Fish Scraps Research Articles

Evaluation of Farm Plot Conditions and Effects of Fish Scrap Compost on Yield and Mineral Composition of Field Grown Maize

▪ The increasing availability of composted soil amendments derived from residues not normally encountered in farming has prompted this study of fish scrap compost. An on-farm field trial with maize (Zea mays) was established to test the effects of composted fish scrap (CFS) in comparison to un-composted farmyard manure (FYM) and inorganic nutrients (NPK). Fish scraps were previously composted with sawdust. Farm manure resulted from bedding dairy animals with a sawdust/straw mixture. Both CFS and FYM had C:N ratios of approximately 31. Yields and nutrient content were evaluated following application of 0.50, 23 and 106 Mg/ha of NPK, FYM and CFS, respectively which were applied based on estimated N-release. Ear-node leaves sampled at tasseling and analyzed for major and minor nutrients indicated that phosphorus was very significantly lower in compost compared to manure and NPK. Statistical analysis revealed that were was no significant differences in yields which decreased in the order FYM > NPK > CFS > Con...

The Distribution of Nitrogen in Peat-Based Composts of Manure Slurries and Fisheries Wastes

ABSTRACT Slurries of manures from sheep, dairy cows and poultry and their composts with peat moss, and composts made from fish and crab scraps with peat moss or brown peat, were characterized for the distribution of different N forms. The total-N in the composts varied from 1.09 to 3.72%, with the fish scrap composts being the richest. The mature composts contained 13 to 44% of the total N as NH4 − and NO−3 + ions, immediately available to plants. The crab scrap composts were richest in mineral N. The distribution of organic N in the mature composts was generally within the ranges found in mineral agricultural soils, except that amino sugar-N was low in the composts, with the highest (up to 2.75% of total N) in those produced from crab and shrimp wastes which are rich in chitin (a N-acetyl glucosamine polymer). It was concluded that the organic N in the composts would be less amenable to losses than the N in easily hydrolyzable biopolymers in the original wastes.

Tissue-Culture and Suckling Mouse Tests of Toxigenicity in Peat-Based Composts of Fish and Crab Wastes

ABSTRACT Unfinished composts prepared from peat, fish scrap, crab scrap and seaweeds were found by tissue-culture tests to contain some toxic components present or formed in starting materials. However, no toxins tested were present in the mature composts. The data thus revealed the usefulness of the tests, and high hygienic quality of the composts.

The Feasibility of Preparing High Quality Composts from Fish Scrap and Peat with Seaweeds or Crab Scrap

ABSTRACT Four combinations of fish scrap, crab scrap and seaweeds were mixed with and enveloped in peat to examine the feasibility of preparing high quality composts from these materials. Neither lime, nor fertilizers were added. Each compost heap was built manually in the shape of a trapezoid with a base of 2m × 3m, and included two horizontal, perforated ventilation pipes. The air drawn naturally through the pipes, the fibrous and readily biodegradable nature of the peat, and the size and shape of the heap, allowed thermophilic (45° to 65°C) aerobic microbial activity to be attained within days. The aerobic activity was sustained so that neither H2S nor other malodours were emanated. No liquid was exuded. Nearly all of the NH3 produced during the composting was adsorbed as NH4+ by the moist, acidic peat. The water and heat retention properties of the peat minimized the need for watering or turning of the composts. The single turning of the heaps at the end of six or seven weeks did not cause reheating. ...

フィッシュミールにおけるソリウブル添加の影響 ＩＩＩ フィシュミールのヒスタミン含量

As a cause of increasing death rete observed in chickens by ulceration in their muscular stomachs, histamine in fish meals used as their feeds has been suspected in Japanese poultry industry. Therefore, relatively fresh commercial products of fish meals and fish scraps were analysed to ascertain the degree and the mechanism of histamine accumulation in these products. In consequence, relatively higher amount of histamine was found in some whole fish meals manufactured from the red muscle fish, such as mackerel, sardine, and anchovy. While, the histamine content was lower in the meals manufactured without fish solubles addition, than in the solubles obtained from the identical raw fish at the same factories. Further, it was confirmed experimentally that considerable portions of histamine accumulated in the raw fish were pressed out into the stick water fraction by “cook and press” operation. These results may well suggest that fish solubles occupy a considerable portion of histamine accumulated in the deteriorated raw fish, such as mackerel and sardine, and contribute to increase the histamine content in the whole meals thus produced.

