Pond Fish Farming Research Articles

Comparative characteristics of water quality indicators when growing fish in mono-and polyculture

In aquaculture, the efficiency of fish cultivation depends on the quality of water, its hydrochemical and microbiological indicators. Research in this area is short and insufficient. It is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study of water quality in various fish farming zones of the Russian Federation, including all the factors of pollution and self-purification of ponds, to prevent the transition of intensively used ponds to the category of hypereutrophic, to create conditions that stimulate the process of self-purification of water. The authors of this article studied the role of organisms that live in fresh and salty water for self-purification of ponds and the impact of fish-breeding processes on the hydrochemical and microbiological regime of water in fish farming, determined the water quality in the growing ponds of the branch of FSUE Natsrybresurs «Teplovsky Fish Nursery» with mono and polyculture. The obtained results update the information about the influence of pond fish farming on the regime of water reservoirs, in the future they will allow to make changes and maintain the ratio and vital activity of hydrobionts in the biocenosis of fish ponds at best possible level.

Aquaculture and aquafeed in Rwanda: current status and perspectives

ABSTRACT A survey was conducted to obtain up-to-date information and create a knowledge base on pond fish farming, local feed ingredients, and their nutritive properties in Rwanda. Sixty-seven pond-farms were randomly sampled from a population of 112 countrywide. Semi-intensive was the dominant (81%) farming-system and three fish species were cultured: Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Tilapia was the most commonly farmed species, and >50% of pond-farms were located in Northern and Southern provinces. There were 1–3 hatcheries per province, all producing tilapia. In total, 31 feed ingredients were identified, with rice, wheat, and maize bran being most commonly used. Feed analysis revealed high protein content (>350 g kg−1 CP) in local fishmeal, chicken viscera, and spent brewer’s yeast. Local ingredients and potential novel-feeds need further investigation prior to their confident use in fish diets to improve aquaculture at a low-cost in Rwanda.

Geographic information system as a tool for assessing ponds and the potential for environmental impact caused by fish farming

The hydrographic basin of Arroio Marreco (Paraná State) concentrates a productive chain of fish farming and great intensification of tilapia farming. In this study, we aimed to monitor the quality of effluent water and organic and inorganic elements released by fish farming in ponds, using geomorphological and land-use and occupation data. The Terrain Analysis Using Digital Elevation Models, Digital Elevation Model software was used to delimit watersheds in the software Quantum geographic information system version 3.6.3. A total of 1,457 production units (water slides) were identified across the study area. This represented an occupied area of 160.2 ha. Analyzing the sub-basins, it was found that High Marreco is the sub-basin with the most developed logistical chain. Low Marreco does not yet have an integration of its fish farming with the region’s logistics chain. Medium Marreco does not have fish farming as its main activity, only using it to reuse inputs from other agricultural activities. There is a large input of nutrients from aquaculture in all the sub-basins. To reduce them, it is recommended to implement decantation and/or reuse of wastewater systems. The results of this study show how important it is to know the dynamics of nutrients in the fish farms and the physical characteristics of the drainage basin to determine the support capacity of the environment, so as not to allow licenses that promote impacts above the self-cleaning capacity of the courses water.

АНАЛИЗ СОВРЕМЕННОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ВОДНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ БАССЕЙНОВ РЕК БОЛЬШОЙ ЕГОРЛЫК И ЗАПАДНЫЙ МАНЫЧ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ ДЛЯ ОРОШЕНИЯ

Purpose: to study the current state of water resources of the Bolshoy Egorlyk and Western Manych river basins used for irrigation purposes. Materials and methods: on the basis of modern research methods using statistical data, an analysis of runoff volume used for land irrigation and the volume of recirculated water from irrigation to natural surface water bodies of the Bolshoy Egorlyk and Western Manych rivers was made. Results. The analysis carried out showed that the largest water withdrawals from the river basins are made in June-July. On the section of the river Bolshoy Egorlyk from the Novotroitskoe reservoir to the border of the Rostov region and the Stavropol Territory, the total water withdrawal is 103.66 million m³/year, the main water consumers are irrigation and pond fish farming. From the border of Rostov region and Stavropol Territory to the mouth, water is withdrawn from surface sources only for irrigation. Water withdrawal on the site on the Western Manych river from the Novomanychskaya dam to the Proletarsky waterworks for irrigation needs is currently not being produced. The total water withdrawal from the Western Manych river from the Proletarsky to the Veselovsky waterworks is 256.14 million m³/year, the main water consumption is for irrigation. Conclusions. The current state of water resources of the Bolshoy Egorlyk and Western Manych rivers used for irrigation of agricultural land, is characterized as satisfactory. An increase in the level of irrigation development is possible during modernization and reconstruction of irrigation systems and structures, the installation of protective coatings to eliminate seepage losses, as well as equipping structures with water distribution automation systems and hydrometric devices.

