Fit Index Values Research Articles

Validation and Reliability Study of The Turkish Version of The Health Services Access Scale

Background/aim: The aim of this study is to establish the Turkish validity and reliability of the Healthcare Access Scale and to determine whether perceptions of healthcare access vary according to demographic variables. Materials and methods: Data for the research were collected through surveys of 468 participants across Turkey. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted in the process of adapting the Healthcare Access Scale. In addition, t-tests and ANOVA tests were used to determine variations in access to healthcare according to demographic variables. The factors obtained from the exploratory factor analysis were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The fit index values of the five-dimension health care access scale were found to be in the good fit range. Results: As a result of the difference analyses carried out, no significant differences were found in the perceptions of access to healthcare according to gender, age and educational level. However, various differences were observed between the groups in terms of the type of hospital services received, income level and frequency of hospital visits in the past year. In conclusion, this study makes a significant contribution to the literature by testing the appropriateness, validity and reliability of the Healthcare Access Scale. Conclusion: This study makes a significant contribution to the literature by testing the appropriateness, validity and reliability of the Healthcare Access Scale. Key words: Health Services, Health System, Validity and Reliability, Access to Health Services, Turkish Validity, Health

Psychometric evaluation and measurement invariance of the problematic smartphone use scale among college students: A national survey of 130 145 participants.

Given the insufficient validation of previously imported smartphone addiction scales in China, this study revised and evaluated the Problematic Smartphone Use Scale among Chinese college students (PSUS-C). We based our research on a national sample comprising 1324 higher education institutions and 130 145 participants. Using cross-sectional data, comprehensive methods were employed to examine validity, reliability and measurement invariance. The final scale consists of 20 items across four dimensions: withdrawal and loss of control, negative impact, salience behaviors and excessive use. All Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) values were below 0.85, and the lower 90% and upper 95% confidence intervals were also below 0.85, except for factors 1 and 3. The amount of variance (AVE) values were greater than 0.5, composite reliability (ω) values exceeded 0.89 and all factor loadings were above 0.5. The criterion validity was supported as expected: problematic smartphone usage positively correlated with depression (r = 0.451), loneliness (8 items, r = 0.455), loneliness (6 items, r = 0.504), social media use (r = 0.614) and phone usage duration (r = 0.148); and negatively correlated with life satisfaction (r = -0.218) and self-esteem (r = -0.416). Across sex, type of university and place of residence, the measurement invariance performed well, with most changes in root mean square error of approximation (ΔRMSEA), comparative fit index (ΔCFI) and Tucker-Lewis index (ΔTLI) values being less than 0.005, and no indicator showing a difference greater than 0.010. The Problematic Smartphone Use Scale for College Students (PSUS-C) demonstrated good factor structure, internal consistency, construct validity, discriminant validity and criterion validity. Strict and structural invariance were demonstrated across sex, type of university and place of residence. The PSUS-C has the potential to assess smartphone addiction among Chinese university students.

Autistic Sensory Traits and Psychological Distress: Mediating Role of Worry and Intolerance of Uncertainty

Background/Objectives: Autistic adults exhibit core and comorbid features that can have an impact on their daily functioning and lead to considerable psychological distress. Significant and consistent associations have been identified between autism characteristics—restricted repetitive behaviors and sensory features—and high levels of stress and anxiety. For a better understanding of the issue, it is necessary to consider the cognitive aspects that can help explain variations in stress and anxiety levels among adults with autism. We therefore aimed to model the contributions of worry and intolerance of uncertainty on the relationship between autism characteristics (sensory sensitivities and repetitive behaviors) and psychological distress (stress and anxiety). Methods: The sample comprised 144 autistic individuals with a mean age of 35.15 (SD = 11.44). They participated in the study by completing an online questionnaire to assess the study variables. Most of the participants reported being diagnosed with Asperger syndrome (63.6%) or Level 1 autism spectrum disorder (27.1%). Results: The model fit index values tested through path analysis indicated a good fit (χ2 = 5.65; p = 0.13 ns; CFI = 0.993; NFI = 0.985; RMSEA = 0.079; SRMR = 0.025) and identified worry and intolerance of uncertainty as significant mediating variables within a comprehensive explanatory model. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of worry and intolerance of uncertainty as specific targets in interventions aimed at improving stress and anxiety problems in autistic adults.

