Fish Skeletons Research Articles

Overview on pathogenesis and histopathological observations of hyperostosis in two fish species; Scomberoides lysan (Forsskal, 1775) and Pomacanthus sextriatus (Cuvier, 1831) collected from El- Jubail province, Saudi Arabia

During years 2012 to 2018, two fish species, doublespotted queenfish (Scomberoides lysan) and sixbar angelfish (Pomacanthus sextriatus) were regularly examined during filleting processing in fish markets at Jubail province, Saudi Arabia. The routine fish inspection of the fillet- by products (fish skeletons) of these two species showed prominent and frequent hard circumscribed ossified masses attached to the spines. In Scomberoides lysan 60% of the examined fishes were affected and the hyperosteoid overgrowths were noticed in both haemal and neural spines. In Pomacanthus sextriatus 10% showed nearly the same lesion but it was mainly observed in the neural spines. In gross examination, the swelling appeared very hard, round and smooth; the cut section showed grayish- white, granular, greasy and hard central contents. In histopathological examination, the hard masses showed hyperosteoid bony tissue with variable degrees of ossification surrounded with peripheral fibrous tissue capsule containing dilated lymph and blood vessels and accompanied with edema. The underlying tissue was a thick layer of acellular calcified bony tissue while the central area of the swelling was honeycomb in its appearance with cavities filled with blood and adipocytes together with golden brown pigments, hemosiderin. Our study concluded that hyperostosis occurs at high prevalence rates in S. lysan and P. sextriatus with characteristic histopathological lesions.

Regional disparity in the axial skeleton of Saurichthyidae and implications for axial regionalization in non‐teleostean actinopterygians

AbstractThe postcranial axial skeleton of actinopterygian fishes is typically divided into three regions: (1) an anterior abdominal region, (2) a posterior caudal region and (3) those vertebrae supporting the caudal fin. However, in some actinopterygians, the axial skeleton is more finely subdivided, with up to six morphologically distinct sub‐regions recognized. Phylogenetic continuity and homology of structures across these sub‐regions have not been investigated in detail, either between or among groups. We examine variation in axial regionalization in saurichthyid fishes, a clade of extinct non‐teleostean actinopterygians with highly variable axial skeletal morphology but an otherwise conservative body plan, and compare these findings to other non‐teleostean actinopterygians to assess conservation of a regionalized axial skeleton within bony fishes. We document up to eight distinct regions in the vertebral column of Triassic Saurichthys: (1) a postoccipital region, (2) an anterior and (3) a posterior abdominal region, (4) a transitional region spanning the abdominal–caudal boundary, (5) an anterior and (6) a posterior caudal region and (7) preural and (8) ural regions. Based on taphonomical and morphological evidence, the transitional region appears to function in axial stiffening in the area of the median fins, whereas the abdominal region is highly flexible. The degree to which these axial regions are osteologically differentiated is highly variable across Saurichthyidae, implying iterative evolution of differentiation and de‐differentiation over relatively short geological timescales. Such variably expressed regionalization was also identified in the outgroup non‐teleostean actinopterygians Birgeria and Australosomus. Despite variation in morphological disparity, the regions identified in saurichthyids correlate well with those documented in some teleosts and Paleozoic actinopterygians, suggesting potential deep patterning homology but independent evolution of specific regionalized axial morphologies in response to changing functional demands.

