Fishbone Diagram Research Articles

Investigating Root Causes of Sewing Defects Using TQM Tools for Quality Improvement in the Knit Garment Industry

To increase customer satisfaction in the highly dynamic and competitive apparel industry, it is essential to manufacture garments of superior quality. The study aimed to investigate the underlying causes of sewing faults and offer solutions for enhancing quality to a 100% export-oriented knit garment industry in Bangladesh. The study employed a comprehensive approach using quantitative and qualitative research methods to evaluate garment faults systematically. The whole garment inspection procedure was done on five common garment styles to collect the quantitative data. Some novel TQM (Total Quality Management) tools, Pareto analysis, WH questionnaire, cause-effect diagram, and a highly potential focus group panel were employed. The findings indicate the most prevalent faults like an open seam, skip stitch, and label mistake, accounting for 50 per cent, 29 per cent, and 7 per cent of all observed defects, respectively, and their remedies. The research's significance lies in its holistic approach to quality improvement in the knit garment manufacturing industries. This study provides a valuable framework for enhancing product quality and reducing rejection rates by pinpointing crucial defects, their origins, and effective remedies.

Fungsi Pengarahan Kepala Ruangan Meningkatkan Pelaksanaan Serah Terima Antar Shift

This study aims to improve the implementation of the handover between shifts through the direction of the head of the room such as motivation, communication, delegation and supervision in two maternity wards consisting of one room head and fifteen nursing staff. The study was conducted for five weeks at X Hospital with data obtained through interviews, observations and surveys. The method used is a case study through problem analysis using a fishbone diagram and then making innovative changes using Lewin's 3-step model approach. Implementation is carried out for one week at the time of handing over the morning shift. The results showed that the program was still in the movement stage, the handover time was adequate according to Standard Operating Procedures, the head of the room supervised two wards alternately, surveys of nursing staff related to the function of directing the head of the room increased by 6.7%. In conclusion, the implementation of the briefing function carried out by the head of the room in the handover process between shifts in the two maternity rooms of X Hospital has increased based on the results of the questionnaire distributed to the nursing staff. The results of the implementation of supervision show that the time required in the handover process is more adequate and in accordance with the existing SPO. The recommendation is that the hospital needs to continue this program to the next stage, the nursing sub-services need to make regulations on nursing handover guidelines and carry out tiered supervision in the wards.
 
 Keywords: Directional function, head of room, maternity ward, handover

Implementation of the QbD Approach to the Development and Validation of an Analytical Method for Alpha-beta Arteether

Background: The development of effective, cost-effective, robust, sensitive, and specific analytical techniques for the analysis of drug(s), degradation product(s), and contaminants in dosage forms and biological samples is constantly required as part of the pharmaceutical product life-cycle. The adoption of systematic analytical development methodologies such as quality by design (QbD) is particularly advantageous for enhancing method performance since analytical method development encompasses a number of variables that are significant in explaining variability in method performance. Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) is a standardised method to process validation that covers all aspects of an analytical procedure. It comprises determining the analytical target profile (ATP), identifying critical method parameters or variables, and selecting critical method attributes (CMAs) or qualities. Objective: Spectroscopic and chromatographic methods were developed, conferring the Quality by Design (QbD) tactic as per ICH Q8(R2) guidelines for analytical method development of α-β-arteether. Methods: Understanding dependent variables, various factors, and their interaction effects through a desired series of experiments on the answers to be examined is referred to as QbD. Various variable factors were detected using the Ishikawa diagram. As a result, many essential factors for chromatography methods were investigated. A desired set of experiments on the answers to be evaluated was used to comprehend dependent variables, various factors, and their interaction effects using Design-Expert software version 13. Statistical research such fractional factorial designs and Plackett-Burman were employed for this. The QbD methodology was used to establish a durable, precise, and accurate HPLC analytical method for arteether. Result: Using Design Expert 13's statistical software, the findings of the Plackette Burman research were studied, and the influence of each parameter on the answers was analysed using an overlay plot. Mobile phase (Acetonitrile: water), column C18250nmX4.6mm, column temperature 300 οC, wavelength: 254 nm, injection volume 20l/min, run time 10 mins, detector waters 2489 UV/Visible detector, retention time 4.149 are among the critical parameters estimated for the development of an analytical method for α,β- arteether. Conclusion: The analytical method developed by the QbD approach was validated according to ICH Q2(R1) guidelines, and it was found that the developed analytical method is robust and specific.