Standardizing a Questionnaire of Metacognitive Resources of Human Behavior Regulation in Difficult Circumstances

Modern psychology focuses on personal resources that help to overcome difficult circumstances accompanied by anxiety and stress. However, psychological diagnosis in this sphere remains understudied. The present research was an attempt to standardize a questionnaire of metacognitive regulation of human behavior in difficult circumstances. The study involved 559 participants from Tomsk (24.8% men, average age – 22.1). The exploratory factor analysis identified four factors (45.6% variance): self-control of behavior (six items, Cronbach’s alpha, α = 0.780; composite reliability = 0.863); anxiety control (four items, α = 0.823; composite reliability = 0.866); memory efficiency (three items, α = 0.817; composite reliability = 0.832); intuitive cognition of people (four items, α = 0.709; composite reliability = 0.757). Confirmation factor analysis showed high values of the model fitness indices: RMSEA = 0.044; SRMR = 0.059; CFI = 0.991; GFI = 0.986. The scales of the new questionnaire demonstrated the required external convergent validity and were found consistent with similar constructs. The study involved the following methods: D. V. Lyusin’s Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire; Subjective Risk Intelligence Scale developed by G. Craparo et al. and adapted by T. V. Kornilova and E. M. Pavlova, E. Yu. Mandrikova’s Activity Self-Organization Questionnaire, C. D. Spielberger’s Anxiety Test adapted by V. N. Karandashev, C. D. Spielberger’s Questionnaire of Personal Anxiety adapted by Yu. L. Khanin, and the Academic Motivation Scale developed by T. O. Gordeeva, O. A. Sychev, and E. N. Osin. The following scales demonstrated a good discriminative ability associated with statistically significant gender differences: self-control of behavior (p = 0.002); anxiety control (p < 0.001), and memory efficiency (p < 0.001). The questionnaire proved to be an efficient tool of studying human resources related to overcoming difficult circumstances.

Accelerated Life Testing of Biodegradable Starch Films with Nanoclay Using the Elongation Level as a Stressor.

An attempt was made to evaluate the elongation level as a stressor on biodegradable starch films reinforced with nanoclay using a simple linear model. A total of 120 film units were subjected to increasing elongation levels and the exact break time of the failed units was monitored. Nine different attempts were made to fit the data distribution and the lognormal distribution was chosen as the most suitable because it resulted in the lowest values of the regression fit indices -2LL, AICc and BIC. Following the selection of the best fit, it was, generally, observed that an increase in the elongation level resulted in the decreasing exact break time of the films. Among several models, the best fit was provided by the simple linear model. Based on this model, the acceleration factor was estimated, and it was shown that it increased exponentially while increasing the elongation level. Finally, the probability of failure and the hazard rate of the film units as a function of the elongation level were estimated, demonstrating the applicability of this method as a tool for food packaging film failure prediction.

Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Vestibular Migraine Patient Assessment Tool and Handicap Inventory.

There are insufficient tools to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of vestibular migraine. Hence, the aim of this study was to perform the Turkish adaptation of the Vestibular Migraine Patient Assessment Tool and Handicap Inventory (VM-PATHI). After the language and content validity was completed, a pilot study was conducted. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to test construct validity, and as a result of the validity analyses, Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient and test-retest analyses were conducted for reliability. In the study, in which 289 participants were evaluated, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient was calculated as 0.903. The percentage of variance explained by the EFA was 67.246% and the range of factor load change was 0.433-0.828. The scale structure was tested with CFA and the model was confirmed with adequate goodness of fit index values. The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale was 0.931. The VM-PATHI is a valid and reliable tool for the subjective evaluation of vestibular migraine in Türkiye.

Online Health Information Seeking, eHealth Literacy, and Health Behaviors Among Chinese Internet Users: Cross-Sectional Survey Study.