Benthic microbial mats from deep-marine flysch deposits (Oligocene Menilite Formation from S Poland): Palaeoenvironmental controls on the MISS types

Sedimentary structures produced by benthic microbial mats have been reported from various ancient shallow-marine deposits, but examples from deep-marine settings are rare. This study focusses on the microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) from fine-grained clastic deposits and carbonates of the Oligocene Menilite Formation that were deposited in a deep-marine environment periodically affected by distal turbidity currents. At the study location, the MISS-bearing deposits are represented by grey to black shales with intercalations of fine-grained sandstones, siltstones and limestones. The MISS were documented in thin sections and using scanning electron microscopy with elemental mapping. Four of the recognised MISS record periods of in-situ formation, which are attributed to a significant sedimentation slowdown, ranging approximately from a few weeks to more than a year. These four MISS include laterally continuous irregularly laminated layers, carbonaceous laminae regularly alternating with calcareous laminae, networks of thin carbonaceous laminae anastomosing between peloids, and irregularly laminated lenses occurring within siltstone-sandstone layers. The other MISS reveal signatures of erosion and redeposition by turbidity currents. They include small lenses representing mat chips and irregularly laminated lenses interfingering with the surrounding mudstone, which represent torn and re-established fragments of mats. The exceptional preservation of articulated fish skeletons that form Konservat-Lagerstätten within the studied succession is explained by the presence of epibenthic mats, which covered the fossil remnants. Microbial overgrowths protected fish carcasses against decay and floating, and facilitated precipitation of early diagenetic carbonates, which enabled fast fossilisation of the remnants.This study indicates that the interpretation of depositional conditions prevailing in a deep-marine setting may benefit considerably from the analysis of MISS. It also shows that the sedimentation rate of flysch deposits may be more variable than commonly assumed, as hiatus intervals are hidden within both hemipelagic deposits and amalgamated turbidite beds. The identification of various MISS types may be significant in distinguishing turbidites from hemipelagic deposits within homogenous muddy successions.

L’ichthyofaune messinienne du bassin de Sorbas (Almería, Espagne) et ses rapports avec l’environnement sédimentaire

Fish skeletons were collected at three different levels in the Messinian of the Sorbas basin (Andalusia, South Spain). The richest fossiliferous level is a diatomitic stratum which occurs a few metres below the bottom of the evaporitic sequence. It has mainly yielded many juvenile Myctophids: Myctophum licatae and less abundant Maurolicus muelleri This indicates the occurrence of a rather deep open sea in the vicinity. Additionally, some skeletal remains of Sardina ? crassa were found in a clayey intercalation between two massive beds of gypsum. The occurrence of this marine species is indicative of the persistence of the sea during the evaporitic episode. Finally, as shown by the occurrence of aphanius crassicaudus in the postevaporitic Messinian, a lagoonal environment existed in this basin, as a result of a relative lowering of the sea level. Additionally, another fossiliferous locality yielding the same species is reported near Gafares, in the postevaporitic Messinian of the northern part of the Níjar-Carboneras basin.

Effects of a Trans-Galactooligosaccharide on Minerals Content of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Tissues

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is a dominant fish species in aquaculture, and as it is a stomachless species, absorption and digestion of nutrients take place in the intestine. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a prebiotic on the content of selected minerals found in the meat, gills, and skeleton of common carp. The research applied trans-galactooligosaccharide (GOS) prebiotic produced by enzymatic transgalactosylation of milk lactose by whole cells of Bifidobacterium bifidum. The following diets have been applied: control diet without feed additives (C), diet 2 (B1) with 1% of GOS, and diet 3 (B2) with 2% of GOS. In the freeze-dried samples, concentrations of the analyzed metals were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The content of phosphorus was determined using colorimetric method. The analyses confirmed that the highest level of Mg was detected in the skeleton of fish fed with 1% GOS (2.51 g kg−1) and was significantly higher compared the control treatment (2.11 g kg−1) (P < 0.05). Zn content in fish meat fed with 1% GOS (35.41 mg kg−1) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in the control group (24.59 mg kg−1). The tissue that accumulated the greatest amount of Zn was the gills. GOS had a positive effect on Fe accumulation in the meat, gills, and skeleton. It has been concluded that supplementation of feed with 2% GOS significantly influenced the positive correlations between Mg and P in the meat and skeleton, Fe–Ca correlation in gills, and Fe–Zn correlation in the skeleton.