Enhancing Risk Assessment in Toll Road Operations: A Hybrid Rough Delphi-Rough DEMATEL Approach

This study aims to identify significant risks and their relationship to the successful operation of the Trans-Sumatra toll road in Indonesia. The research utilizes the Delphi and DEMATEL methods, along with rough set analysis, to identify and evaluate 28 risks associated with toll road operations in Sumatra. The research identifies 13 dominant risks, including policy changes, government intervention, inflation, financial distress, fluctuation of interest rate, fluctuation of currency, high cost of maintenance, low volume of traffic, competitive routes, overloading vehicles, many infrastructure defects, and natural disasters. In this case, natural disasters, inflation, and vehicles with excessive loads are the most dominant cause factors because those risks have the highest cause value based on the cause-effect diagram. Furthermore, the prominence diagram reveals that income risk, policy changes, and financial distress have notable implications for operational activities. The study presents a MCDM risk assessment approach that incorporates rough set analysis, providing a comprehensive understanding of the critical risk relationship factors for toll road operations. By integrating rough set analysis, this research contributes to the field of toll road operations and risk assessment. The identified risks and their relationships serve as a foundation for developing effective strategies for toll road operational management. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-09-03 Full Text: PDF

Implementation of Statistical Quality Control (SQC) As a Quality Damage Control for Crepes Products in the Indonesian Food Industry

Snacks like crepes are fragile and have a dry texture. This study aims to identify the root causes of defective products, examine how SQC procedures were applied, decide how to reduce the number of defective products, and take efforts to raise product quality. Data collection is the first step in the research procedure, then comes data processing. The SQC method consists of check sheets, histograms, Pareto diagrams, p-control charts, and fishbone charts. Pareto diagrams were used to assess the results of the crepes product quality, which included flaky tip, size, and crushed flaws. The numbers reported on the check sheet for each defect were 156, 99, and 37 units, respectively. The fishbone diagram displays the factors that contribute to defects, including people, machines, materials, methods, and the environment. The upper control limit is 0.523, the lower control limit is 0.126, and the centre line of the p-control chart is 0.324. Because of fluctuations outside the control region, it may be inferred from this research that the production process for crepe products is not under control. Offering workers on-the-job training to equalize skill levels is one of the strategies to reduce product damage.

Implementasi Kaizen Untuk Mengurangi Waste Pada Produksi Pembuatan Pintu (Studi Kasus di CV. Romelan Jaya Paint)

CV. Romelan Jaya Paint is a company engaged in the furniture and furniture industry. Problems contained in the CV. Romelan Jaya Paint, namely there is still waste in the production process so that the desired production results have not been achieved by the company. The material area becomes central in improving the production process. This study uses the Kaizen PDCA (Plan, do, check, action) method to solve a problem and is assisted by a fishbone diagram to find the root cause of the problem. So that waste can be eliminated and processing time in the production process. Prior to the repairs, productivity results from January to December 2021 only reached an average of 85%. After making improvements for 3 months from March – May 2022, production output increased to 97.43 so that there was an increase of 12.43%). Productivity has increased from an average of 13 pcs doors per day, now to 15 pcs. With this, the target in a month is to reach 100% according to company standards in March and April 2022.Keywords: Waste, Kaizen, PDCA, Fishbone diagram, Productivity.

