Fisheries Management Area Research Articles

Vulnerability level of target and by-catch species on tuna hand line (HL-TR) fishery in Indonesian Fisheries Management Area I-FMA 573 based at Sadeng Fishing Port

Tuna hand line-trolling line (HL-TR) fisheries have an essential role in Indonesia’s tuna fisheries, including Indonesia Fisheries Management Areas (I-FMAs) 572 and 573. The catch of tuna line in I-FMA 572 and 573 reached ~30.4% of the total catch 189,022 tonnes in 2019. Limited data and scientific advice for developing adequate management remain a challenge for tuna HL-TR fisheries in I-FMA 573 waters. Center for Fisheries Research (CFR) has conducted an assessment using the PSA method to obtain information of vulnerability level both of target and bycatch species on tuna HL-TR in 2020. Data used in the analysis were grouped into operational fishing, productivity, and susceptibility data. The operational fishing data were obtained from Sadeng Fishing Port in2019. The productivity and susceptibility data were obtained from literature review and expert consultation through a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and expert consultative workshop. The result showed that both target and by-catch species included in the analysis have low to moderate vulnerability level scores. The results of this research are used to help managers at a national level to determine necessary management measures with high precautionary. While for by-catch species, in particular white tip sharks, its management measures must comply with agreed IOTC regulations.

Translocation of black foot pāua (

Loss of access to cultural keystone species is a familiar story across the Pacific. Serial depletion of pāua (abalone, Haliotis iris), a cultural keystone for Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand, threatens Indigenous practices and values. Kāti Huirapa Rūnaka ki Puketeraki, a hapū (subtribe) of Ngāi Tahu, have struggled for over 30 years to address loss of local pāua populations. Regulations introduced by the East Otago Taiāpure, a customary fishery management area established in 1999, recognise Indigenous rights to access and manage marine resources. Despite concerted efforts to rebuild pāua populations while allowing fishing, pāua have continued to decline and the fishery was closed in 2019. A wealth of mātauranga (Māori knowledge) surrounds enhancement practices for pāua. Here, mātauranga relating to translocation was collated through interviews and applied, in conjunction with additional knowledge bases, to translocate pāua from reefs threatened by sand inundation to more accessible but historically overexploited bays. In total, 420 pāua, translocated across 21 sites, were monitored for a 2-week period, after which aggregations returned to pretranslocation densities. Total mortality reached 8.8% over this time, attributed primarily to predation by the sea star Astrostole scabra. Results suggest that translocation may not be suitable for creating artificial aggregations using the methods applied; however, it could address other management concerns, hence suggestions are made for methodological improvements. The interaction between pāua and A. scabra demonstrates the need for continued transformation in management to allow for the application of a multispecies integrated approach in the restoration of pāua.

Penilaian Status Sumberdaya Ikan Hasil Tangkapan Dominan yang Didaratkan di PPI Kedonganan dengan Pendekatan Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA)

Fishes are an open access resource so that monitoring of fishing in the sea is very difficult. It is feared will lead to overfishing which eventually led to a drastic reduction in fish stocks in nature. So that people will be faced with the problem of scarcity of fish resources. One of the fish landing sites in Bali is Pangkalan Pendaratan Ikan (PPI) Kedonganan located in Fishery Management Area of Republic Indonesia (WPP-RI) 713. Therefore, it is necessary to understanding the current status of fish resources is very important in order to be a strong foundation in the management fisheries in PPI Kedonganan. The study was conducted by assessing five indicators of fish resources (fish size, yuwana fish, species composition, range collapse, and ETP species) by establishing a set of criteria, scores and weights and analyzed by multi-criteria analysis (MCA) approach. There found 16 species of catch fish with Cob Fish as dominant catch fish (54%). The trend of changes in fish size has increased significantly by + 90.18% of the initial length (Indicator of fish size). An average of 99% of fish catched were the target fish (Indicator of species composition). An average of 28.33% of fish catches included yuwana fish (Indicator of yuwana fish proportion). The results of interviews, it was found that 73% of fishermen state that fishing areas increasingly difficult from year to year (Indicator ranges collapse). There were <20% of fish catches including protected species (Scomberomorus commerson and Sphyrna lewini). It is also supported based on fisherman interview data that there were still protected fish such as turtles, sharks and rays that are caught but in small quantities (Indicator of ETP fish species). The result of composite analysis showed that the status of fish resources in Kedonganan was still very good with composite value of 86.1.