The internet has become an increasingly vital platform for health-related information, especially in upper-middle-income countries such as China. While previous research has suggested that online health information seeking (OHIS) can significantly impact individuals' engagement in health behaviors, most research focused on patient-centered health communication. This study aims to examine how OHIS influences health behavior engagement among Chinese internet users, focusing on the role of eHealth literacy and perceived information quality in influencing relationships. An online cross-sectional survey was conducted in November 2021 among 10,000 Chinese internet users, using quota sampling based on sex, age, and urban and rural residence, in line with the 48th Statistical Report on Internet Development of China. Nonparametric tests were used to examine the differences in eHealth literacy across sociodemographic groups. Partial correlation analysis and stepwise linear regression were conducted to test the associations between key variables. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were conducted to test the hypotheses. Our study identified significant disparities in functional and critical eHealth literacy between urban and rural residents across age groups, income levels, education backgrounds, and health conditions (all P<.001). In terms of sex and regional differences, we found higher functional literacy among female users than male users, and critical literacy varied significantly across different regions. The proposed structural model showed excellent fit (χ2404=4183.6, χ2404=10.4,P<.001; root mean square error of approximation value of 0.031, 95% CI 0.030-.031; standardized root mean square residual value of 0.029; and comparative fit index value of 0.955), highlighting reciprocal associations between 2 types of eHealth literacy and OHIS. Participants' functional eHealth literacy, critical eHealth literacy, and OHIS have positive impacts on their health behavioral engagement. Perceived information quality was found to mediate the influence of OHIS on health behavior (b=0.003, 95% CI 0.002-0.003; P<.001). The study revealed the pathways linking sociodemographic factors, eHealth literacy, OHIS, and perceived information quality and how they together influenced health outcomes. The findings underscore the significance of enhancing eHealth literacy and improving information quality to promote better health outcomes among Chinese internet users.

Nursing Principles Practice Basic Competencies Scale – Turkish Adaptation Study

Objective: The main objectives of clinical education in nursing education are to develop the student’s competences in cognitive, affective and psychomotor areas. Reliable measurement tools are needed for the evaluation of these competences that begin to be gained with the first clinical practice. This methodological study investigated the cultural and Turkish validity of the Core Competence in Basic Nursing Practice Scale (CCFNPS) for undergraduate nursing students. Methods: A methodological research has been carried out on the cultural validation and adaptation of the scale. The construct’s validity was examined using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of 466 students. The scale’s internal consistency reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha. Test-retest reliability was assessed using a dependent sample t-test and intraclass correlation with a sample of 30 students. Results: The scale’s content validity index was 0.98. The results of exploratory factor analysis revealed a five-factor structure similar to the original scale, the variance explained was 69.62%, but four items were removed from the scale due to low factor loading. Confirmatory factor analysis results (fit indices values) applied to the twenty – one items and five sub-dimensional structure were found to be acceptable. Scale Cronbach’s alpha values were above 0.70. Conclusion: The 21-item Turkish version of CCFNPS was found to be a valid and reliable scale for measuring the competencies acquired by students after their first clinical training.

The Mediating Role of Cognitive Load in the Relationship between Metacognitive Skills Perceptions and Problem-solving Skills in Pre-service Teachers

Pre-service teachers’ metacognitive and problem-solving skills are highly important in the process of becoming effective teachers for providing their students with guided learning support. Determination of these two higher-order thinking processes and skills and investigation of the relationship between them is very important for enabling qualified prospective teachers to reach the necessary competencies and qualifications. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between metacognition and problem-solving skills. The study also examined the mediating role of cognitive load. The study was conducted with 342 pre-service teachers enrolled in two universities located in different regions of Turkey. Data were collected through the Cognitive Load Scale, the Metacognition Scale, and the Problem-Solving Scale. The study proposed hypotheses and models based on the theoretical framework and related research. The validity of the proposed model was examined according to the fit index values. Path analysis was performed to determine the significance of the hypotheses of the model. The results of the study showed that metacognitive skills perception directly and positively affected problem-solving skills perception. On the other hand, cognitive load did not mediate between metacognitive skills perception and problem-solving skills perception.

The Adoption of Holacracy in Higher Education: A Scale Development Study

This study aims to develop a valid, reliable, and convenient data collection tool to measure the level of faculty members’ adoption of the holacracy model in university administration. The data of this study were obtained from faculty members working in the faculties of education of state universities in Türkiye in the 2020-2021 academic year. Participation in the study was completely voluntary. The data were collected from a sample of 268 people. Within the scope of the research, the Higher Education Holacracy Scale (HEHS) was used as a data collection tool. The researcher developed the draft form of the HEHS in line with the literature on holacracy. The draft form was presented to 14 experts, one of whom was an expert in measurement and evaluation. Thus, the content validity of the research was ensured. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that the variance explained was 63.228%, the structure consisted of three components, and the fit index values were at a good level. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted for the validity of the scale, and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was calculated for reliability. Item-total correlations examined the discrimination of the scale items. After the analyses, it was determined that this 25-item scale, which is in harmony with its theoretical foundations, is a valid and reliable scale suitable for measuring faculty members’ opinions.

