimal combination of machining parameters that can minimize tool wear obtained through signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) analysis is: spindle speed 55 rpm, feed rate 0.01 mm/rev, piezoelectric frequency 8 Hz, laser power 75 W. Artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) were used to fit and optimize the machining parameters and experimental results in TM orthogonal experiments. The fitting values of ANN are highly consistent with the orthogonal experimental results. The optimal combination of machining parameters obtained after GA optimization analysis is: spindle speed 50 rpm, feed rate 0.015 mm/rev, piezoelectric frequency 4 Hz, laser power 75 W. Experiments were conducted using the optimal combination of machining parameters of TM and ANN, the results showed that ANN performs better than TM in predicting minimum tool wear and optimizing machining parameters. This study provides a reference for LAFTSM and the research methods of tool wear.

Data management in the digital health environment scale development study*

PurposeThis study aims to develop a scale that measures individuals' perceptions of privacy, security, use, sharing, benefit and satisfaction in the digital health environment. MethodWithin the scope of the study, in the scale development process; The stages of literature review, creation of items, getting expert opinion, conducting a pilot study, ensuring construct and criterion validity, and reliability analyses were carried out. The literature was searched for the formation of the question items. To evaluate the created question items, expert opinion was taken, and the question items were arranged according to the feedback from the experts. In line with the study's purpose and objectives, the focus group consisted of individuals aged 18 and above within the community. The convenience sampling method was employed for sample selection. Data were collected using an online survey conducted through Google Forms. Before commencing the survey, participants were briefed on the research's content. A pilot study was conducted with 30 participants, and as a result of the feedback from the participants, eliminations were made in the question items and the scale was made ready for application. The research was conducted by reference to 812 participants in the community. Expert evaluations of the question items were obtained, and a pilot study was conducted. A sociodemographic information form, a scale developed by the researcher, Norman and Skinner's e-Health Literacy Scale, and the Mobile Health and Personal Health Record Management Scale were used as data collection tools. Results: The content validity of the research was carried out by taking expert opinions and conducting a pilot study. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed to ensure construct validity. The total variance explained by the scale was 60.43%. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the 20-Item 5-factor structure exhibited good fit values. According to the analysis of criterion validity, there are significant positive correlations among the Data Management in the Digital Health Environment Scale, Norman and Skinner’s e-Health Literacy Scale and the Mobile Health and Personal Health Record Management Scale (p < 0.01; r = .669, .378). The Cronbach's alpha value of the scale is .856, and the test–retest reliability coefficient is .909. Conclusion: The Data Management in the Digital Health Environment Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool that measures individuals' perceptions of privacy, security, use, sharing, benefit and satisfaction in the digital health environment.

Measurement and molecular simulation of the solubility properties of 4-tert-Butyl-2, 6-dinitro-3-methoxytoluene in single and binary solvents

The solubility of 4-tert-Butyl-2, 6-dinitro-3-methoxytoluene (musk amberette) in methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, acetonitrile, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, tetrahydrofuran and methanol + tetrahydrofuran at 278.15 K to 318.15 K were determined. All measurement data obtained good results by merging Van’t Hoff, modified Apelblat, λh, Yaws, NRTL, Wilson, Jouyban-Acree and Sun model. The deviation analysis between fitting values and experimental values indicates that the Yaws model was more effectively in fitting the solubility of musk amberette. In addition, the ΔsolH°, ΔsolG°, ΔsolS° of musk amberette solution were discussed by Van’t Hoff equation. Their fruits implied that the dissolution of musk amberette is found to be accompanied by heat absorption and entropy gain processes. This is consistent with the positive slope of the T-x1 curve, which means that high temperature is advantage for the continued dissolution of musk amberette. In contrast, the presence of strong hydrogen bonds between alcohol solvents results in their lowest solubility for musk amberette. As an important task, the melting performance and crystal structure of musk amber were tested through instruments. The same characteristics exclude the presence of solvates or polymorphs. Finally, molecular visualization analysis was used to summarize the interatomic interactions within the crystal of musk amberette. The relationship between HSP, π, α, β, CED and their ability to dissolve musk amberette was discussed. It has been proven that high CED of the solvent is the main obstacle to the dissolution of musk amberette. The interaction between the O atom of musk amberette and hydroxyl H atom of alcohol in binary mixed solutions was obtained through molecular dynamics. Further, elucidated the relationship between mixed solvents and solubility. In summary, these studies will provide strong guidance for the upgrading of musk amberette production processes.