Modern Pedagogical Technologies Of Teaching The Russian Language At The University

The entry of the Republic of Uzbekistan into the world market, the expansion of international relations necessitates the formation of the language culture of students in foreign languages, especially world languages, which include the Russian language. The purpose of this work is to show the possibilities of using modern pedagogical technologies and techniques in teaching Russian to students of national groups. The objectives of the study are determined by the following: presentation of innovative learning models, description of the methods used and methods of organizing the learning process based on the experience of teaching the Russian language. comparative and descriptive methods were used. The article reveals the possibilities of using innovative teaching methods in the practical course of the Russian language. The concept of "innovative learning" is defined, which includes a personal approach, fundamental education, creativity, professionalism, use of the latest technologies. The tasks of innovative teaching are indicated, including: optimization of the teaching and educational process, creation of an environment for cooperation between a teacher and a student, development of long-term positive motivation for learning, selection of material and methods of its presentation. Describes the variety of technologies and techniques that have become widespread in pedagogical practice and used in the practical course of the Russian language. Their choice is determined by the goals, objectives, stages of the lesson, the level of students' knowledge. Particular attention is paid to methods and technologies of innovative teaching. The author dwells separately on such techniques as: "fish skeleton", "chain", "matching", "scissors", "T-diagram", "Venn diagram", "5-minute essay". The effectiveness of the use of multimedia presentations in the learning process is substantiated.

Use of innovative pedagogical technologies in teaching economic disciplines

The article covers issues such as the teaching of economics in vocational education institutions, the content of the use of pedagogical technologies in their teaching. A cluster is a graphical form of organizing the presentation of information, when the main semantic units are highlighted, which are fixed in the form of a diagram with the designation of all connections between them. One of these methods is the "Fish Bone" method. This method is based on a schematic diagram in the form of a "fish skeleton", in the head of which the indicated problem is placed, the elements of the problem are written on the upper bones, the results of the study are recorded on the lower bones.

The use of fishban in the study of literature

This article discusses Fishbone, one of the techniques for identifying, analyzing, and planning the causes and effects of a problem, and discusses how such learning tools can help shape logical thinking. The upper bones are small problems that arise from the main problem (in the vertical diagram we enter the problems to the left). The lower bones are facts that confirm these problems (in the vertical form we write the evidence to the right). Tail - the author's logical conclusion, solution or question answer. The transition to a completely new modular education system, the introduction of the latest technologies in the educational process, professional development and the exchange of best practices are important conditions for the development of education. Every event that happens has its own cause and effect. You can find out by filling in the fish skeleton. The advantage of Professor Ishikawa's graphic organizer is huge.

Идентификация оседлых и мигрирующих хариусов в р. Енисей с использованием чешуи

Идентификация оседлых и мигрирующих хариусов в р. Енисей с использованием чешуи

Suckermouth-armored Catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) of Central and Southern Vietnam

Presently, invasive fish species become dominant in some freshwater waterbodies and watercourses of Central and South Vietnam in terms of abundance, successfully competing with native species for ecological niches and environmental resources. This can ultimately reduce the diversity of native fish communities and cause their further transformation. Loricariids are considered the main group of invasive fish species being a serious threat to tropical and subtropical freshwater ecosystems. In this regard, the distribution and morphology of suckermouth-armored catfishes (Pterygoplichthys spp.) in different habitats of Central and South Vietnam were studied. A total of 54 reservoirs belonging to the basins of 15 large and small rivers were surveyed. Specimens were examined for 7 meristic and 34 plastic characters. The osteological analysis of the axial skeleton of fish conducted using radiography. Morphological differences and a number of developmental anomalies of morphology were found in different armored catfish populations from Vietnamese waters. It is noted that deliberate or accidental introduction of suckermouth-armored catfishes and their further spread can have negative consequences for the biodiversity of Vietnam’s aquatic ecosystems.