Fragrance Your Organization and Work Life with Spiritual Flavor

Human behaviors have historically been thought to be the main drivers of organizational development. The focus of the day is on WPS, who exhibit charismatic traits, in order to improve organizational behaviors. The study's focus was on workplace spirituality (WPS), its relationship to organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and the moderating role that organizational culture (OCl) plays. The method for gathering data was stratified random sampling. Four hundred and fifty-seven replies to an approved questionnaire that was sent to five hundred (500) teaching faculty members at various universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, were obtained. AMOS Package-21 and SPSS have been used to find analytical results. The tool's validity and dependability were guaranteed. Every model fit index value was verified. The model's path coefficient has been illustrated and discussed, both with and without moderating and interaction variables. It was discovered that organizational culture plays a moderating effect in OCB and has a direct impact on WPS. The study's role in literature and industries defines its theoretical and practical implications. At the conclusion of this investigation, there are limitations and recommendations based on the findings.

Psychometric Analysis of the Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS).

Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Survey (HOOS) was developed as a region- and disease-specific outcome to assess hip disability. Despite the use of the HOOS in clinical practice and research, psychometric analyses of the scale in a large dataset of patients have not been performed. As such, the purposes of this study were to assess the structural validity of the HOOS in patients who underwent a total hip arthroplasty. Data were obtained from the Surgical Outcome System (SOS) global registry. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the scale structure of the 40-item HOOS and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to identify a parsimonious scale structure. The parsimonious model identified was subjected to multi-group and longitudinal invariance testing and LGC modeling. The original five-factor, 40-item HOOS did not meet recommended model fit indices values (CFI = 0.822, TLI = 0.809, IFI = 0.822, RMSEA = 0.085). Alternate model generation identified an alternative model (i.e., HOOS-9). Sound model fit was identified for the HOOS-9 (CFI = 0.974, TLI = 0.961, RMSEA = 0.046). Invariance testing criteria were also met between groups (i.e., age and sex) and across time. Lastly, a nonlinear growth trajectory was identified in responses pertaining to hip disability. The original scale structure of the 40-item HOOS was not supported. The HOOS-9 met contemporary model fit recommendations, along with multi-group and longitudinal invariance testing. Our findings support the preliminary use of the HOOS-9 to assess hip function and disability in research and clinical practice.

The mediating role of psychological resilience in the effect of strength of religious faith on coping with stress in people with type 2 diabetes: A SEM analysis.

This study was conducted to examine the mediating role of psychological resilience in the effect of strength of religious faith on coping with stress in people with type 2 diabetes. This study has a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study. It was conducted with 184 people with type 2 diabetes who were admitted to a family health centre in Erzurum, the east of Turkey. The data were collected by using the 'Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire', 'Brief Resilience Scale (BRS)' and 'Scale of Ways of Coping With Stress (SWCS)'. The study was reported by following the STROBE recommendations. Structural equation modelling and bootstrapping method were used to analyse the data. This study was reported following the STROBE recommendations. In the study, according to the model, the direct effect of strength of religious faith on SWCS (β = 0.564; p < 0.01) and BRS (β = 0.545; p < 0.01) was moderate, positive and significant. In addition, the effect of resilience on coping with stress (β = 0.320; p < 0.01) was also found to be moderate, positive and significant. The total effect of strength of religious faith on coping with stress mediated by resilience (β = 0.738; p < 0.01) was found to be highly positive and significant. The model explains 61.7% of the variance in coping with stress. Fit index values according to the model were found as χ2 = 2368.02, df: 980, χ2/df 2.368, RMSEA 0.088, CFI 0.773, TLI 0.760 and SRMR 0.083. It was found that strength of religious faith had a positive effect on coping with stress in people with type-2 diabetes, and this effect was strengthened by the mediating role of psychological resilience. This study shows the effect of religious belief and psychological resilience in increasing the coping skills of people with type-2 diabetes. Therefore, taking religious beliefs and spirituality into consideration in nursing care may increase patients' coping skills.