Exercise ECG and myocardial perfusion SPECT show high prognostic value up to four years after examination

Abstract Background Abnormal results of myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS) or exercise ECG (Ex-ECG) is known to be associated with increased risk of ischemic cardiac events. The predictive value of stress testing however, is influenced by underlying risk factors as well as follow up duration and may vary considerably over time. With traditional Cox proportional hazards analysis the time-varying effects are not sufficiently accounted for. Purpose To evaluate the prognostic longevity of MPS and Ex-ECG using statistical methods that allow hazard ratio changes over time. Methods 908 patients (age 63 years, 49% male, 45% prior ischemic heart disease (IHD)) referred for MPS were prospectively included. Ex-ECG was performed in conjunction with MPS. Registry data were used for follow up. The outcome was a composite of acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, unplanned revascularization, and cardiovascular death. Cox proportional hazard analysis and smoothed hazard functions with splines were used for risk assessment during follow up. Results Ex-ECG or MPS were abnormal in 198 (22%) or 148 (16%) of patients respectively. The mean follow up time was 8.2±2.6 years and the composite end point was reached in 189 patients (21%). The Kaplan-Meier curves suggest an interaction with time with the risk of event for subjects with abnormal test results being highest in the 2-3 of years after which the curves are approximately parallel (Figure 1). In multivariable models the best fit (lowest Akaike information criterion (AIC) value) was obtained with a logarithmic interaction term for time. With this approach and controlling for known risk factors the hazard ratio (HR) drops to 1 after approximately four years for both Ex-ECG and MPS (Figure 2). Age (HR=1.04, p&amp;lt;0.001), sex (HR=2.0, p&amp;lt;0.001), IHD (HR=1.7, p&amp;lt;0.001) and reduced exercise capacity (HR=0.99, p&amp;lt;0.001) were independent significant predictors of risk. Conclusions The high risk associated with abnormal MPS and Ex-ECG results decrease rapidly over time and after approximately 4 years the predictive value is lost. Thus, the long-term impact on prognosis of stress testing appear questionable. The time-varying effects on risk are substantial and warrant statistical considerations when designing clinical follow up studies of chronic coronary syndrome.

Simulation of robust adaptive regression multi-level models for quality analysis of special coffees in cold storage

Numerous factors contribute to specialty coffee quality, storage and cooling conditions. We may therefore assume that sensory evaluation results can be corrupted by measurement errors, especially when cuppers are not trained, leading to occurrence of observation outliers. Therefore, this study aimed to propose simulation scenarios considering parametric values of multilevel model fit with robust adaptive regressions to the presence of outliers in a real experiment with processed and unprocessed coffee beans stored at different times and temperatures. In this context, we considered computationally simulated scenarios in which sensory scoring errors can be made at L = 5 and 10 units. The proposed method was feasible for the sensory scoring of an experiment of coffee storage conditions and cooled environments. This is because it included robust characteristics of samples evaluated with up to 30% of outliers.

Observational constraints on anisotropic cosmological model in Lyra’s manifold

In the present study, we have explored an axially symmetric Bianchi I universe with Lyra’s geometry. We assumed variable displacement vector as component of Lyra’s geometry in the Einstein’s field equations. We developed and presented exact solutions of the field equations of proposed model. The parameters of model have been extracted using latest observational finding of OHD, Pantheon and BAO data sets. The best fit values are estimated using MCMC method. Features like deceleration parameter, particle horizon, age of universe and jerk parameter are explored. Further Om and statefinder diagnosis of the assumed model are also discussed for geometrical comparison with the standard ΛCDM model.