One Hundred Rotten Fish in a Pit Historical and Archaeological Evidence of Seizure and Burial of Fish improper for sale in 15th-16th century city of Tourcoing, France

The Main Square of the city of Tourcoing (France) underwent excavations in 1982. The dig revealed a shallow pit filled up with fish skeletons still bearing their scales. The excava- tor bulk sampled the entire filling of this AD 15th-16th century feature, and in 2016 the materials were sieved and analyzed in the zooarchaeology laboratory of the University of Lille. Over a hundred haddock skeletons, representing complete specimens between 35-71 cm (total length) were identified. The contemporaneous archives of the cities of Lille and Douai shed light on the common practice of the discard and burial of fish improper for sale and may provide an expla- nation to our unusual discovery. The paper describes how fish markets operated and the type of controls imposed upon fishmongers. Examples of violations to the rule, seizures and trials recorded in the local archives will be described.

The coracoid bar and its phylogenetic importance for elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes)

In a seminal study on elasmobranch systematics, Maisey proposed the monophyly of a large lineage of sharks based primarily on the sharing of an orbitostylic jaw suspension. This group was later redefined as the Squalomorphi, which included Squatinidae but not Batoidea. Subsequent morphological analyses, however, rejected Maisey’s scheme, which was left aside for nearly two decades until the first molecular phylogenies began to cluster again the orbitostylic sharks into a monophyletic group. In a broad comparative investigation of the anatomy of the appendicular skeleton of cartilaginous fishes, we discovered new evidence supporting the monophyly of squalomorph sharks: the presence of a posterior process at the lateral region of the coracoid bar serving as a origin site for the depressor pectoralis II muscle. This feature would be the first strong morphological evidence in 40 years potentially supporting the monophyly of Squalomorphi.

Morphological and Histochemical Characterization of the Dermal Plates of Pleco (Hypostomus plecostomus).

Studying the dermal skeleton in fish is valuable for phylogenetic specification. The current study describes the detailed structure of the plecostomus dermal skeleton, including its morphogenesis and distribution in the skin. The denticles have a crown and a basal part and are embedded in bony depressions, to which they are attached by denticle ligaments. During denticle morphogenesis, denticle papillae formed from denticle precursor cells align in two cellular layers: an outer ameloblast precursor layer and an inner odontoblast precursor layer. The ameloblast precursors and odontoblast precursors differentiate and secrete enamel and dentine, respectively. We used different histochemical techniques, including Crossmon's trichrome staining, Weigert-Van Gieson staining, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, combined Alcian blue (AB; pH 2.5)/PAS staining, Weigert-Van Gieson staining, Mallory trichrome staining, and AB staining to distinguish the dentine and denticle ligaments. We used acridine orange to detect lysosome activity during denticle eruption. Transmission electron microscopy was used to detect the denticle ultrastructure, and scanning electron microscopy was used to detect the topographic distributions of different types of dermal tissues in different anatomical regions.

The Upper Miocene fish fauna of the Fortuna Basin, as observed in the surroundings of Abanilla (Murcia province, Spain)

Fossil fishes are present at two different stratigraphical levels near Abanilla, in the Upper Miocene of the Fortune basin (Murcia, Spain). The first site corresponds to a monospecific fossiliferous horizon, late Tortonian in age, which was present at La Serretilla before recent levelling works destroyed this outcrop. This horizon has mainly yielded fish remains and, exceptionally, articulated skeletons of clupeid fishes belonging to the species Sardina? crassa (Sauvage). The second fossiliferous site, which is stratigraphically situated in the basal part of the “Chicamo cycles”, belongs to the lowermost Messinian. These strata, both marly and diatomaceous contain a juvenile fish fauna and correspond to a spawning area in which marine stenohaline fishes were breeding and where the newly hatched fishes were beginning their development. The diatoms of the fossiliferous horizons are clearly indicative of a fully marine salinity and exclude the possibility of hypo- or hyperhaline conditions. The composition of the Chicamo fish fauna looks very similar to that the Campos del Río site and characterizes marginal marine conditions that differ strikingly from those which, like the Columbares site, in the Murcia-Cartagena basin, are indicative of a connection to open sea