Intelligent pH-sensitive films from whole arrowroot powder and soy protein isolate incorporating red cabbage anthocyanin: monitoring freshness of shrimps and ammonia in fish farming ponds

Whole arrowroot powder, soy protein isolate and red cabbage anthocyanin were used to fabricate packaging films that can monitor the freshness of shrimp and can be used to detect ammonia.

Modern ecological and hygienic problems of the agricultural economy associated with development of pond fish farming

The materials on the study of the content of heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides in fish are presented. It has been established that the level of heavy metals and pesticides in fish is influenced by the territorial location of the pond production. Therefore, the content of lead, cadmium and mercury in the liver and gonads of carp was higher than the permissible values for fish growing in ponds located in the city limits near highways. The pesticides DDT and HCH were detected in the organs of fish in the territories of pond fish farming of farms. Residual concentrations of pesticides contained in fish did not exceed the maximum permissible levels. In order to safely consume fish grown near highways by the population, we recommend the removal of internal organs (liver and gonads) from fish products.

Perceptions of Ecosystem Services and Bonds with Nature: The Case of Fish-Farming Ponds in France

Perceptions of Ecosystem Services and Bonds with Nature: The Case of Fish-Farming Ponds in France

Cultivation of Helix pomatia grape snail in integration with pond fisheries

The article considers the possibility of integrating pond fish farming with the cultivation of grape snail - a new promising direction of agricultural production in Russia. The biological features of H. pomatia allow it to be grown on dams of ponds and make it a promising object of integration into pond fish farms. At the first stages of the integration of the grape snail, a herd of 300 individuals was created at the experimental base of the Research Institute of Integrated Fish Farming, individuals from the local population were selected quite large (average weight 25.6 g), outwardly healthy with an intact shell. Snail feeding was carried out in an open fenced area of 16 m². The peculiarities of the nutrition of the grape snail were studied in laboratory and field conditions. It was found that the snail willingly eats dandelion, burdock, nettle, etc. growing on the dams of ponds. Promising objects for landing on dams and additional nutrition of the snail are-lettuce, zucchini, parsley. Along with the selection of the diet, the search for optimal parameters of illumination and humidity for an experienced herd of snails was carried out. When the temperature rises above the optimum and there is no precipitation, the humidity of the air and soil in the feeding area was maintained by regular sprinkling with water from the pond. The illumination was regulated by a system of canopies and shelters in the form of wooden shields. The soils of the dam are peat, so additional liming is required, and bone flour, crushed eggshells can be used as a source of calcium for the formation of the shell. Grape snails are hermaphrodites, but during mating there is an exchange of sexual products, so the total number of producers required for obtaining offspring is 2 times less than when breeding different-sex individuals. The snail spawning took place in the feeding area, the caviar is large with a mass of 0.15 g and a diameter of 6.14 mm. Wintering is also possible at the feeding site during preliminary preparatory measures.

ALIEN SPECIES OF FISH HELMINTHS OF BELARUS

The article provides data on the species composition of alien helminth species, which infest introduced fish species in pond fish farms, and also the literature data on natural reservoirs of Belarus. Seven alien helminth species have been revealed in introduced fish in reservoirs of Belarus ( Khawia sinensis Hsü, 1935, Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (Yamaguti, 1934) , Caryophyllaeus fimbriceps Annenkova-Chlopina, 1919, Philometroides cyprini (Ishii, 1931), Dactylogyrus dulkeiti Bychowsky, 1936, Bothriocephalus claviceps (Goeze, 1782) , Anguillicola crassus Kuwahara 1974). All species of helminths excluding the nematode A.crassus and the cestode B.claviceps - parasites of the eels Anguilla anguilla , were introduced to Belarus with the seeding of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Far East. The invasive species of helminths ( K. sinensis, S. acheilognathi, P. cyprini, A. crassus ), which affect fishery by causing the death of farmed fish, are singled out.

