Fish Tail Research Articles

Recognition and localization of freshwater fish heads and tails based on lightweight neural networks

ABSTRACT The quality of fish pre-treatment processing directly affected the production competitiveness of the fish industry. The removal of heads and tails is one of the key technologies in the fish processing. This study proposed an identification method of fish head and tail, and the original YOLOV3 model was improved by replacing the backbone feature extraction network of the YOLOV3 model with the lightweight neural network MobileNetv3. Firstly, a freshwater fish image dataset was created and divided into the training, validation and test sets with the assigned ratio of 6:2:2. Next, the freshwater fish dataset was trained using the target detector YOLOV3. Finally, the average accuracy mAP (mean of Average Precision) and the average image detection time were used as the accuracy and speed indexes to evaluate the detection effect of the model. In addition, the SSD-MobileNetv3 and SSD-VGG16 were introduced into present study and they were compared with the improved algorithm. The experimental results showed that the detection speed of the YOLOV3 model with MobileNetV3 was significantly improved. The mAP of YOLOV3-MobileNetv3 model was 98.36%, the inference speed was 28.2 ms, which was 5.09%, 4.24% and 2.07% higher than the mAP of other three models (SSD-VGG16, SSD-MobileNetv3 and YOLOV3-Darknet-53), and the average detection time shortened by 86%, 9.99% and 29%, respectively. Therefore, this experimental method of head and tail of freshwater fish could achieve real-time detection and recognition of various kinds of freshwater fish, which had the great advantages of high detection accuracy and fast detection speed.

4D printing of hard magnetic soft materials based on NdFeB particles

Magnetic soft materials (MSM) show excellent potential in soft robotics, biomedicine, and sensors because of their excellent magnetic response, reversible deformation, and controlled motion. A hard magnetic soft material (HASM) that can be obtained by adding hard magnetic particles to a soft material matrix. By programing the spatial magnetization profile of the HASM object and manipulating the driving magnetic field, it exhibits excellent shape manipulation performance with unconstrained, reversible deformation transformation and controlled motion. In this study, a HASM ink consisting of hard magnetic NdFeB particles with a soft silicone rubber matrix was prepared. A 4D printing strategy using 3D injection printing technology combined with origami magnetization technology is used to fabricate 3D structured HASM objects for flexible shape programmability. A variety of programed shapes of HASM straight beams with bionic fish tails were fabricated by 4D printing strategy. The HASM straight beam is driven by the magnetic field, which can quickly realize the transformation and change of the preset shape as well as the shape of the HASM beam. The HASM bionic fish tail can swing rapidly under the action of the driving magnetic field. It shows a broad potential in the field of soft and bionic robots.

Hydrodynamics of body–body interactions in dense synchronous elongated fish schools

Mechanisms for hydrodynamic benefit via fluid interactions in large planar fish schools ( n ≥ 10) are investigated by two-dimensional numerical simulations of carangiform fish swimming. It is observed that the average swimming efficiency of the 10-fish school is increased by 30% over a single swimmer, along with a thrust production improvement of 114%. The performance and flow analyses characterize the associated hydrodynamic interaction mechanisms in large dense schools leading to enhanced performance. First, anterior body suction arises from the proximity of the suction side of the flapping tail to the head of the following fish. Next, the block effect is observed as another fish body blocks the flow behind a fish. Finally, the wall effect enhances the flow of momentum downstream where the body of a neighboring fish acts as a wall for the flapping of a fish tail moving toward it. Because these primary body–body interactions are based on the arrangement of surrounding fish, a classification of the individual fish within the school is presented based on the intra-fish interactions and is reflected in the performance of the individuals. It is shown that the school can be separated as front fish, middle fish, edge fish, and back fish based on the geometric position, performance, and wake characteristics. Finally, groupings and mechanisms observed are proven to be consistent over a range of Reynolds numbers and school arrangements.