Fermented Animal Protein in Nutrition with Certain Aspects on the Combat of Infectious Diseases in Animals and the Problem of Antibiotics in Scandinavia

The author first gives a short review of the present favorable situation regarding the combat of infectious diseases in animals and the veterinary as well as the food hygiene in Scandinavia.Salmonellosis is, however, one of the most threating conditions and the possibilities of using a certein fermented animal protein as a safeguard and in the combat are discussed.The fermentation of animal protein was first developed for preservation of fish, fish scraps, blood, slaughtery waste, bananas etc. When the activity of the products against certain bacteria, a such as Salmonella, Coli, Anthrax, Mycobacteria, etc, was discovered by the author, further steps were made for developing a product which also could be used in the combat of these infections.Fed to pigs, poultry and mink, FAP increased the weight gain, production, and especially health conditions. During fermentation, linoleic and linolenic acid as well as vitamin Big content increased and the pH decreased. These changes could not, however, be evaluated as the main cause of the favorable health conditions obtained when FAP was fed. The fertility and hatchability of eggs from FAP fed hens were higher than in eggs from hens fed with other protein sources.In the blood of animals fed with FAP, hemoglobin increases and the cholesterol values are lower and r-globulin percentage is higher than in the controls.The death rate from leucosis has been significantly lower in FAP fed hens than in others and the production of hens suffering from leucosis is increased when FAP is fed.When animals suffering from Salmonellosis are treated with FAP, infection disappears in 10 days. In swine, FAP acts as a stabiliser of the intestinal microbes and no Clostridia infection appears even when a diet high in protein is fed together with FAP. Some extraneous conditions have been treated successfully with FAP and no allergic conditions whatsoever have appeared.

Condensed Fish Solubles. A Review of its Preparation and Properties

The chief methods of preparing condensed solubles are by concentrating stickwater after first treating it with acid or enzymes to remove or destroy interfering proteins. When acid treatment of the stickwater is used prior to its centrifugation and concentration, there is a change in the viscosity of solubles with season, which can be attributed to changes in its gelatin content. The effect of the gelatin can be overcome by the use of enzymes.Stickwater can be preserved with acid, sodium acid pyrophosphate or penicillin prior to its conversion to solubles.The amino acid and vitamin content of condensed solubles is discussed with particular reference to factors such as freshness of the fish, degree of spoilage of the stickwater and methods of processing the solubles which cause variations in the levels of these nutrients.The composition of the solubles is also determined by the species of fish used, the age and extent of maturation of the fish, and by the type of material (whether whole fish or fish scraps) from which the solubles is prepared.The use of condensed fish solubles as a feed supplement is discussed. The need for using fish solubles of known history both in practical rations and in nutrition studies is stressed.

The Effect of Freezing on Encysted Anisakis Larvae

Immature heterocheilid nematodes, usually Contracaecum or Anisakis, are commonly found encysted in commercial fish brought to the Seattle docks. Sites of predilection are the serosal surfaces of the stomach, pyloric caeca, and adjacent intestine, the ventral mesentery, and less commonly, somatic musculature in contact with these areas or along the vertebrae. The heaviest parasite load occurs in bottom fish, such as rock fish, cod, and flat fish, which may carry several hundred parasites per host. Herring and salmonids are usually more lightly infected. Criteria for specific identification of the immature nematodes in this group are not established. Anisakis adults have been reported as occurring in various marine mammals (pinnipeds and cetaceans), and occasionally from marine birds. Recently, immature stages were reported from man (Hitchcock, 1950). There is nothing to suggest that more than one species of Anisakis is present in the material from the intermediate hosts encountered in Seattle. Adult Contracaecum occur locally in marine mammals, birds, and fish (Sebastodes, cod, etc.). Since a temperature of 37? C. is lethal in vitro for most excysted Contracaecum from fish in this area, it seems likely that the common final host is a piscivorous fish. No published material dealing specifically with death by freezing has been found for this group. The only example of encysted nematode larva investigated with respect to freezing is that of Trichinella spiralis, which has been the subject of repeated testing to establish a basis for control of trichinosis. This literature has been most recently reviewed by Gould and Kaasa (1949). Discrepancies among the opinions expressed have been attributed to the type of freezer employed, the medium surrounding the sample, the size of the sample, the rate of cooling, the age of the larvae, individual differences in the larvae, and the host in which they are encysted. It seems probable from this work that trichina larvae may survive for two weeks or more at - 10? C., less than 3 days at - 20? C., and only a few hours at - 30? C. Studies to determine the effect of freezing on heterocheilids were initiated following inquiries from the Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, where frozen herring are fed to seal, cormorants, and other potential hosts. Interest has also been expressed in this problem by animal breeders using fish scrap, and by individuals with public