Sex steroid levels in females and males of Brycon orbignyanus throughout different juvenile and adult ages and during induction hormone in the mature females

The levels of reproductive hormones for fish stocked in fish farming ponds can be varying with respect to age and sex. Piracanjuba is an endangered species and broodstock are raised to be used in stocking programs. Therefore, we aimed to describe the plasma levels of the major sex steroids, 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17α-OHP), testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), in males and females of Brycon orbignyanus of different ages, juveniles with 12 and 24 months and adults with 48 months, and the changes before and after carp pituitary extract application in mature females. Four males and five adult females (48 months) were collected, identified through the sexual dimorphism of the species. For the other ages (12 and 24 months), 20 fish of each age were collected for sex determination through histology. Blood was collected and centrifuged; plasma was obtained for quantification of the plasma profile of E2, 17α-OHP, T and 11-KT. In B. orbignyanus males three phases of gonadal development were observed: immature, developing (12 and 24) and regressing (48). A higher level of E2 (p < 0.05) was observed in immature males, higher levels of T (p < 0.05) were observed in fish of 24 and 48 months. In females of B. orbignyanus blood pre hormonal induction (PI) and post extrusion of oocytes (PE), were collected and stimulus in the production of T, 11-KT and 17α-OHP observed. In females of different ages (12, 24 and 48 months) the E2 showed a higher level (p < 0.05) in relation to other hormones. The T was not observed in 12 and 24 month females, but in 48 month females T and 11-KT observed (p < 0.05), with respect to the 17α-OHP there was no difference in ages observed. In conclusion, E2, 17α-OHP and 11-KT were described for male and female B. orbignyanus from 12, 24 to 48 months of age in the reproductive period. The T was verified in males at 12, 24 and 48 months of age and in females only at 48 months of age. Although there is more concentration of hormones in the reproductive phase at 48 months, in females it is necessary to apply the hormone induction protocol for spawning that is used for rheophilic fish.

Prospects for the development of aquaculture in the southern regions of Russia

The article presents an analysis of the prospects for the development of aquaculture in the southern regions of Russia. It is shown that the volume of aquaculture in the southern regions of the country in 2020 amounted to more than 78.6 thousand tons, which is 24% of the all-Russian. The Southern Federal District is one of the three leaders in the production of aquaculture products, its volume amounted to 81.4 thousand tons in 2019 and 70.2 thousand tons in 2020. About 90.6% of aquaculture products were received in the Rostov and Astrakhan regions, Krasnodar Krai. The volume of commercial production in the Republic of Crimea has increased significantly (by 23%). Pasture aquaculture, pond and industrial fish farming, recreational aquaculture, and mariculture are promising areas in the federal District. There is a great variety of growing objects, these are both traditional species for the region and the country — carp, herbivorous, sturgeon, and pike, common and channel catfish, walleye, perch, pilengas, paddlefish, buffalo. In addition, shellfish farms are actively developing on the coast of Crimea. The prospects of interaction between fundamental, branch, university science and enterprises of the real sector of the economy are shown. In order to achieve sustainable development of the country’s aquaculture, it is necessary to strengthen state support measures, especially for small businesses and fish farming. At the same time, support should be provided not only at the state, but also at the regional level.

ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ РАБОТЫ ПРУДОВЫХ ЭЛЕКТРОНЕВОДОВ

The article considers the problem of low productivity of many fish farms, especially non-drainage ponds against the background of a growing increase in the volume of fish farming, which is typical for pond fish farming in Russia. It has been found that one of the main factors of low productivity (1–5 c/ha) is the imperfection of existing tools and methods of fishing. With significant costs of manual labor and time, the catch of farmed fish is no more than 50%. The remaining fish die mostly during winter fish kills. To reduce the proportion of manual labor and improve the efficiency of fishing in non-drainage ponds, many countries are looking for the methods to modernize existing or develop new fishing gear. The most promising in this respect are electric breeders for fishing in the non-drainage ponds, small lakes and water reservoirs. The advantages of this method are the coverage of a large fishing zone, the possibility of catching fish leaving ordi-nary seines, and work in silted and tied water bodies. Studying the regularities of the electric field impact on fish is necessary to explain and predict its behavior in electric fields, to develop technical means that provide the necessary control activity, to develop measures to protect ichthyofauna from the harmful effects of electric fields, etc.

Evaluating the contribution of nature to well-being: The case of ecosystem services related to fish-farming ponds in France

Ecosystem Services (ES) can contribute to several aspects of human well-being (WB) that we understand as the subjective perception that individuals have of their quality of life, depending on a set of factors. We compare the relative weights of the WB factors resulting from ES (ES-based) and those that do not depend on ES (non-ES-based), from an online survey (N = 1006) relating to ES linked to fish-farming ponds in France. A summary variable, the “WB profile”, allows to identify individuals (38% of respondents) whose WB is strongly linked to the presence of ES (the number of ES-based WB factors is greater than the number of non-ES-based WB factors). The WB profile of these individuals is analyzed with a binary logit model showing the preponderance of variable accounting for perceptions and interactions with ecosystems (attendance, relationship and attachment to nature, efforts to preserve the environment). We observe a lower level of training and the existence of a threshold effect on the relationship between life satisfaction and the ES-dependent profile: this contribution only concerns people with a high life satisfaction index. These results attest to the importance of pro-environmental perceptions, emotions and behaviors for conservation policies.

Monthly biological larviciding associated with a tenfold decrease in larval density in fish farming ponds and reduced community-wide malaria incidence in northwestern Brazil

BackgroundLarvicides are typically applied to fixed and findable mosquito breeding sites, such as fish farming ponds used in commercial aquaculture, to kill immature forms and thereby reduce the size of adult malaria vector populations. However, there is little evidence suggesting that larviciding may suppress community-wide malaria transmission outside Africa. Here, we tested whether the biological larvicide VectoMax FG applied at monthly intervals to fish farming ponds can reduce malaria incidence in Amazonian Brazil.MethodsThis study was carried out in Vila Assis Brasil (VAB; population 1700), a peri-urban malaria hotspot in northwestern Brazil with a baseline annual parasite incidence of 553 malaria cases per 1000 inhabitants. The intervention consisted of monthly treatments with 20 kg/ha of VectoMax FG of all water-filled fish ponds in VAB (n ranging between 167 and 170) with a surface area between 20 and 8000 m2, using knapsack power mistblowers. We used single-group interrupted time-series analysis to compare monthly larval density measurements in fish ponds during a 14-month pre-intervention period (September 2017–October 2018), with measurements made during November 2018–October 2019 and shortly after the 12-month intervention (November 2019). We used interrupted time-series analysis with a comparison group to contrast the malaria incidence trends in VAB and nearby nonintervention localities before and during the intervention.ResultsAverage larval densities decreased tenfold in treated fish farming ponds, from 0.467 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.444–0.490) anopheline larvae per dip pre-intervention (September 2017–October 2018) to 0.046 (95% CI, 0.041–0.051) larvae per dip during (November 2018–October 2019) and shortly after the intervention (November 2019). Average malaria incidence rates decreased by 0.08 (95% CI, 0.04–0.11) cases per 100 person-months (P < 0.0001) during the intervention in VAB and remained nearly unchanged in comparison localities. We estimate that the intervention averted 24.5 (95% CI, 6.2–42.8) malaria cases in VAB between January and December 2019.ConclusionsRegular larviciding is associated with a dramatic decrease in larval density and a modest but significant decrease in community-wide malaria incidence. Larviciding may provide a valuable complementary vector control strategy in commercial aquaculture settings across the Amazon.Graphical abstract

Method of installation into a natural water body of material of stocking of crayfish of the subfamily Astacinae Latreille, 1802, obtained in artificial conditiohs