Horizontal Structure of Banda Eddies and The Relationship to Chlorophyll-a During South East Monsoon in Normal and ENSO Period on 2008-2010

Banda Sea is part of Indonesia Fisheries Management Area (WPP 714) which famous for Tuna fisheries. In addition to being influenced by Indonesian Through Flow (ITF), the Banda Sea also influenced by eddies. Banda eddies and the relationship to chlorophyll-a were studied by using the output of ocean circulation model produced by INDESO (Infrastructure Development of Space Oceanography) project in Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries. Data from 2008 to 2011 during normal phase of South East Monsoon period (June-August 2008), El Nino phase (June-August 2009), and La Nina phase (June-August 2010) were used. The model results showed two clockwise eddies in the northern of Banda Sea and three counterclockwise eddies in the southern of Banda Sea. The clockwise eddies were found at 20 meter depth and induced upwelling in south water of Buru Island, Ambon Island and Lease Island (Haruku, Saparua and Nusalaut Islands). Otherwise, counterclockwise eddies in the southern of Banda Sea (north of Wetar Island and Yamdena Island) generate the downwelling. High vorticity value of the eddy was found in the northern of Wetar Island. The presence of Banda Eddies on South East Monsoon period play an important role to maintain the water mass balance in the Banda Sea. Eddies also have strong influence on nutrient sinking from the surface of water. In addition, the eddies vorticity increased during the La Nina period and lead to low surface chlorophyll-a in the surface of the Banda Sea.

From the Adriatic to Northern Norway—geographic differences in moult increment and moult probability of the European lobster (Homarus gammarus), across the natural range

Abstract This study collated existing data on lobster moult increment from studies across the range of Homarus gammarus, together with new tagging data from Orkney, United Kingdom. Generalized additive models were used to investigate geographical differences in absolute moult increment and moult probability. Absolute moult increment was seen to differ significantly between regions and between sexes and showed a non-linear relationship with pre-moult size. Smaller absolute moult increments were observed at southern and northern latitudes with larger increments observed in the centre of the species range. Temperature was identified as a significant factor explaining differences in absolute moult increment between regions, consistent with there being a thermal optimum for growth for in H. gammarus. Moult and double moult probabilities decline with pre-moult size, with greatest probability of moulting occurring around day 250. Probability of double moulting increased with mean annual sea surface temperature. Regionally variable growth patterns, and localized adaptation to abiotic variables such as temperature, should therefore be taken into account when defining lobster stock assessment and fishery management areas.

From feeding habits to food webs: exploring the diet of an opportunistic benthic generalist

Deep-sea benthic ecosystems are difficult to study, particularly when trying to clarify diet and trophic relationships. New Zealand scampiMetanephrops challengeriare endemic, commercially prized deep-sea lobsters that are bottom trawled. These lobsters are typically the dominant mobile megafaunal species in the deep-sea benthic habitat, and their burrowing behaviour plays an important role in bioturbation of seafloor habitats. DNA metabarcoding was undertaken on the gut contents of 66 scampi from 4 fishery management areas using COI and 18S rRNA markers to better understand their feeding habits and trophic role. Scampi were confirmed to be opportunistic benthic scavengers, with the gut samples containing over 150 species, ranging from small (e.g. alveolates) to large eukaryotes (e.g. fish). The main dietary components consisted of crabs and prawns, but also included macroalgae and fish. Significant differences were found among scampi gut contents when comparing season and geographic region, but not when comparing sex and size. Due to their generalist scavenging nature, scampi play an important role in the deep-sea benthic ecosystems and are natural benthic samplers that are well suited to being used as deep-sea ecosystem/biodiversity monitors.