Application of Functional Bionic Technologies on Micropumps

Background: Bionics applied to micropumps is the most advanced technology currently accessible. The widespread use of microfluidic transport technology in fields like drug delivery and chemical analysis has made it a current research hotspot. As a core component in the microfluidic transport process, the micropump is a key part of the breakthrough. Objective: The study aims to summarize the engineering applications of various bionic micropumps in order to serve as a resource for future research in related fields. Methods: Study the application of bionic technologies that mimic fish tail fin oscillation, female mosquito blood sucking, honeybee nectar ingestion, and plant stomatal transpiration in various micropumps by sorting out typical research results. Results: This study examines the current state of bionic micropumps research and problems, as well as anticipates the future direction of functional bionic technology in micropumps. Conclusion: In this paper, we review the functional bionic technology used in micropumps and study some of the physiological processes of specific creatures from a biological perspective. We also show how effectively using bionic design can enhance the overall functionality of micropumps. However, man's knowledge of the natural world is still very limited. Functional bionics technology will shine in the area of engineering application as a result of the investigation of materials, processing technology, and biological principles.

Eksplorasi Parasit pada Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) dari Penjual Ikan Lokal di Dramaga, Bogor

The demand for tilapia fishing goods has recently expanded on a national scale. One of the difficulties this fish farming operation encountered was the parasite-caused illness. The aims of this study were to explore parasites in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from the local fish seller in Dramaga, Bogor, West Java. A total of 14 tilapia were sampled, with an average length of 22 cm and a body weight of 195 grams. Fish gills, pectoral fins, caudal fins, tail fins, dorsal fins, scales, and intestines were collected. The methods used in this study were wet mount examination, gut samples stained with Ziehl Neelsen, and blood samples from fish obtained and stained with Giemsa for analysis. The findings revealed that Trichodina sp. (85.71 percent) was present in several organs, with the gills being the most heavily affected organ. The intensity of this parasite was 27.83 individuals/head. The parasites detected by Ziehl Neelsen staining were Myxobolus sp. (57.14 %), Cryptosporidium spp. (35.71 %), and Cyclospora sp. (14.29%). The type of blood parasite found was identified as Hemogregarina sp (50%). Our findings are very important information for initiating the development of a treatment strategy to prevent parasite infection in tilapia fish farms

Техніко-економічне обґрунтування геометричних параметрів біонічних культиваторних лап на основі морфології риб

Therefore, the challenge of aligning the morphology of terrestrial and aquatic fauna with the surface of soil cultivation implements is relevant and requires attention. The research objective is to perform geometric calculations for bionic cultivation tines based on fish morphology and create their three-dimensional models. The analysis of fish morphology and locomotion, along with image processing using developed software in the Visual Studio C++ environment, OpenCV library, and reverse engineering methods, facilitated the approximation of the outer and inner contours of the tail fin of certain fish species. Through analytical investigations, the geometric calculations for the regression equations of convex and concave outer contours of bionic cultivation tines based on the morphology of fish tail fins were conducted, and their three-dimensional models were built using SolidWorks. The analysis of tail fin morphology allowed for the application of rays (radials) to cultivation tines. These rays are aligned along the axial line of the tail fin with displacement toward the outer contour. A general regularity in their arrangement was established and represented as a system of equations. Corresponding models of cultivation tines with guiding rays were constructed using software packages such as Wolfram Cloud and SolidWorks. From a technical and economic perspective, the implementation of the developed bionic cultivation tine shapes can reduce the equipment's drag resistance by 5–10%, leading to a higher economic benefit upon their adoption.

Prevalensi Ektoparasit pada Benih Ikan Koi Cyprinus rubrofuscus (Lacepede, 1803) di Sentra Budidaya Kabupaten Blitar

The problem of koi fish farming in Blitar Regency that is causing concern and has not been resolved is a disease caused by ectoparasites. The purpose of this study was to observe the types of ectoparasites and the prevalence of parasites that attack koi fish in cultivation centers in Blitar Regency. This type of research is descriptive research with a survey method approach. The koi fish sampled were koi fish fingerlings measuring 7-15 cm in the Kohaku, Tancho, Ogon, and Utsuri varieties with three individuals each. Sampling using purposive sampling technique. Examination of ectoparasites was carried out by cutting the body parts of the fish (fins, gill lamellae, and tail), then placing them on a glass slide, dripping with distilled water, covering with a cover glass, and observing under a microscope. The results of the ectoparasites examination were analyzed descriptively quantitatively. The data obtained is tabulated in tables and graphs and paired with related literacy. The results showed that there were 5 types of ectoparasites, namely: Lerneaea sp., Argulus sp., Trichodina sp., Dactylogyrus sp., and Gyrodactylus sp., with different numbers and prevalence in each variety. The highest prevalence of ectoparasites in 4 varieties of koi fish was in the Ogon variety (66.6%) with the very frequent infection category, and the lowest in the Kohaku, Tancho, and Utsuri varieties (33%) with the general infection category. The highest prevalence of each type of ectoparasites was Gyrodactylus sp., amounting to 66.6% (very frequent infections) with 3 individual parasites, and Dactylogyrus sp., amounting to 33% -66.6% (general infections - very frequent) with 7 individuals.