PROPOSED QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF ACRYLIC RESIN PRODUCTS WITH SIX SIGMA (AT PT. XYZ)

PT. XYZ is a manufacturing company that produces various types of resins. One of them is acrylic resin, acrylic resin is the raw material for loading solvent base paints such as those used in the automotive paint manufacturing process. In acrylic resin, defects are usually found such as dirty resin, yellow resin color and rust drum. This study aims to determine the value of the sigma level on acrylic resin products before repair, analyze the factors that cause defects in acrylic resin products and provide suggestions for improvements with the Six Sigma approach. So that defects that occur in acrylic products can be reduced or even eliminated, With a six sigma approach in analyzing and calculating data using the DMAIC concept (define, measure, analyze, improve and control), the total acrylic resin defects in the last six months have an average by 8.94% with a type of gross resin defect of 89.88%, drum rust of 95.80% and yellow resin color of 100.00%. While the average sigma value on acrylic resin before repair was 3.15 with DPMO damage of 81,636 for a million productions. Based on the fishbone diagram, the causes of dirty resin defects, yellow resin color, rust drums are from human factors, materials, machines, methods and the environment. Based on the 5W + 1H method, suggestions can be given to companies in the form of periodic checks on machines, making a schedule for cleaning the production area, holding training or training for employees and carrying out supervision from superiors. Keywords: Quality Control, Six Sigma, DMAIC and 5W+1H 1

ANALYSIS OF PRODUCT QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS BASED ON THE SIX SIGMA METHOD

The Six Sigma method is used as an effort to minimize defective products and improve product quality in a company. This research was conducted using the DMAIC step. The case study taken in this research is the electrical components and samples of the product is Bakelite busbar Holder are taken. Based on field studies conducted, this product has the highest defect rate in the company compared to other products, namely 1.448%. The purpose of this research is to identify the causes of defects in bakelite busbar holder products and to propose strategies to minimize product defects using the Six Sigma method approach. By using the DMAIC stage, in the define stage, the problematic products are determined and critical to quality diagrams are made. In the measure stage, calculations are carried out to determine the company's DPMO and sigma level, namely 3021.87 and 4.24. In the analyze phase, Pareto diagrams, fishbone diagrams, and FMEA are used. In the improve stage, the 5W + 1H method is used and provides suggestions for improvements in the form of a material storage area design and One Point Lesson. Whereas in the final stage, control is implementing using the proposals given and analyzing the results after the implementation is carried out. Based on the implementation carried out, the DPMO value was 1312.69 and the sigma value was 4.509. It can be seen that the DPMO value decreased by 56.56% and the company's sigma value increased by 5.846%

Phytoconstituents Loaded Liposomes Fabricated Based on Box Behnken Design for Metabolic Syndrome: <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> Characterization

The global use of secondary metabolites like flavonoids, plant sterols, and alkaloids has been increasing due to their therapeutic benefits and fewer side effects compared to modern medicines. However, despite promising in vitro results, many herbal drugs and extracts demonstrate limited effectiveness in vivo due to their low lipid solubility and poor bioavailability. To address this issue, novel formulation strategies, particularly lipid-based delivery systems, are being proposed as carriers to enhance their bioavailability. This study focuses on the pharmaceutical development of liposomes that encapsulate three phytoconstituents, namely quercetin, berberine, and phytosterol, using the Quality by Design (QbD) concept. The Ishikawa diagram was utilized to identify the key factors affecting formulation quality, and the statistical experiment design concept was employed to optimize these factors. The liposomes were designed using the screening with the Placket-Burman approach and further optimized using the Box-Behnken method. The optimized liposomes exhibited an ideal size and achieved high entrapment efficiencies of 80.6%, 81.3%, and 80.35% for quercetin, berberine, and phytosterol, respectively. These liposomes were prepared using Phospholipon 90 G and cholesterol through the thin film hydration method. The resulting liposomes were thoroughly characterized and evaluated for morphology, % drug release, pharmacodynamic investigation, and stability studies.

1080 A Quality Improvement Project Developing a 'Return to Scan' Failsafe Protocol for Barnsley Hospital Emergency Department Patients with Suspected Cauda Equina and Renal Colic

Abstract Aim A staff survey noted patients returning for scans for suspected cauda equina and renal colic were on occasion not returning or returning late. Overall, staff and patient experience were poor and posed risk to patients. To improve this, aims were to develop a standard process for recording ED patients due to return for scan and formalised information about this process to be provided to the patient. Method Three cycles were completed. Staff surveys identified areas of concern, supported by a fishbone diagram and process map. A proforma and patient information sheet were developed. Further staff surveys assessed satisfaction and effectiveness of the changes, leading to replacement of the proforma with a patient notes sticker. A booking system was created identifying patients to reception staff. Further cycles identified 64 patients in a 3-month period by suspected diagnosis using SNOMED codes. Records were accessed electronically using Mediviewer to review documentation and time returned for scan. Results 98% of patients returned for scan. Process followed: 36% of patients returned late, with an average of 22 minutes and maximum of 40 minutes late. Process not followed: 36% of patients returned late, with an average of 58 minutes and maximum of 219 minutes late. The process was followed correctly in 17% of cases. Conclusions Patients were late by a shorter on average time when the process was followed - with providing patient information having the greatest positive impact. Staff education may improve process compliance which is poor. Patient experience and barriers to returning on time must be explored.