TURKISH VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE POUND SATISFACTION SCALE IN STROKE PATIENTS UNDERGOING REHABILITATION

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the Turkish validity and reliability of the Pound Satisfaction Scale (PSS). Methods: For the adaptation of the PSS to Turkish (PSS-Tr), the translation and back-translation process was carried out by following the international guidelines. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to measure structural validity. The relationship between PSS-Tr and the Patient Satisfaction Scale in Physiotherapy (PSSP) and the SF-36 was assessed for construct validity. Convergent validity was evaluated computing by the Average Variance Extracted (AVE). Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Composite reliability (CR) for internal consistency of the PSS-Tr and Bland-Altman plot and test-retest reliability analysis for temporal consistency were used. Results: The study included 130 stroke patients. The fit index values of the CFA showed that the structural validity of the PSS-Tr was appropriate (χ2/sd=1.779, RMSEA=0.075, GFI=0.911, AGFI=0.853, CFI=0.955, NFI=0.905). A high correlation was found between the PSS-Tr total score and the PSSP (p=0.001, r=0.672). A moderate correlation was found between the hospital satisfaction sub-dimension of PSS-Tr, and the sub-dimensions of SF-36 (p=0.001, r=0.484-0.609), while a low correlation was found between the home satisfaction sub-dimension of the PSS-Tr and the physical functioning (p=0.002, r=0.266) and physical role (p=0.035, r=0.180) sub-dimensions of SF-36. And also the PSS-Tr was found to have good internal (Cronbach alpha= 0.895, CR=0.94) and temporal consistency (ICC = 0.976). Conclusion: The Turkish version of the Pound Satisfaction Scale (PSS-Tr) is reliable and valid. The PSS-Tr may be useful for clinicians and researchers in assessing satisfaction with rehabilitation in stroke patients.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Structure of the Social Support Scale (MOSS - SSS)

The research question was to examine the factor structure of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MOSS - SSS). This scale was constructed to provide a brief, multidimensional self-assessment instrument for social support. Social support is defined as the interaction between individuals that aims to exchange resources that enable feelings of control over a situation, competence, self-esteem, and a sense of belonging. Additionally, social support represents a resource whose contribution is crucial for positive coping with stressors and psychophysical well-being. The goal of this study was to investigate whether the assumed four-factor model, confirmed in previous studies, that explored the factor structure of the MOSS - SSS scale, fits the model obtained in a sample of 397 participants from the general population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the model's adequacy. The results showed that all fit indices (X2/df = 4 RMSEA = 0.087, CFI = .925, NFI = .902, TLI = .912) were within the recommended criteria. Additionally, the Cronbach's α coefficient was .94, indicating good scale reliability. Based on the fit index values, it is possible to conclude that the four-factor model of MOSS - SSS corresponds to the theoretically assumed four-factor structure.

Development and psychometric evaluation of the hidden curriculum assessment scale in nursing education: A validity and reliability study

AimsThe study aimed to develop and psychometrically evaluate a measurement scale for identifying and assessing the hidden curriculum in undergraduate nursing education. BackgroundThe hidden curriculum is a general term for educational information that exists outside of the teaching program and mainly affects students' knowledge, emotions, behaviors, beliefs, values and professional ethics. However, a specific instrument to comprehensively define and assess the hidden curriculum in nursing education has not yet been developed in China. DesignA descriptive and explorative study design was used. MethodsWe developed the initial scale through a literature review, focus group discussion, Delphi expert consultation and pre-survey. From February to April 2023, the data were collected from a convenient sample of 512 nursing students enrolled in five medical universities in China to conduct exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis for validity testing. In addition, reliability analysis was conducted by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficients, split-half reliability and test-retest reliability. The nursing students' responses were evaluated using a five-point Likert scale. ResultsThe Hidden Curriculum Assessment Scale in Nursing Education (HCAS-NE) was formulated, consisting of 4 dimensions and 35 items. Exploratory factor analysis extracted four factors, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 66.863 % and confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the fit indices values of the scale structure model met the criteria for an ideal level. the Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.965, the Guttman split-half was 0.853 and the test-retest reliability was 0.967. ConclusionThis study demonstrated that the Hidden Curriculum Assessment Scale in Nursing Education (HCAS-NE) has ideal reliability and validity, which provides a valid and reliable tool for identifying and assessing the hidden curriculum in nursing education.