Constrained [formula omitted]CDM dark energy models in higher derivative [formula omitted]-gravity theory

In the present paper, we have investigated dark energy scenarios in higher derivative f(R,Lm) gravity theory in a flat spacetime universe by constraining cosmographic series of Hubble function with Hubble constant H(z) datasets. We have considered an arbitrary function f(R,Lm)=γR2+λLmn, where R is the Ricci-scalar, Lm is matter Lagrangian, γ, λ and n are non-vanishing parameters. We have obtained contour plots of model parameters for the best fit values of (H0,q0,j0,s0,γ,λ,n,Ωm0) with 1−σ and 2−σ errors with H(z) datasets, and using these best fit model parameters, we have tried to explore the effective dark energy properties of the universe by defining the terms ρeff, peff and ωeff. We have found the values of effective equation of state parameter ωeff≈−0.96 at present and tends to cosmological constant value at late-time. We have found that the dark energy density term ρΛ∼Λ and it behaves just like time-dependent cosmological constant Λ-term. We have found a constrained ΛCDM transit phase expanding and currently accelerating dark energy model. Also, we have estimated the present age of the universe as t0=14.28 Gyrs.

Microstructural path modeling of primary recrystallization

While the classic KJMA model is frequently used to fit experimental recrystallization kinetics data, the fitted values in most cases are inconsistent with the observed microstructural evolution. In this paper, we review the much more powerful microstructural path modeling (MPM) methodology. A basic assumption in this next generation of recrystallization models is related to the spatial distribution of nucleation sites, which may be uniform in the mathematical sense, i.e. randomly distributed in the sample volume, or clustered either along lines or on planes. For example nuclei are often observed to be linearly aligned because they have formed along original grain boundaries or stringers of second phase particles in the deformed matrix. In this paper, we present a new MPM, which is extending the former idealized linear MPM, allowing the recrystallizing grains to grow with different speeds in different directions, thus becoming prolate spheroid shaped. Finally issues concerning experimental determination and analysis of growth rates, are discussed.

Parentage verification and genetic diversity of the Arabian and Thoroughbred horse populations in Türkiye using microsatellite analysis.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of parentage verification in Arabian and Thoroughbred horses in Türkiye using microsatellite markers. A total of 813 Arabian and 959 Thoroughbred horses were genotyped using a total of 17 microsatellite markers. The mean effective number of alleles was 3,34 and the mean number of alleles was 7,41 in Arabian horses. It was calculated that the mean He and Ho values in Arabian horses were 0,677 and 0,680, respectively. The mean effective number of alleles was 3,55 and the mean number of alleles was 6,59 in Thoroughbred horses. It was calculated that the mean Ho and He values in Thoroughbred horses were 0,697 and 0,684, respectively. When the studied Arabian and Thoroughbred horse populations are considered as a single population, the mean FIT, FST and FIS values were found to be 0,063, 0,074 and, - 0,011, respectively. Also, 4 loci in Arabian horses and 3 loci in Thoroughbred horses significantly deviated from HWE. The mean PIC value was 0,63 in Arabian horses and 0,64 in Thoroughbred horses. As a result; the microsatellites including the most informative 15 and 9 loci had a total value of > 0,9999 (11 and 7 loci > 0,999) in each population for PE - 1 and PE - 3, respectively. It has been concluded that parentage verification and genetic identification can be made successfully in the Arabian and Thoroughbred horse populations by using the microsatellite markers panel.

Direct measurements of the enthalpy of vaporization for R290 + R1216 and R1234ze(E) binary mixtures by differential scanning calorimetry

In this work, the enthalpy of vaporization (ΔvapH) of refrigerants and mixtures has been investigated experimentally and theoretically, and an accurate and simple method for directly measuring ΔvapH has been developed. First of all, the ΔvapH of R290, R1216, R1234ze(E) and their mixtures were measured at temperatures from 260 to 290 K using a modified high-pressure differential scanning calorimeter combined with a pressure balance unit and a sample injection system. Seven temperature points were measured for each component. After that, compared the experimental results with commonly used estimation methods, such as Clausius-Clapeyron equation and Helmholtz-energy equation of state. The experimental results were in good agreement with Helmholtz equation, with the maximum deviation within 1.89%. In the end, the empirical formula was used to fit the experimental results. The average absolute deviations between the experimental values and the fitting values were between 0.07% and 0.40%, and the maximum absolute deviations were between 0.11% and 1.05%.