PDE Modeling and Tracking Control for the Flexible Tail of an Autonomous Robotic Fish

This article studies a single boundary regulator for the flexible tail of an autonomous robotic fish to implement complex oscillating body motions. The dynamic model of the flexible tail is derived by Hamilton’s principle, and conforms to the partial nonuniform Euler–Bernoulli beam with the uneven parameters. Then, a boundary control at the body–tail junction is proposed to manipulate the oscillation of the flexible tail, which is given in the form as a torque. The exponential stability of the error system is deduced by the integral Lyapunov synthesis. For further considering the boundary disturbance at the same point with control and the distributed disturbance, a disturbance observer is proposed. By appropriately choosing the designed parameters, the uniformly ultimate boundedness with disturbances is proved and the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of 0. Finally, some simulations are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control.

Tubo-Sogdian Relations along the Silk Road: On an Enigmatic Gold Plaque from Dulan (Qinghai, China)

In 2018, some tombs that belonged to early Tibetan-related elites at the site of Dulan (Qinghai, China) were disturbed by looters’ activity. One of the gold objects confiscated by local police officers displays a curious composite creature that could be called a winged ichthyocentaurus or triton. This creature includes the torso of a dressed man with a beribboned crown holding a rhyton-like horn and a coiled fish tail. This article discusses the possible function and meaning of this type of composite creatures that appear also on some artifacts from Central Asian archaeological sites and Sino-Sogdian funerary monuments. The iconography of the hybrid creatures seems to be rooted in Greek art. Sogdians possibly transmitted it to the Tibetan Plateau along the so-called Silk Road in the 7th-8th cc. The horn held by the creature is reminiscent of one attribute of the ancient Chinese wind god “Feng Bo” (风伯, “Master of the Wind”) that has been depicted in the funerary milieu since the Han period (202 B.C.-220 A.D.) because of its association with immortality. This object could allow us to identify the iconography of the Sogdian wind deity Weshparkar (Avestan Vayu) who sometimes had a “wind blowing horn” like in the Dulan gold plaque. The study of this specific detail could help to shed light on the multicultural background of early Tibetan societies that definitely had contacts with Central Asia and China along the Silk Road trading network.

A tale of two fish tails: does a forked tail really perform better than a truncate tail when cruising?

Many fishes use their tail as the main thrust producer during swimming. This fin's diversity in shape and size influences its physical interactions with water as well as its ecological functions. Two distinct tail morphologies are common in bony fishes: flat, truncate tails which are best suited for fast accelerations via drag forces, and forked tails that promote economical, fast cruising by generating lift-based thrust. This assumption is based primarily on studies of the lunate caudal fin of Scombrids (i.e. tuna, mackerel), which is comparatively stiff and exhibits an airfoil-type cross-section. However, this is not representative of the more commonly observed and taxonomically widespread flexible forked tail, yet similar assumptions about economical cruising are widely accepted. Here, we present the first comparative experimental study of forked versus truncate tail shape and compare the fluid mechanical properties and energetics of two common nearshore fish species. We examined the hypothesis that forked tails provide a hydrodynamic advantage over truncate tails at typical cruising speeds. Using experimentally derived pressure fields, we show that the forked tail produces thrust via acceleration reaction forces like the truncate tail during cruising but at increased energetic costs. This reduced efficiency corresponds to differences in the performance of the two tail geometries and body kinematics to maintain similar overall thrust outputs. Our results offer insights into the benefits and tradeoffs of two common fish tail morphologies and shed light on the functional morphology of fish swimming to guide the development of bio-inspired underwater technologies.