Identifying blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) stocks with truss network analysis approach in Indonesian Fisheries Management Area 712

Exploitation rate of the blue swimming crab (BSC) in Indonesian Fisheries Management Area (FMA) 712 is over-optimum level in 2016. Stocks concern in sustainable management is needed as an effort to maintain its availability. The objective of this study is to identify the stock unit of BSC based on Truss Network Analysis (TNA) of morphometric characters in FMA 712. The BSC was collect in five different locations, i.e. East Lampung, Lancang Island, Cirebon, Rembang, and Southern Madura. Measurements on TNA were carried out at 14 landmark points with 29 characters in carapace to analyze its morphometric characters. The cluster analysis showed that TNA method revealed two stocks units of BSC in FMA 712. The first stock was the BSC population of Southern Madura, and the other stock was the other four population. The longest Euclidean distance was found at Southern Madura indicating similarity level with other populations was low. The discriminant analysis demonstrated the different result. There were three group populations, which every population in one group were able to represent the other population, namely Lancang Island-Cirebon, East Lampung-Rembang, and Southern Madura. Regarding to this study, it is recommended to manage BSC in Southern Madura separately.

Skipjack Tuna Fishing Ground Based on Oceanography Satellite Image Data in Fisheries Management Area (FMA) 713

This study aimed to map the oceanographic conditions and, based on that, to determine the favorable condition of skipjack tuna fishing ground in Fisheries Management Area (FMA) 713. This condition includes sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a concentration. The primary data, such as fishing ground position and fish catch per trip, was collected by following the fishing operations that utilized pole and line (in Bone Gulf and Flores Sea) and purse seine fishing operations (in Makassar Strait). The secondary data, such as SST and chlorophyll-a, was derived from oceanographic satellite image data. The result showed that from January to August 2019, the skipjack tuna tends to occupy off shore areas where the sea surface temperature is between 29 - 29.5 oC and the chlorophyll-a density is between 0.10 to 0.15 mg.m3.

A diversity of spatial management instruments can support integration of fisheries management and marine spatial planning

In an increasingly crowded ocean facing global drivers for economic expansion, many fisheries could benefit from spatial management that enhances traditional fisheries management strategies. In order to reduce risks to ocean health and promote social-ecological resilience, a diversity of spatial management instruments is needed to provide rapid responses and longer-term interventions that promote sustainability and security. To support marine spatial planning (MSP) in South Africa, existing legal instruments were investigated by: (i) describing the prevailing legal framework for spatial fisheries management; (ii) identifying existing legal instruments that are or could be implemented to support spatial fisheries management; (iii) assessing the way in which these instruments could be implemented; and (iv) providing research recommendations to enhance integration of fisheries management measures into MSP. Seven Acts were examined. Within these, nine instruments support fisheries management. Six instruments that could directly contribute to spatial fisheries management were analysed for diversity by comparing them against seven criteria that reflect the complexity and time for implementation, longevity in terms of security and permanence and, transgression consequences. Results show that there is a diversity of instruments available that, if used together in an integrated MSP framework, can provide rapid responses as well as address longer-term goals. Although South Africa does have diversity in the instruments available, two of them, namely fisheries management areas (FMAs) and priority fishing areas (PFAs), have never been implemented, representing missed opportunities. As South Africa begins to implement its new MSP process, we recommend integration of FMAs and PFAs in this process.

Species composition of puerulus spiny lobsters from the South Sea of Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia

Species diversity is prevalent throughout Indonesia’s Coral Triangle areas. A fisheries management area has been set over its archipelagic waters ensuring the sustainability of the resources. Six species spiny lobster of Panulirus are known to live in Indonesia archipelagic waters. They have a significant contribution to the country. A study on the distribution variation of the marine organisms through the life phase in space and time is critical information for its management. Therefore, a similar study was conducted for the lobster population along the South Sea of Java of Eastern Indian Ocean. The purpose of this activity was to develop formulations to protect ecosystems and conserve lobster resources. Distribution of pueruli larvae of spiny lobster of Panulirus species was surveyed in Banyuwangi, East Java from February to March 2019. The number of pueruli larvae caught were counted and compared among the species. Data analysis was executed using the ANOVA test. There were four species of lobsters found. Dominant species were Panulirus homarus (Scalloped spiny lobster), P. pennicillatus (Pronghorn spiny lobster), P. versicolor (Painted spiny lobster) and P. ornatus (Ornate spiny lobster). Life history distribution of the species may support connectivity hypotheses of the lobster population in the region.