Causes of miscommunication leading to project delays and low work quality in the construction industry of Saudi Arabia

One of the major issues in the construction industry is miscommunication among all the related people working on a project. The success of a project depends on the effectiveness of information flow, as it is believed to be the cause of irregularities in most projects. This study was undertaken to address the issue of miscommunication in the construction sector of Saudi Arabia to evaluate the root causes of miscommunication and its effects on the health of a project. A comprehensive survey was designed to seek the opinion of highly experienced experts in the construction industry regarding the matter. The obtained data was put into a three-staged statistical analysis including a reliability check through Cronbach’s alpha and weighted average rating factors. The results revealed the root causes of miscommunication which pose a serious threat to a project. Also, the results showed that the major effects produced by these causes are project delay and low work quality on a construction site. The factors were organized on a fishbone diagram for better clarity. The research is beneficial for the administrative and management staff of a construction project. By deploying protective measures during the planning phase, discussed in the article, the adverse effects of miscommunication can be avoided.

A novel process for developing a quantitative chromatographic fingerprint analysis method based on analytical quality by design: A case study of Xiaochaihu capsules

In this study, an improved Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) process was proposed to establish quantitative fingerprints of Chinese medicines. A quantitative fingerprint method for the strong polar components in Xiaochaihu capsules was developed as an example. Different method evaluation indicators were used to characterize this method, and these indicators were measured at different stages of quantitative fingerprint development. Through this method, the difficulty in determining common peaks in the early stage of quantitative fingerprint development is eliminated. The method parameters that needed to be optimized were the mobile phase gradient conditions, column temperature and flow rate through the Ishikawa diagram. Single-factor experiments were used to determine some parameters. Definitive screening design (DSD) experiments were used to optimize critical method parameters (CMPs). The common peaks were determined, and indices were optimized. The critical method attributes (CMAs) were the resolution of guanosine, the percentage of common peak to the total peak area, retention time of the last peak and the common peak number. A stepwise regression method was used to build quantitative models for critical method attributes and critical method parameters. The method operable design region (MODR) was calculated by the experimental error simulation method and successfully verified. After the analysis conditions were optimized, four components, uridine, adenine, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and guanosine, were quantitatively determined. There were 7 common peaks in the fingerprints. The common peak area accounted for 90.64%. Both fingerprint and quantitative detection analysis methods were methodologically validated. The new AQbD process proposed in this study can be potentially applied to develop other Chinese medicines fingerprint methods.

Risk assessment for yachting tourism in China using dynamic Bayesian networks.

Scientific evaluation of yachting tourism safety risks (YTSRs) is crucial to reducing accidents in this sector. This paper is based on the data of 115 yachting tourism accidents in China's coastal areas from 2008 to 2021. A fishbone diagram and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) were used to identify the risk factors of yachting tourism from four aspects human, yachting, environmental, and management risk and to construct an evaluation index system. To perform dynamic evaluation, a dynamic evaluation model of YTSRs was built using dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN). The results indicate that human factors, such as the unsafe behavior of yachtsmen and tourists, are the primary risk factors; the risk is higher in summer than in winter, and the Pearl River Delta region has a greater risk of yachting tourism. It is suggested to improve the normal safety risk prevention and control system of yachting tourism, to advocate for multi-subject coordination and co-governance, and to improve the insurance service system so as to provide a guarantee for the safe and healthy development of yachting tourism in China. The findings provide theoretical and practical guidance for marine and coastal tourism safety management, as well as the prevention and control of YTSRs.