An Automatic Recognition Method for Fish Species and Length Using an Underwater Stereo Vision System

Developing new methods to detect biomass information on freshwater fish in farm conditions enables the creation of decision bases for precision feeding. In this study, an approach based on Keypoints R-CNN is presented to identify species and measure length automatically using an underwater stereo vision system. To enhance the model’s robustness, stochastic enhancement is performed on image datasets. For further promotion of the features extraction capability of the backbone network, an attention module is integrated into the ResNeXt50 network. Concurrently, the feature pyramid network (FPN) is replaced by an improved path aggregation network (I-PANet) to achieve a greater fusion of effective feature maps. Compared to the original model, the mAP of the improved one in object and key point detection tasks increases by 4.55% and 2.38%, respectively, with a small increase in the number of model parameters. In addition, a new algorithm is introduced for matching the detection results of neural networks. On the foundation of the above contents, coordinates of head and tail points in stereo images as well as fish species can be obtained rapidly and accurately. A 3D reconstruction of the fish head and tail points is performed utilizing the calibration parameters and projection matrix of the stereo camera. The estimated length of the fish is acquired by calculating the Euclidean distance between two points. Finally, the precision of the proposed approach proved to be acceptable for five kinds of common freshwater fish. The accuracy of species identification exceeds 94%, and the relative errors of length measurement are less than 10%. In summary, this method can be utilized to help aquaculture farmers efficiently collect real-time information about fish length.

Basic Survey Study for Preservation of Damaged Tile Sculpture Artwork

This is a basic study on the artwork of the artist Ji Yeong Kim, “Ascending up the river against the current ...” currently being exhibited in the sculpture park of Suwon World Cup Stadium and it was confirmed that tiles used in the artwork production are classified into 2 types, namely, porcelain tile and ceramic tile, through scientific analytic method. It was confirmed that the tiles that form the overall background of the artwork are unglazed porcelain tiles with the same exterior and interior physical state that experienced absorption rate of 0.4% and firing at high temperature of more than 1,300℃. It was possible to discern that tiles used for the portion presumed to have embodied fish tail are 3 types with the different exterior and interior physical state from each other that have experienced absorption rate of more than 10% and firing at temperatures in the range of 1,000∼1,20 0℃, and that they were manufactured by being coated with glaze in which pyrophylite or dolomite range mineral has been mixed. As the result, it was possible to discern that porcelain tiles were used as the material for outdoor tile sculpture artwork due to its advantages including stability such as durability and water-resistance, etc. while ceramic tiles were used due to their ability to realized diversified colors and patterns through scientific analysis.

Despair-like behavior in fish based on the zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>)

The zebrafish tail immobilization test is a relatively new method for analyzing zebrafish behavior, based on the paradigm of learned helplessness, when the animal is exposed to an uncontrollable stressor, and soon abandons all attempts to avoid the aversive stimulus, adopting a posture of immobility. As an aversive stimulus acts restraining fish tail in a viscose sponge, without restricting the mobility of the lateral fins and the front of the body. The zebrafish tail immobilization test is suitable for detecting depressive-like despair behavior in zebrafish, paralleling clinical apathy and lethargy in depression.

Dynamic modeling of a fish tail actuated by IPMC actuator based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation

Ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) is a smart material with low driving voltage, high energy conversion, light weight and simple structure. It is suitable for driving the tail fin of small bionic fish. Actuators made of this material are quite flexible, and they are laborious to accurately describe the complex deformation of structures. Absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) has great merits in describing large deformation and large displacement problems. In this paper, the feasibility of ANCF in dynamic modeling of a fish tail actuated by IPMC actuator will be explored for the first time. The tail fin is simplified into two forms: a pure flexible IPMC beam and a hybrid beam that consists of an IPMC beam and a fixed rigid beam. The ANCF one-dimensional two-node beam element is adopted. Considering the influence of deformation curvature, the exact expression of generalized elastic force is obtained. The proposed dynamic model can describe the large deformation problem of the flexible beam. The dynamic responses of the pure IPMC beam tail fin and the hybrid tail fin driven by square wave voltage are calculated. The displacement changes of end nodes are compared, and the swing law under different driving voltage amplitude, frequency, and fluid resistance is analyzed. It is found that the driving efficiency of IPMC can be improved by increasing the driving voltage amplitude, reducing the voltage frequency, and reducing the fluid resistance in a certain range. This research would be beneficial to the study of the large swing motion mechanism of bionic robotic fish.