Analysis of Local Government Policies in the Development of Aquaculture in Bandung District, West Java, Indonesia 2019

Bandung District is one district in the province of West Java, which has a lot of potentials, one of which is the aquaculture sector. According to data from the Department of Marine and Fisheries of West Java province in 2016, the number of fisheries production reached 13.326 tonnes of Bandung regency. The purpose of this study is to analyze and devise appropriate policy recommendations for the development of aquaculture in Bandung. The method used in this research was the case study method. Analysis of the data used in this research is using the Soft Systems Methodology approach. Based on the approach to the problem of unstructured problems using existing condition which includes technical and production aspects, institutional aspects and aspects of human resources. The research was conducted in July 2019 - August 2019 in Bandung. Respondents in this study consisting of 5 people from 3 cultivators and 2 people from government agencies. The draft recommendation for government policy in the development of aquaculture in Bandung District, including repair of infrastructure, spatial planning in allocating land fish breeding in the area of fisheries management area corresponding to the parameters by optimizing land, mentoring programs on a group of fish farmers and seedlings or capital as a common practice, it is often done socialized about government policy. The clarity of the rule of law for the perpetrators of fish farmers, facilitate the making of fisheries licenses and training and extension done regularly and intensely.

Development of pilot empirical harvest strategies for tropical tuna in Indonesian archipelagic waters: Case studies of skipjack and yellowfin tuna

Indonesia is a member of three tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs), but currently has limited capacity to operationally manage its tuna fisheries to maximise benefits and minimise risks of overfishing. In 2014, the Government of Indonesia initiated discussions on the potential to develop formal harvest strategies for the management of tuna resources within its archipelagic waters. This article summarizes the development of potential empirical tuna harvest strategies for use in Indonesian archipelagic waters (Fisheries Management Areas 713, 714 and 715), using skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) as demonstration case studies. The outputs of area-specific components of Western Central Pacific Ocean stock assessment were used to condition prototype operating models for testing preliminary harvest strategies by management strategy evaluation. The case studies demonstrate the utility of scientific monitoring data to track trends in abundance of adult fish, without requiring complex stock assessment models. They also demonstrate the use of relatively simple, empirical harvest control rules to adjust the levels of fishing intensity of the Indonesian fleet to achieve specific management objectives for archipelagic waters in the context of wider regional management. The approach has a broad applicability to developing coastal nations with multi-gear fisheries and relatively limited data that harvest tuna, as well as participating in RFMOs for internationally managed stocks.

Determining Coral Density Thresholds for Identifying Structurally Complex Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems in the Deep Sea

Vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) are at risk from the impacts of deep-sea trawling. Identifying the presence of VMEs in high seas fisheries management areas has to date relied mainly on presence records, or on habitat suitability models of VME indicator taxa (e.g., the stony coral species Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan, 1873) as proxies for the occurrence of VMEs (e.g., cold-water coral reefs). However, the presence or predicted presence of indicator taxa does not necessarily equate to the occurrence of a VME. There have been very few attempts to determine density thresholds of VME indicator taxa that relate to a “significant concentration” which supports a “high diversity” of associated taxa, as per the current criterion for identifying structurally complex VMEs (FAO 2009). Without knowing such thresholds, identifications of VMEs will continue to be subjective, impeding efforts to design effective spatial management measures for VMEs. To address this issue, we used seafloor video and still image data from the Louisville Seamount Chain off New Zealand to model relationships between the densities of live Solenosmilia variabilis coral heads, as well as percent cover of live and dead coral matrix, and the number of other epifauna taxa present. Analyses were conducted at three spatial scales; 50 m2 and 25m2 for video, and 2 m2 for stills. Model curves exhibited initial steep positive responses reaching thresholds for the number of live coral heads at 0.11 m-2 (50 m2), 0.14 m-2 (25 m2), and 0.85 m-2 (2 m2). Both live and dead coral cover were positively correlated with the number of associated taxa up to about 30% cover, for all spatial scales (24.5 to 28%). We discuss the results in the context of past and future efforts to develop criteria for identifying VMEs.