Operator Performance Analysis Using Overall Labor Effectiveness Method with Root Cause Analysis Approach

The growth of the manufacturing sector in Indonesia has slowed down due to the increase in COVID-19 cases, which has led to a decrease in the production volume of companies. This impact needs to be reassessed by each company, and one way to address it is by continuously improving company productivity. PT X is one of the companies in the manufacturing sector that has a program to continuously enhance its productivity, with its production result being pianos. This study focuses on the performance of operators in a specific production area that has consistently not met the company's productivity target over a period. The objective is to determine the effectiveness of the operators in that area using the Overall Labor Effectiveness (OLE) method. Subsequently, the obtained OLE results will be analyzed using the Root Cause Analysis (RCA) method, and improvement proposals will be provided, supported by the House of Quality (HOQ) method and previous literature. The research results indicate issues in one of the OLE variables, namely the performance ratio. Root cause analysis was conducted to identify the underlying issues, assisted by brainstorming tools, the 5-why method, and a fishbone diagram. This analysis revealed three main problems. Furthermore, two design proposals were formulated using the HOQ framework, and an additional proposal was based on previous research findings.

Analytical method development supported by DoE-DS approach for enantioseparation of (S,S)- and (R,R)-moxifloxacin

In this paper, method for enantiomeric purity testing of fourth-generation fluoroquinolone, moxifloxacin hydrochloride, was developed and validated. Exceptional enantioselectivity for this assay was achieved using cyclodextrin type Chiral Stationary Phase (CSP), phenylcarbamate-β-cyclodextrin CSP, and mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and triethylammonium acetate (TEAA) buffer. Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) methodology, comprising Design of Experiments (DoE) - Design Space (DS) approach, was used for method development. In order to select appropriate Critical Method Parameters (CMPs), risk assessment was done using combined three step strategy that involved Ishikawa diagram - CNX (Control, Noise and eXperimental) - FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis). Three CMPs were further selected and investigated in this study: acetonitrile content in the mobile phase (30–50%, v/v), triethylamine content in the TEAA buffer (0.1–1.5%, v/v) and aqueous phase pH (3.5–4.5). Monte Carlo simulations were performed and 3D-DS was computed. One point situated in the center of 3D-DS was selected as working point for method validation, with the following values of CMPs: acetonitrile content in the mobile phase set to 37% (v/v), triethylamine content in TEAA 0.8% and pH value of the aqueous phase set at 4.0. Also, 2D-DS was created (with fixed one factor – pH value of aqueous phase at 4.0) which also gave us confirmation that the selection of working conditions was suitable. The proposed enantioselective method was further on tested for its quantitative robustness, as well as for its suitability for the intended purpose through validation studies.

Pengendalian Kualitas Produk Kayu di CV. Berdikari Sukses dengan Menggunakan Metode Seven Quality Tools

The objective of this research is to select a high-quality product for a successful self-released CV and reduce a non-high-quality product to a successful independent CV during the production process. Success is a company that works in the industry of building goods made of wood. Products made include wooden floors, wood for building materials, handrails, door frames, and floors with deck. There are seven major quality control tools that can be used to control quality. These include sheet checks, histograms, control charts, pareto diagrams, fishbone diagram, scatter diagrammes, and stratification. When a processed wood is rotated, there are three types of damage that can occur: monocular or perforated damage, damaged damage in the middle part, and hard damage. The biggest damage is border or hole damage, which accounts for 47.19 percent of the total damage. The inability of wood products to break. The total damage percentage is 13481, with an intermediate rupture of 30.55% and the lowest resistance result of 22.24%.

Exploring Effective Approaches To Minimize Downtime In Final Assembly Line Of Braking Systems