Coronavirus-related health literacy level of Turkish adults: psychometric properties of the scale.

An adequate level of health literacy enables people to adopt protective behaviors to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. Validated instruments are desired to assess such reactions. This study aims to determine the level of health literacy and validity and reliability of the Coronavirus-Related Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLS-COVID-Q22) adapted to Turkish. The present study was carried out with 452 participants in Turkey using an online survey. The scale was translated from English to Turkish using the back-translation technique. The cultural adaptation was outlined in the context of establishing the validity and reliability of the instruments. A coronavirus-related health literacy measure was validated (HLS-COVID-Q22) for the Turkish population through exploratory factorial analysis, followed by a confirmatory factorial analysis. The coronavirus-related health literacy level of the participants was found to be 2.92 (± 0.51). Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was found to be 0.95. A four-factor solution was confirmed with eigenvalues > 1.0, suggesting a four-factor solution and explaining 68.84% of the total variance. It was determined that the χ2/df and root mean square residual, root mean square error of approximation and comparative fit index values in the last model had a good fit and that the normed fit index, goodness-of-fit index and adjusted goodness-of-fit index values were acceptable. The coronavirus-related health literacy level of Turkish adults was moderate. HLS-COVID-Q22 was a reliable and valid instrument for measuring coronavirus-related health literacy in the Turkish population. Promoting population-based health literacy and making decisions on accurate and reliable information are important in coping with the epidemic.

Pedestrians’ Urban Space Preference Scale: A Study on Reliability and Validity

ABSTRACT This study develops a valid and reliable scale for the spatial preferences of pedestrians in public spaces. The study was conducted in 2023 and includes the development of a model based on survey results. With the help of random sampling method, the research was carried out with 401 random participants who were currently walking in the urban space. The scale development process started with an initial pool of 34 items determined from the literature on the subject. The data obtained from the applied scale were subjected to total item correlation, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and reliability analyses. According to the results of the analyses, it was found that the scale consisted of 19 items and 5 factors, the variance rate explaining the whole scale was 62.8%, and the fit index values were acceptable. Cronbach alpha internal consistency reliability coefficient was calculated as 0.813.

Validation of the Online Learning Readiness Scale (OLRS) in the Context of Pakistan

The primary objective of the research study was to validate the Online Learning Readiness Scale (OLRS) in the specific context of Pakistan. A method of quantitative inquiry was adopted to administer and validate the instrument on a sample of 368 students from higher education institutions in south Punjab, Pakistan. For the purpose of to validate it, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was specifically conducted utilizing AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures). The research results indicated that the model was found as being suitable in Pakistan, and no aspect was omitted from the model in question. Further, all the calculated values of model fit indices in accordance with the results were in acceptable limits. The scale revealed acceptable composite reliability and construct validity. The study has the potential to support institutions in tailoring their online learning programs in order to better satisfy the needs of their students, ultimately resulting in higher student achievement in online courses.

Relationships between online self-regulation skills, satisfaction, and perceived learning among distance education learners

Distance Learning or Distance Education is one of the approaches of education to connect learners and educators or instructors with geographical barriers by using technologies. The nexus between learners’ online self-regulation skills, satisfaction and perceived learning continues to be an ongoing debate in distance education for developing countries. No study has looked at the relationships between online self-regulation skills, satisfaction, and perceived learning among postgraduate distance education learners in Ghana. This study purposed to identify the connections between self-regulation skills, learner satisfaction, and learning perceptions. The survey included a total of 1142 postgraduate distance education learners. The structural linkages were investigated using structural equation modelling analysis. The fit index values obtained from the analysis were X2/df = 2.60, CFI = 0.92, TLI = 0.91, and RMSEA = 0.059, all of which were satisfactory. Learners' online self-regulation skills are thought to be a predictor of their satisfaction. Also, learners' online self-regulation skills are recognised as a predictor of their perceived learning. Learners' satisfaction with the online distance learning setting or environment is considered a strong indicator of perceived learning.