Tuna fisheries in fisheries management area Republic of Indonesia 572

This research is expected to improve the sustainable tuna fisheries management of Fisheries Management Area Republic of Indonesia (FMARI) 572 by considering fish resources and fishermen welfare. The objectives of the research are examining the status of tuna fisheries in the FMARI 572, analyzing the bioeconomic model of tuna fisheries in the FMARI 572, and determining the strategy of a sustainable tuna fisheries management in the FMARI 572. This research was carried out for 3 months from February to May 2019 at the existing fishing ports located along the west coast of Sumatra (FMARI 572), such as Lampulo Fishing Port (Aceh), Sibolga Fishing Port (North Sumatra), Bungus Fishing Port (West Sumatra), and Nizam Zachman Fishing Port (Jakarta). Some factors analyzed were: The fishing capacity of fishing units with a variety of fishing gears, the potential of fish resources, the optimum level of efforts reaching the sustainable maximum catches, and the implementation of fisheries bioeconomic models. The results of this study showed the level of utilization tuna in FMARI 572 is still moderate, Tuna fisheries in FMARI 572 have not experienced biological and economical overfishing, and there were 3 sustainable tuna fisheries management strategies proposed.

Study on stock structure of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta Cuvier, 1816) in Fisheries Management Area 712 of Indonesia using morphological characters with Truss Network Analysis approach

The management of fish stocks is essential for the maintenance of a healthy and profitable fishery. One of important knowledge regarding the matter is the stock structure of the target fish, and fish morphology can be used to determine the stock structure. In fishery point of view, Indonesian waters are divided into 11 Fisheries Management Area. This study was aimed to reveal the stock structure of the Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta Cuvier, 1816) in Fisheries Management Area (FMA) 712. The fish collection was made in three different locations, i.e. Lancang Island, Cirebon, and Madura Island. Thirty-four morphological characters were measured to determine the stock structure with Truss Network Analysis (TNA). The results showed that both of conventional method and TNA revealed two stocks of Indian mackerel in the in FMA 712. The first stock was the fish population of Lancang Island and Cirebon, and the other was the population of Madura Island. The discriminant analysis also showed a similar result. For best future sustainable fishery management in Indonesian waters, more research on stock structure of any commercial fish in each fisheries management area of Indonesia is warranted.

The utilization status of Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) in Morotai Island Regency

Morotai Island Regency is located in the adjacent of three National Fisheries Management Area of Indonesian Republic (WPPNRI 715, WPPNRI 716, WPPNRI 717). Geographically Morotai Island’s waters lie in two Indonesian hydro-oceanography phenomenon, namely Throughflow and Eddy Halmahera which affect the abundance of marine resources. This study aims to determine the utilization status of Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) in Morotai Island regency including: catch per unit effort (CPUE), maximum sustainable yield (MSY), total allowed catch (TAC) and Utilization rate. Within a period of ten years (2009-2018) Yellowfin productivity was fluctuating with a CPUE of 4.1 kg/trip. Fox surplus production model calculation showed that MSY of yellowfin resource was amounted of 8,657,679 kg/year with a maximum effort value of 42,429 trips/year. The number of TAC value was amounted of 6,926,143 with a utilization level of 12.23%. Yellowfin utilization level was amounted of less than 33.3% which is relatively low. This shows that Yellowfin Tuna stock in Morotai Island regency has not been optimally utilized.

Excellent Commodity of Capture Fisheries and Preservation of Fish Resources in Pekalongan City

Pekalongan City is a coastal area on the north coast of Central Java Province, which has a fairly large fishing port, namely Pekalongan Archipelago Fishery Port.. This research objective to determine the exellent commodities of capture fisheries and efforts to preserve capture fisheries resources. Descriptive research methods have been used in this research. The data taken is secondary data from literature studies and related institutions, because the time of the research was still in the Covit 19 pandemic. Analysis of the data used is quantitative descriptive analysis. The research results showed that the dominant fishing gear was Purse seine and Gillnet. Purse seine vessels used are mini purse seine (<30GT) and pursein (> 30GT). Exellent commodity include Layang (Decapterus sp), Tonngkol (Thunnus tonggol) and Tembang (Sardinella fimbriata). Efforts to preserve fish resources in the City of Pekalongan are done by regulating the number of fishing gear and limiting the number of production and the number of fishing trips. The government policies in the effort to maintain the sustainability of fish resources include: banning the use of trawl and seine net, determination of Fisheries Management Areas (WPP) and limitation on the amount of catches allowed (JTB), as well as establishing fishing lanes.