The global automotive manufacturing industry's growth in downtime reductio is substantial, valued at $3272.6 billion USD with a 3.01% growth rate.This growth in downtime reduction underscores the industry's commitment to enhancing efficiency, quality, and overall productivity across its diverse range of operations. Downtime in the braking system assembly line can lead to utilization loss or technical availability loss. In this context, many proactive maintenance strategies are explored but there's limited focus on addressing error-prone machines and utilizing Machine Learning for predicting downtime. The objective is to prioritize downtime reduction through error analysis, critical machine identification, and implementing ML-based solutions.
 This comprehensive research delved into the significance of minimizing downtime in the braking system final assembly line through meticulous data analysis, visualization techniquesand targeted interventions and then identified key issues and achieved tangible improvements in operational efficiency. The analysis revealed significant findings and then employed the Pareto Principle to identify top downtime machines, illustrating their distribution through a Pareto chart of machine defects. Furthermore, Exceptions and Problem Areas were identified utilizing statistical process controls, offering insights into critical error contributors. Notably, a comprehensive exploration of the most prominent downtime machine was undertaken, evidenced by LCL and UCL charts and a Fishbone Diagram detailing causal relationships. The research leverages real-world data involving dates, machine names, and downtime durations to develop a predictive model that aids in proactively managing production disruptions.
 The application of RPN calculations before and after error correction demonstrated a substantial reduction from of 432 to 75, validating the efficacy of the corrective actions. The real-time data was used to build a model that can predict when production machines downtime might happen. This helps us be prepared and manage any possible disruptions in production.The outcome of the project highlights the intrinsic link between downtime reduction and assembly line efficiency, emphasizing the importance of data-driven interventions. This culminated in the resolution of key issues, illustrated by the mitigation of the PCBA Pressin machine and LVDT sensor errors, yielding tangible reductions in downtime and notable productivity improvements. In this direction, exploring AI-driven predictive maintenance holds immense potential for advancing downtime reduction strategies. Leveraging AI algorithms to analyse live data streams from machinery and sensors can enable the detection of patterns indicating imminent failures and can pre-emptively prevent downtime.

Analysis of the key influencing factors of China's cross-border e-commerce ecosystem based on the DEMATEL-ISM method.

Systematically analysing the relative importance and hierarchical relationships among the influencing factors of the cross-border e-commerce ecosystem holds rich theoretical value and practical significance for the development of this ecosystem. A total of 19 influencing factors covering four aspects affecting the cross-border e-commerce ecosystem are identified by means of the relevant literature, web pages, research, and discussions with relevant experts and scholars, and the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) and interpretative structural modeling (ISM) method is used to analyse the cause-effect correlation of each factor and to obtain a cause-effect diagram and a multi-level recursive structure model. The results show that three factors, i.e., the e-commerce platform development level, cross-border e-commerce competitiveness, and the cross-border e-commerce transaction scale, have a greater degree of influence on the other influencing factors. Additionally, three factors, i.e., the information development level, GDP, and cross-border online shopping demand, are vulnerable to the influence of the other factors. The level of cross-border e-commerce platform development, cross-border e-commerce competitiveness, and inter-firm competition are the root factors and occupy an important position in the cross-border e-commerce ecosystem as influencing factors and influence the stability of the cross-border e-commerce ecosystem by affecting the other factors.

Analisis Pengendalian Kualitas Menggunakan Metode Six Sigma

Quality control is crucial for the company to minimize the existence of defective products. The research focuses on the quality control section. The purpose of this study is to find out how the implementation of quality control occurs at PT Andalan Mandiri Busana, identify the factors that cause defects in garment products, and determine proposed improvements as an effort to suppress defective products. The results showed that there were factors that caused production defects and the biggest cause was broken stitches, and the sigma value obtained was 4.15, which means that the company has carried out pretty good quality control. Based on this research, the recommendations that can be given are in the improve stage, in the form of a table of proposed improvements using the Five M-checklist approach and Kaizen based on fishbone diagrams. The results of this study are expected to be one of the inputs for companies in implementing quality control and can increase the company's sigma level.

Workload Analysis Using Cardiovascular Load, Nasa-TLX, and Fishbone Diagrams

This study aims to analyze employees' physical and mental workload in the legal and business development division and look for factors that affect the workload of the two divisions. The research methods used are cardiovascular load, NASA-TLX, and the Fishbone diagram. The results showed that one employee from the legal division experienced physical exhaustion. In the mental workload study, two people experienced a high mental workload, while five experienced a very high one. The fishbone diagram analysis reveals several factors, such as unresponsive counterparts and conflicts of interest, and in the legal division, such as work patterns that are constantly changing and fast and coordinating company and divisional compliance. The conclusion is that companies should periodically measure mental workload.