Results of experimental and analytical researches on restoration of stocks of crayfish of subfamily Astacinae Latreille, 1802 in water body of the Forest zone of the European part of Russia by introduction of larvae of the early stages received in artificial conditions are presented. Researches were conducted in 1995–2020 under programs of Rosrybhoz, Tver’rybhoz, the Russian Academy of agricultural sciences and the Ministry of the Science and Higher education of the Russian Federation. To restore the stocks of crayfish in the Tver Region, larvae of early age stages obtained under artificial conditions were placed in frame devices installed along the shore of the water body, covered with a fine-mesh netting with a small slit left near their bottom. The differences in the environment in the growing pond (fish farm pond) and in the larval introduction pond (Puiga River) were minimal. In devices filled with aquatic vegetation enriched with food organisms, the larvae had the opportunity to adapt to the new environment, find food organisms, and gradually get out through the slit into the water body. A survey of the results of this method of introducing of stocking material, carried out after 1.5–2 months, made it possible to establish the absence of larvae in the devices, and to find in the river backwater downstream a lot of larvae that grew up to the 6th age stage with a body length of 2 and more centimeters. The number of larvae in the backwater was established by calculation based on the results of an approximate calculation of their number per 165 copies/m² of the river bottom inhabited by crustaceans, the settlement area was 15.8 m². The number of found grown-up larvae allowed us to estimate approximately the survival rate of the universal planting material of cancer at least 36%.

Primary signs of internal organ diseases in carp in case of standard condition violations in fish farming ponds

Hematological and histopathological study results of adult carp from a private fish farm are presented. Abnormalities in the main hematological parameters (blood elements ratio, leukocyte formula, erythropoiesis level, possible pathologies of erythrocytes) were not revealed. One third of the examined fish were found to have abnormalities in the tissues of gills, liver, and heart muscle in the form of minor focal formations (detachment of the gill epithelium, dissection of myofibrils, disorders of glycogen metabolism, foci of necrosis and infiltration) which indicates the initial stage of the pathological process. Kidneys, gonads, and somatic muscle fibers showed no signs of pathology. The main factors determining the primary signs of internal organ diseases are water quality (water saturated with magnesium, calcium, and iron salts, increased hardness) and an unbalanced diet (primarily, an insufficient amount of raw protein) that does not meet the standards adopted in fish farming. The registered initial signs of the pathological process in the gills, liver and heart muscle can be leveled by improving the carp keeping conditions.

INVESTIGATION OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANIC AND MINERAL PARTS OF SOLID WASTE FROM THE PRODUCTION OF HUMIC PREPARATIONS

The composition of the organic and mineral parts of solid residues from the production of humic preparations&#x0D; Hydrohumate, Oxyhumate, peat oxidate and Consil was studied. Significant differences in the component composition of these wastes, depending on the technologies for obtaining drugs, have been established. Redox-hydrolytic processing of peat leads to almost complete (acid-base hydrolysis) or partial (oxidation) destruction of hemicelluloses and the relative accumulation of cellulose and "lignin" in solid waste. The organic parts of the residues contain up to 30 % humic substances, due to the fact that the technologies for the production of humic preparations do not provide for the stage of washing the residues after separation in a centrifuge and some of the humic preparations remain in the solid phase. It is shown that the mineral part of solid residues includes a wide range of biogenic macro-and microelements,&#x0D; since humates of monovalent metals pass into solution, and salts of humic substances with metals of higher valence are insoluble and remain in the solid residue from hydrolysis or oxidation of peat. The study of the chemical composition of solid residues from the production of humic preparations showed possible&#x0D; directions for their effective disposal. Waste products are humate-containing products with a wide range of biogenic macro-and microelements, so they can be effectively used as biologically active additives to soils, compost, fertilizers, as well as in pond fish farming to stimulate the development of components of the natural food base of fish and increase the fish productivity of reservoirs.