Morphometric character variation of the blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758) population in western and eastern part of Java Sea

The blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758) inhabits coastal waters with sandy or muddy substrates of Southeast Asia. Aquatic environment and fishing intensity might influence the variation in morphometric characters of species as a form of adaptation and might characterize the stock unit as well. This study was aimed to analyze the morphometric variation of the blue swimming crab (BSC) population in western and eastern parts of Java Sea as part of Fisheries Management Area (FMA 712) of Indonesia. The representative crab sample for both males and females were taken randomly from three different locations, i.e. East Lampung, Rembang, and Southern Madura Island. Those samples were analyzed with a method called “conventional morphometric method”. Result of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that 10 characters were significantly different between male and female crabs. The cluster analysis also showed that the crabs in East Lampung and Rembang had high similarities which tended to be close population, while Southern Madura’s crabs were seemed to be dissimilar. In addition, discriminant analyses also showed that the BSC population in Southern Madura was different from the other two populations, indicating that the BSC population of Southern Madura is a different stock unit.

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TUNA LARVAE IN THE BANDA SEA WITH RELATION TO ITS CONSERVATION

Tuna is the single valuable export fishery commodity in Indonesia, and Banda Sea is one of the main tuna fishing ground which belongs to fisheries management area (FMA) 714. More recently, the northern part of the Banda Sea has been preserved for tuna conservation since January 2015. The reason for this restriction is due to a preliminary of tuna spawning ground was adopted based on the scientific finding. Although conservation area has been enacted, information on the distribution of tuna larvae as a key variable for establishing conservation area in the Banda Sea needs to be improved through scientific findings. This study aims to provide the information on the tuna larvae encompassing the spatial distribution and tuna larval development stage as an important input to establish tuna conservation area. Tuna larvae data collection were carried out from several onboard surveys for more than four decades. Those study consisted of 21 surveys by using three types of gears to collect tuna larvae. Total of 143 stations was sampled from these surveys and tuna larvae were found in 57 stations. The average length of larvae specimens was 7.36 ± 0.33 mm. In general, tuna larvae found in the Banda Sea were in the pre-flexion, flexion, and post-flexion stage and larvae in pre-flexion stage found in the nearshore area. We concluded that the result of this study confirmed the hypothesis that tuna might spawn in the Banda Sea. Therefore, to strengthen this finding, studies on tuna larvae should be conducted regularly to clarify properly that the Banda Sea is an important tuna conservation zone.

The Kajian Penggunaan Alat Penangkap Ikan Cantrang di Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Republik Indonesia

Pemanfaatan sumber daya ikan di Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Negara Republik Indonesia (WPPNRI), pada beberapa wilayah berada dalam status fully exploited tidak dapat dilepaskan dari penggunaan alat tangkap yang tidak ramah lingkungan dan modifikasi alat tangkap. Alat penangkap ikan yang mempunyai potensi merusak biota laut dan ekosistem ikan adalah salah satunya adalah cantrang. Penarikan jaring menyebabkan terjadinya pengadukan dasar perairan, menimbulkan dampak signifikan terhadap ekositem bawah laut. Penelitian ini untuk melihat dan mengkaji persoalan pelarangan cantrang. Metode pendekatan yuridis-normatif, menggunakan data sekunder, dianalisis secara kualitatif dan menggunakan metode deduktif untuk menarik kesimpulan. Cantrang menjadi alat tangkap yang dikategorikan merusak lingkungan disebabkan karena adanya perubahan dari struktur alat tangkap tersebut dan teknik pengoperasian yang tidak sesuai. Permasalahan alat tangkap cantrang bukanlah terletak pada alatnya, tetapi pada operasionalnya.