Food-derived bioactive oligopeptide iron complexes ameliorate iron deficiency anemia and offspring development in pregnant rats.

This study aimed to investigate anemia treatment and other potential effects of two food-derived bioactive oligopeptide iron complexes on pregnant rats with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and their offspring. Rats with IDA were established with a low iron diet and then mated. There were one control group and seven randomly assigned groups of pregnant rats with IDA: Control group [Control, 40 ppm ferrous sulfate (FeSO4)]; IDA model group (ID, 4 ppm FeSO4), three high-iron groups (H-FeSO4, 400 ppm FeSO4; MCOP-Fe, 400 ppm marine fish oligopeptide iron complex; WCOP-Fe, 400 ppm whey protein oligopeptide iron complex) and three low-iron groups (L-FeSO4, 40 ppm FeSO4; MOP-Fe, 40 ppm marine fish oligopeptide iron complex; WOP-Fe, 40 ppm whey protein oligopeptide iron complex). Rats in each group were fed the corresponding special diet during pregnancy until the day of delivery. After different doses of iron supplement, serum hemoglobin, iron, and ferritin levels in rats with IDA were significantly increased to normal levels (P < 0.05). Serum iron levels were significantly lower in two food-derived bioactive oligopeptide low-iron complex groups than in the low FeSO4 group (P<0.05). Liver malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased in the three high-iron groups compared with the other five groups (P < 0.05), and hemosiderin deposition was observed in liver tissue, indicating that the iron dose was overloaded and aggravated the peroxidative damage in pregnant rats. Liver inflammation was reduced in the three low-iron groups. Tumor necrosis factor α secretion was significantly decreased in all groups with supplemented oligopeptide (P < 0.05), with the concentration of tumor necrosis factor α declining to normal levels in the two whey protein oligopeptide iron complex groups. In the marine fish oligopeptide iron complex groups, body length, tail length, and weight of offspring were significantly increased (P < 0.05) and reached normal levels. Therefore, food-derived bioactive oligopeptide (derived from marine fish skin and milk) iron complexes may be an effective type of iron supplement for pregnancy to improve anemia, as well as reduce the side effects of iron overload, and improve the growth and nutritional status of offspring.

A Multifunctional Light-Driven Swimming Soft Robot for Various Application Scenarios.

The locomotor behavior of creatures in nature can bring a lot of inspiration for the fabrication of soft actuators. In this paper, we fabricated a bionic light-driven swimming soft robot that can perform grasping of tiny objects and achieve the task of object transfer. By adding carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the temperature-sensitive hydrogels can be endowed with light-responsive properties. The fabricated composite hydrogel structure can control the contraction and expansion of volume by light, which is similar to the contraction and diastole behavior of muscles. The oscillation of the fish tail and the grasping action of the normally closed micromanipulator can be achieved by the control of the irradiation of the xenon light source. The bending of the bionic arm can be controlled by the irradiation of a near-infrared (NIR) laser, which transforms the spatial position and posture of the micromanipulator. The proposed scheme is feasible for miniaturized fabrication and application of flexible actuators. This work provides some important insights for the study of light-driven microrobots and light-driven flexible actuators.

Study of infection intensity of Copepods parasites from the genus (Ergasilus) on gills of carp fishes (Cyprinus carpio L) (endoparasites), and on fish's tail region (exoparasites) for big sizes and small sizes (Fingerlings) at three seasons (summer, winte

This study was conducted to determine the infection intensity of Copepods parasites from the genus (Ergasilus) on gills of carp fishes (Cyprinus carpio L.) (endoparasites), and on fish's tail region (exoparasites). For big sizes and small sizes (Fingerlings) at three seasons (summer, winter and autumn), specimens were collected from Martyr monument pond, Baghdad Iraq. Results showed the high infection intensity by this copepods and less infection intensity on the fish's tail region for big and small specimens. The study also showed a high infection intensity at summer season and less on autumn season, and very short infection intensity on winter season, this is may be can explain by the different on pond water temperature seasonally, food supplying and the fishes movement activities. Results were showed that the infection intensity was higher at the fingerlings than in big fishes, that was may be due to the ability of small sizes fingerlings to move and touch with the algae (Spirogyra, horse tails) and other aquatic plants living near the edge of the pond comparing with the middle and deep water of the pond.