Bacteriological study of bottom soil of three extensive fish farm ponds

The study was conducted for bacteriological assessment of pond bottom soil (sediment) from three selected fish ponds of Bangladesh Agricultural University. Samples were collected both in winter and summer seasons to see the seasonal variations of some bacterial genera. Physicochemical parameters of the pond water and sediment were also estimated monthly. Sediment samples were collected from the shore and middle zone of the ponds. All sediment samples were acidic. The total viable count of bacteria in pond sediment ranged from (8.5×106) to (4.9×109) cfu/g and bacterial count were higher in summer than in winter. A total of 16 bacterial genera were identified from the sediments. The predominant microflora consisted of Aeromonas, Flavobacterium, Cytophaga, Escherichia, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Aerococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Moraxella while the first five listed the greatest abundance. Aeromonas was the most dominant organism. Bacterial diversification was found higher in summer than in winter.

Species suitability for small indigenous species (SIS) of fish farming in carp polyculture ponds under drought prone area

Reduced culture period with lack of guidelines in selecting appropriate species are major constraints for promotion of small indigenous species (SIS) based carp polyculture in ponds under drought prone area. In order to address this issue, an experiment was conducted to determine the suitable species for farming of SIS fishes in carp polyculture ponds in Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. Three different species of SIS fishes were tested under three treatments (T1, Heteropneustes fossilis; T2, Clarias batrachus; T3, Mystus cavasius). Carp species were Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Gibelion catla and Labeo rohita. Stocking density of SIS fishes (37050 individuals ha–1) and carps (H. molitrix, 500; G. catla, 250 and L. rohita 250 individuals ha–1) were same for all the treatments. Fishes were fed 35% protein containing supplementary feed twice a day at the rate of 6% of biomass. Common water quality parameters were monitored monthly and found within the suitable range for fish culture. Treatment T2 was significantly higher than others in terms of fish yield and cost benefit ratio. Further research is also recommended to optimize the stocking density of C. batrachus based carp polyculture.

Деякі особливості живлення веслоноса (Polyodon spathula (Walbaum, 1792)) у процесі вирощування до товарної маси у ставах Полісся України

Purpose. To investigate peculiarities of feeding of paddlefish during the second year of life in polyculture with carp fish in ponds of Ukrainian Polissia. Methodology. A North American zooplanktophage belonging to sturgeons, the paddlefish was reared in polyculture with carp, hybrids of silver and bighead carps, as well as grass carp in pond with areas of 1 hectare on natural food supply. Development of the natural food supply was stimulated by applying cattle manure into ponds at an amount of 1 ton/ha. The stocking density of age‒1 paddlefish with an average weight of 143 g was 150 ind./ha, The total stocking density of all polyculture objects was 520 ind./ha. The determination of the nutritional and growth characteristics of fish, the qualitative composition of forage aquatic organisms and their biomass was carried out using well‒known methods. The main physicochemical parameters of water quality were investigated during fish rearing using generally accepted recommendations in fish farming and hydrochemistry. Findings. The environmental conditions of the pond mainly met the biological requirements for the studied aquaculture objects. A periodic decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration to 1.5‒2.0 mgO2/dm3 was observed, which could slow down fish growth. During sampling to determine the feeding habits of paddlefish, the zooplankton biomass in the pond varied within 1.11‒6.44 g/m3, with the predominance of Cladocera and Copepoda. At the end of the study period, age‒1+ paddlefish reached an average weight of 979.0 g with a fish production of 120.4 kg/ha and a survival rate of 82.0%. The total fish production for all polyculture objects was 502.3 kg/ha. The average digestive tract fullness index of paddlefish varied within 199.72‒459.0030/000. The diet of paddlefish was dominated by lower crustaceans with a predominance of Cladocera (65.28‒86.23%). The role of Copepoda in paddlefish nutrition increased at the end of the culture season (up to 32.76%). Rotifera and other forage aquatic organisms did not have a significant value in the paddlefish diet (up to 3.85%). A significant amount of detritus swallowed by fish was observed (13.43‒31.31% of the digestive tract content). A selectivity in the consumption of paddlefish of various groups of zooplankton organisms was noted with the selectivity index for Cladocera at the level of 1.23‒1.48. Originality. New data were obtained on the feeding habits of paddlefish in Ukrainian Polissia. Practical value. The study results are an integral part of the database for the development of improved technologies for pond fish farming in Ukraine. Key words: paddlefish, pond aquaculture, fish polyculture, natural food supply, fish feeding.