PANORAMIC OF PALEOHABITATS OF PLIOCENE SAHABI FORMATION AND RECENT AS-SAHABI AREA, NORTHERN LIBYA

As-Sahabi area is located to the south of Ajdabiyah city in Sirt Basin, Libya. This area considered as a spectacular open Museum of vertebrate remains (i.e. teeth, bones, skulls and skeletons) of mammals, reptiles, aves and fish. This paper presents the methods used during the excavation and lists most of the documented taxa and finally compare these paleo-habitats with the corresponding present day habitat of As-Sahabi.The As-Sahabi fossils played important role in delineating the paleoenvironment and in understanding the migration routes as well as in tracing their evolutionary trends. These remains are preserved in continental deposits (mainly sands and clays) since 5 million years ago. Six paleo-habitats have been suggested “Salt neritic water paleo-habitat, Eo-Sahabi River paleo-habitat, Riverine forest and river edge: paleo-habitats, Water's edge and Eo-Sahabi estuary Paleo-habitats, Savana Paleo-habitat, and Arid Desert-like paleo-habitat. As-Sahabi vertebrates (e.g. crocodiles, hippos, hyena, etc..) are considered to be the ancestral taxa of the descendant vertebrates exist today in other parts of the world. However, some are found to be indigenous taxa due to migration failure such as the gigantic size, Mastodon (Stegotetrabeledon lybicus) and shovel-tusker proposcidean (Amebelodon cyrenaicus) or medium-sized with short-legged Anthracothere (Libycosaurus petrocchii). &nbsp

The branchial skeleton in Aptian chanid fishes (Gonorynchiformes) from the Araripe Basin (Brazil): Autecology and paleoecological implications

Gonorynchiformes are a small, but morphologically diverse group of teleost fishes with an extensive fossil record. Most extant gonorynchiforms are efficient filter feeders, bearing long gill rakers and other morphological specializations, such as microbranchiospines and an epibranchial organ. The analyses of the gill arch of the Brazilian gonorynchiform fishes Dastilbe crandalli and Tharrias araripis from the Aptian of the Araripe Basin, Northeast Brazil, demonstrate significant morphological variation suggestive of distinct feeding habitats as well as ontogenetic dietary shifts in these closely related gonorynchiforms.

A Fossil Melamphaid Fish of the Genus Scopelogadus (Teleostei: Melamphaidae) from the Neogene Deposits of Sakhalin Island, Russia

The skeleton of a berycomorph fish of the Melamphaidae family was found in sediments of the Middle-Upper Miocene of the Kurasi Formation of Sakhalin Island, Russia. Morphological features, such as a short tall body with a large head, the presence of one dorsal fin with a short base, 19 principal caudal rays, a small number of vertebrae, and single-row jaw teeth in combination with very large cycloid scales enable the assignment of this fossil to the modern genus Scopelogadus. This is the second known record of a fossil skeleton for both the genus Scopelogadus and the family Melamphaidae. The fossil locality is placed approximately 17 degrees north of the range of extant species of the genus. The presence of scopelogadus fish in the Kurasi Formation complex suggests that the accumulation depth of its deposits was at least 200 m.

TAPHONOMY OF THE LOWER JURASSIC KONSERVAT-LAGERSTÄTTE AT YA HA TINDA (ALBERTA, CANADA) AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR EXCEPTIONAL FOSSIL PRESERVATION DURING OCEANIC ANOXIC EVENTS