Fish manures and their importance to soil fertility

Fish Manures have been classified as concentrated organic manures and their use as a fertiliser to various crops is very well known. In the days of the Oil Sardine Fishery of the West coast of this Presidency, the Fish Scrap, after cooking and pressing for oil-popularly known as Fish, Guano-was in wide use as a manure for coconut trees, coffee, tea and tobacco plantations locally and the surplus amounting to many thousands of tons of this manure were exported. But the sardine fishery is almost a feature of the past and so the people here look to other kinds of fish manures. Various kinds of manures are generally prepared during seasonal gluts of the fishery and are immediately utilised in the nearby coffee, tea and tobacco plantations, so much so there is not sufficient manure left for use in the interior parts of the coastal strip. The types of manure manufactured at present can be broadly classified as beach-dried fish manure, pit fish manure and prawn shell manure.

The Use of a Hoof and Horn Meal to Replace Animal and Vegetable Protein in Rations for Growing Chicks

IT HAS recently been demonstrated (Wagner and Elvehjem, 1942) that chicks and rats can make use of the protein in powdered swine hoofs and, furthermore, that this material is more adequate for the nutrition of the chick than is purified casein. In a later report (1943), these same authors indicated that powdered swine hoofs was a satisfactory substitute for meat meal and fish scraps in practical starting rations for chicks.The present experiments were made in an attempt to establish the practical feeding value of a product represented as containing 5 to 10 percent horn, 65 to 70 percent cattle hooves and 20 to 30 percent calf and hog hooves.* The calf and hog hooves mixture was predominantly hog hooves. All these ingredients were ground in a ball mill to a very fine powder and, subsequently, were thoroughly mixed. Seventy-five percent of the resultant material would pass through a 100 .

魚粉,魚粕の製法と其品質との關係

魚粉,魚粕の製法と其品質との關係

Growth Values of Proteins from Commercial Animal Products: 1. Commercial Meat and Bone Scraps

The need for nitrogenous feeds in the poultry ration has been recognized for many years. In 1898 Wheeler1 reported some work showing the value of proteins from animal products. Since that time many experiment stations have carried on tests comparing the value of the protein in various feeds, including animal by-products, in order to determine satisfactory sources of protein concentrates. Such experiments have been conducted with both growing chicks and mature birds.In 1915 Philips2 in a report on experiments for egg production with mature stock states: “Meat scrap, fish scrap, or skim milk greatly increases the efficiency of the grain and dry mash feed.”At the New Jersey Station3 it was found that when the mash portion of the ration contained 25 per cent of meat scraps there was an increase in egg production of pullets when compared with a ration in which the mash contained 10 per cent .

Efficiency of Protein Carriers as Measured by Fecundity

The majority of persons interested in the nutrition of poultry whether for growth; for egg production or for meat production, readily acknowledge the importance of securing high grade protein carriers in the rations which they use. Protein is a food nutrient which plays a leading roll in the formation of the muscular tissue of the growing chick, in the development of its plumage and in the maintenance of its body processes. It is very essential in the formation of eggs and the building up of new tissues in meat production. Poultry feeders are vitally interested in the various commercial forms in which protein can be economically and efficiently secured. There are two available sources of protein, namely, that from animals and that from plants. From the animal source we have the various kinds of meat scrap, bone products, fish scrap, blood meal, milk and milk products. All of these are …

Chick Feeding Experiment

The object of this short experiment was to find the comparative feeding values and effects of buttermilk, commercial meat scraps, fish scraps and meat scrap in addition to buttermilk, when fed to chicks. It was carried on by F. T. Evans, one of the senior students at Purdue University, as a thesis.Five compartments of a one hundred feet pipe heated Candee brooder house, were used to keep five pens of fifty each, of White Leghorn chicks. The test was run over six, seven-day periods from March 24 to April 28th, 1916.The rations of the pens were as follows:PEN NO. 1—6 pounds, sifted cracked corn.4 pounds, ground wheat.2 pounds, steel cut oats.2 pounds, bran.2 pounds, shorts.PEN NO. 2—6 pounds, sifted cracked corn.4 pounds, ground wheat.2 pounds, steel cut oats.2 pounds, bran.2 pounds, shorts.2½ pounds, meat scrap.

Concentrates for Growing Chicks and for Laying Stock

The object of this experiment was to determine the value of the poultry, animal and mineral concentrates, dry ground bone meal, fish scrap, a prepared mineral food, and beef scrap, with special reference to growing chickens and laying pullets.

Composition of Certain Fish Fertilizers from the Pacific Coast and the Fertilizer Value of Degreased Fish Scrap.

Composition of Certain Fish Fertilizers from the Pacific Coast and the Fertilizer Value of Degreased Fish Scrap.