Confirmatory factor analysis of digital skills on the use of mobile banking services in Subang district

The research aimed to identify and validate the digital skills required to use mobile banking services in Subang Regency. The study used non-probability and purposive sampling techniques to survey 350 banking customers who use mobile banking services in the Subang Regency. The results of the digital skills factor analysis showed that the indicators of each latent variable, including operational mobile skills, information navigation skills, social skills, and creative skills, were valid and able to represent their respective constructs. However, the model fit value did not meet the criteria, indicating that modifications were necessary to obtain a fit model. This study provides a starting point for further research to explore the model using the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) analysis method or make modifications using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) method to obtain a fit model that can contribute as a medium to confirm relevant and valid factors representing their constructs

Fit to the rasch model of the FEEL-KJ Spanish adaptation

BackgroundIn recent decades, scientific production related to Emotional Regulation (ER) has increased significantly. Deficits in ER have been linked to various mental health problems. The aim of this work is to evaluate the Spanish adaptation of the Feel-Kj scale to the RASCH model. MethodChildren from 9 to 16 years old took part of this study. One hundred and eighteen children between 9 and 16 years old and one hundred and fifteen from 13 to 16. The 254 participants were attending 25 schools located in de Valencian Community in Spain. ResultsBoth infit and outfit MNSQ statistics provided evidence for the construct validity of the FEEL-KJ questionnaire. The infit and outfit mean values (1.01 and 1.02, respectively) were close to the perfect fit value of 1. ConclusionsFrom these results it can be sensed that the FEEL-KJ will be a valid and reliable instrument to apply in the Spanish speaking population, although it is necessary to make some minor adjustments in terms of translation.

Examining Group Differences in Mathematics Achievement: Explanatory Item Response Model Application

Students take many different exams throughout their educational lives. In these exams, various individual and item characteristics can affect the responses of individuals to the items. In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of person and item predictors on the mathematics common exam results of 365 9th grade students with explanatory item response models. Gender and school type as person variables and cognitive domain, content domain and booklet type as item variables were added to the models due to their widespread inclusion in the literature. When the predicted item parameters were examined, it was seen that the smallest parameter values were obtained for all items with the Rasch model. When the model data fit values of four different models were examined, it was concluded that the latent regression and latent regression linear logistic test models showed better fit than the Rasch model. By adding person and item predictors to the model, the parameters obtained for each variable group were compared, and differences were observed between the groups for school type, cognitive domain, and content domain variables. It was concluded that the item parameters did not differ for the variables of gender and booklet type. It is thought that it would be beneficial to use these models more widely in studies to be conducted in the field of education and psychology, since they provide more detailed information about the reasons for the differences in the estimated parameters.

Parental Competence, Parenting Stress, Family Harmony, and Perceived Available Support among Mothers with Children Aged 3-6 Years

There is a growing body of research focused on examining family dynamics. This article reports on two studies. Study 1 aimed to develop a parental competence scale and examine its psychometric qualities. Data was gathered from 915 Turkish mothers with children aged 3-6 years. In order to evaluate the instrument’s internal structure, exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were performed. EFA revealed that there is a single factor structure consisting of 13 items. CFA confirmed that all items in the one-dimensional scale are compatible with the model and goodness of fit values are acceptable. Reliability analyses showed that the scale’s internal consistency was high. Study 2 aimed to investigate the direct and indirect effects of parenting stress on parental competence and family harmony through the perceived available support. Data was obtained from 261 mothers with children ages 3-6 years. The results of the study revealed that the perceived available support not only mediated the relationship between parenting stress and parental competence, but also the relationship between parenting stress and family harmony. Findings were discussed in light of family dynamics literature.