ABSTRACTKonservat-Lagerstätten provide the most complete snapshots of ancient organisms and communities in the fossil record. In the Mesozoic, these deposits are rarely found in marine facies outside Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE) intervals, suggesting that OAEs set the stage for exceptional fossil preservation. Although anoxia does not guarantee survival of non-biomineralized tissues or articulated skeletons, other OAE phenomena may promote their conservation. Here, we test this hypothesis with a taphonomic analysis of the Konservat-Lagerstätte in the black shales and siltstones of the Jurassic Fernie Formation at Ya Ha Tinda (Alberta, Canada). This deposit contains crustacean cuticles, coleoid gladii with ink sacs and mantle tissues, and articulated skeletons of fish, crinoids, and ichthyosaurs. The fossils were preserved in the Pliensbachian and Toarcian (Early Jurassic) when euxinic conditions were common in the area, in part, due to the ∼183 Ma Toarcian OAE. Some of the fossils contain carbonaceous material, but the majority consists of apatite minerals, and phosphatic gladii demonstrate that some animals were preserved through secondary phosphate mineralization. Phosphatization generally occurs within phosphate-rich sediment, but oceanic anoxia causes sediment to release phosphorus and prevents animals from colonizing seafloor habitats. Accordingly, we propose that the animals were preserved during brief episodes of bottom water oxia and/or dysoxia, when the environment would have been most favorable to benthic communities and phosphate mineralization. In this setting, phosphatization may have been fueled by phosphate delivery from continental weathering in response to climatic warming, ocean upwelling of eutrophic water, and/or nutrient trapping by anoxia in the basin.

Mineral content in local feed ingredients used by fish farmers in four different regions of Tanzania

This study investigated the content of selected minerals (P, Ca, K, Na, Mg, Fe and I) in local feed ingredients used by tilapia fish farmers in Tanzania. Analyses were performed on 26 local feed ingredients collected at four different geographical locations in Tanzania (Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Mbeya and Mwanza). The samples were taken randomly from fish farmers, fish feed producers, fingerling producers and animal feed shops or centers near fish farms in each region. The results showed a wide range of mineral concentrations. The highest levels of P was found in fish skeletons (17.8 g kg-1), of Ca in limestone (107.3 g kg-1), of K in gallant soldier (51.0 g kg-1), of Na in marine shrimp (Exhippolysmata oplophoroides) (11.7 g kg-1), of Mg in prawn head waste (4.2 g kg-1), of Fe in azolla (2355 mg kg-1) and of I in full fat soybean (447 mg kg-1). The data on mineral content in feed ingredients can be used as a platform for better-targeted feed formulation for tilapia farming systems. In conclusion, the data suggest that if more than two ingredients are used in the diet, this may be sufficient to meet the mineral requirements of all cultured tilapia species and their hybrids, without inclusion of any mineral premix.

The effect of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) on the bone mineral content and on the expression of bone-Gla protein (BGP, Osteocalcin) in the vertebral column of white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus)

The aim of this study was to test the effect of long-term dissolved CO2 exposure on white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus). 45 day post hatching (dph) groupers (0.4 ± 0.05 g; 2.1 ± 0.1 cm) were equally distributed to 15 aquaria (17 L) at a density of 40 larvae per aquarium. The fish were grown for 60 days at a salinity of 25 ppt (26.5 οC) while being exposed to three dissolved CO2 concentrations: Control (0.8 ± 0.1 mg L−1; pH 7.9 ± 0.1), Medium (5.5 ± 0.2 mg L−1; pH 7.1 ± 0.1) and High (28.5 ± 1.5 mg L−1; pH 6.2 ± 0.1). Analysis of bone mineral contents showed that at the end of the CO2 exposure period (105 dph), the Ca levels were significantly higher (P < .001) in the skeleton of fish from the high CO2 treatment as compared to the medium and control treatments. However, the P levels were not significantly different between the three treatments (P > .05). The gene expression of bone Gla protein (BGP, Osteocalcin), a marker for skeletal mineralization, was significantly higher in the vertebral column of the fish from the control treatment as compared to the medium (P < .05) and high (P < .01) treatments. The expression of BGP mRNA was positively correlated with the fish growth rate, as the fish from the control treatment presented the highest body weight at the end of the experiment.