Study on the workability, mechanical properties of fish tail palm fibre reinforced concrete-emphasis on fibre content and fibre length

In recent years, a new type of natural fibre known as fish tail palm fibre (FTPF) has been discovered, and several studies have been conducted to investigate the fibres physiochemical properties, strength attributes and therapeutic capabilities. Because the utilisation of these fibres in the concrete industry is limited, this research aims to employ varying volume fractions of fibres with different fibre length as micro reinforcement in concrete to improve the pre-cracking behaviour and post-peak strength of high-strength concrete composites. Fibre dosage of 0.1% and 0.2% have only minor impact on the slump when compared to 0.3% fibre dosage. The compressive strength of control specimen was 50 MPa (M50). The maximum compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of FTPF reinforced concrete specimens are 56 MPa, 5.11 MPa and 6.12 MPa, respectively, which was recorded for specimen with 0.2 Volume Fraction (VF) and 30 mm Fibre Length (FL). The increase in the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strength is about 12%, 19% and 20% with the addition of 0.2% VF and 0.3% VF of fibres. Out of nine fibre-reinforced concrete mixes, specimen with 0.2 and 0.3 VF with 30 mm fibre length showed excellent mechanical strength. From the fractional analysis study, it can be concluded that the fibre length has about 40% contribution on the compressive strength of concrete followed by fibre length. When compared to splitting tensile strength, the fibre length and fibre volume fraction have almost equal contribution. In the case of flexural strength, the combined effect of fibre length and fibre volume has a contribution of about 46% in the strength properties of concrete.

Bionic fish tail design and trajectory tracking control

Bionic fish have received wide attention due to their high mobility, high concealment, and high propulsion efficiency. This paper proposes a new type of bionic fish tail, uses the fish body wave equation and penalty function to optimise its parameters, and then conducts a multimodal motion simulation using Adams to verify the feasibility of the bionic fish tail. Second, to realise the trajectory tracking control of the bionic fish, the central pattern generator (CPG) and the sliding mode controller are combined through the transfer function obtained by experiments and data fitting, and a CPG-based sliding mode controller (SMC-CPG Controller) is proposed and proven to be stable. Finally, simulations and experiments of bionic fish tracking under straight and circular trajectories are performed. The experiments show that under the initial error conditions, the bionic fish can quickly eliminate the position error and the heading angle error under the control of the SMC-CPG controller and track the expected trajectory. The position errors for straight and circular trajectory tracking are 8.62% and 11.5% of the body length, respectively, and the heading angle error during the movement always fluctuates between −40° and 60°. The effectiveness of the proposed SMC-CPG controller and the bionic fish tail is verified through experiments.

Yolov4-tiny with wing convolution layer for detecting fish body part

Detection of a fish's eye, tail and body is the initial process in the vision system for determining the freshness and species of fish, as well as calculating the number of fish automatically in the fishing industry. Classification performance of a system is affected by its ability to detect the intact body of a fish or its body parts. The You Only Look Once version 4 tiny (Yolov4-tiny) is a lightweight object detector that can detect body parts of a fish with fairly good detection accuracy. However, massive siltation of convolution layer in the Yolov4-tiny backbone leads to low feature diversity. This research proposes a modification of the Yolov4-tiny architecture to improve detection accuracy by enhancing and balancing feature diversity and attaching an extra-branch detector to detect small-sized objects. In addition, we propose the use of bottleneck and expansion convolution to reduce computational resources usage. Our contributions are enhancing feature diversity using a wing convolution layer (WCL), balancing feature diversity using tiny spatial pyramid pooling (Tiny-SPP), reducing computational resources of feature pyramid network (FPN) connections using bottleneck and expansion convolution (BEC), and detecting small objects using an extra-branch as a third-scale detector. Our experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms the original model and other modified Yolov4-tiny models with Precision, Recall, AP, and mAP of 97.48%, 93.3%, 94.07%, and 92.38% respectively. The proposed model is smaller in size and more efficient in the use of computing resources.