Fish Farming Activities Research Articles

The interplay between fish farming and nature based recreation-tourism in Southern Chile: A perception approach

Nature based tourism, ecotourism and other types of recreation are an intangible cultural marine ecosystem services. Due to its geographical conditions, Southern Chile has been worldwide-recognised site by its nature based tourism attraction. Fish farming has had since 1980’s a consistent development in the region with jumps and bumps, but still occupying a dominant role in the region’s economy. Previous reports about perceptions from entrepreneurs of the tourism sector claim that they are living a confrontational reality against aquaculture. The WTP modelling results suggest a general disposition of the tourists to pay some money to avoid further negative environmental impacts on the ecosystem services they enjoy and positively correlated with income. The wealthier is the tourist, the higher is the disposition to pay to avoid. Results from our survey indicate that the majority (67%) of tourists has a negative environmental perception of fish farming activities, while almost half (47%) of the tourists recognise the importance of aquaculture for the economy of coastal communities. Public policies and particularly spatial regional planning should consider the high level of negative interaction showed from this results in order to allow both activities to develop in equity of opportunities.

Spatial and temporal patterns of macrozoobenthic community inhabiting sediments under tropical fish farming

Macrozoobenthic animals is one of biota that may be used to assess the impact of the activities. They inhabit sediment of water ecosystem and may respond vary at different spatiotemporal scales. The purpose of this study is to study spatial and temporal patterns of macrozoobenthic community under fish farming activities at coastal area of Tembelas Island, Kepulauan Riau Province, Indonesia. The macrozoobenthic assemblages were assessedat three sampling locations, i.e. policulture [IMTA], monoculture and reference sites. Each sampling location consisted of three stations with three replicates for each station. The data obtained were analyzed using PRIMER software V.6.1.5. to compare number of taxa (S), Shanon- Wiener diversity index (H’), and Pielou’s evenness index (e) and K-dominance cumulative curves between sites and times. The results showed that diversity index at fish farming locations (IMTA and monoculture) exhibited lower than those at reference site, between 1.58 – 2.19 and between 1.99-2.84, respectively. However, diversity at all locations were considered moderate diverse ecosystem. Meanwhile, Pielou’s evenness indexbetween locations and sampling time showed no majordifference, ranging between 0.96-0.98. Based on K-dominance curves, P3T2 station curve was positioned on the top among other curves, implying certain taxa has dominated the assemblages, i.e. Nassarius sp. (Gastropod).

ANALISIS KANDUNGAN MERKURI (HG) DI DALAM TUBUH IKAN PATIN SIAM (Pangasius hypopthalmus) YANG DIBERI PERLAKUAN FITOREMEDIASI DENGAN TANAMAN AZOLLA (Azolla microphilla)

In 2014 the Batanghari River has been polluted with severe polluted category entering into class D group by Jambi Provincial Environment Agency 2014 with effluent content of 0.3265 ppm. One of the contaminants is mercury (Hg). This is due to increased mining, industrial and agricultural activities along the Batanghari River. Batanghari River is a source of water for Sipin Lake. Sipin Lake has much to do with fish farming in KJA for catfish. The potential of Hg content in the waters has exceeded the standard quality standard that can thwart the fish farming activities. Therefore, research to find solutions to solve the contamination of mercury (Hg) content in catfish (Pangasionodon hypopthalmus) with technical use of azolla (Azolla microphilla) as phytoremediation to prevent Hg from entering fish body. This Research conducted around KJA fish cultivation in the waters of Sipin Lake Jambi. The design of this research is Completely Randomized Design with azolla density level as treatment. The results of analysis and observation showed that the density of azolla gave no significant effect on the content of mercury (Hg) in water and fish meatKeyword: phytoremediation, markuri, sipin lake, Azolla microphilla, Pangasionodon hypopthalmus

Crecimiento y capacidad de biorremediación de Chlorella vulgaris (Trebouxiophycea, Chlorophyta) cultivada en aguas residuales generadas en el cultivo del pez dorado Seriola lalandi (Perciformes: Carangidae)

Growth of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and its efficiency in dissolved nutrients removal from effluent generated by yellowtail amberjack hatchery production were studied under laboratory scale conditions. This research evaluated indoor and outdoor conditions during 8 days, using filtered and UV light disinfected effluent, inoculated with an initial concentration of 2.06·10 6 ± 4.16·10 3 cells mL -1 of Chlorella vulgaris . In the determination of the growth and removal of nutrients, 12 transparent cylindrical-conical ponds with a capacity of 50 L were used. Three ponds were used for each experimental condition, indoor (3) and outdoor (3), with effluent water from the dorado culture, the remaining six ponds were controls using 1μm filtered seawater, disinfected and enriched with general culture medium F/2, in indoor (3) and outdoor (3), respectively. The result of growth under indoor condition reached a maximum value of 4.17·10 6 ± 7.57·10 5 cells mL -1 after 6 days. Similar growth was achieved in control tanks 4.75·10 6 ± 2.29·10 5 cells mL -1 , whereas in outdoor experimental condition the maximum growth obtained was 2.81·10 6 ± 2.69·10 5 cells mL -1 reached on day 2, compared with controls that showed a maximum growth of 1.83·10 7 ± 2.29·10 5 cells mL -1 . The best nutrient removal results recorded as nitrite removal were values of 91.67 and 88.41% (indoor and outdoor conditions, respectively). Nitrate removed reach a 57.47% (indoor) and 29.31% (outdoor) and a similar ammonia removal of 42.22% for both experimental conditions. Finally, high phosphate removal of 65.78% (indoor) and 75.78% (outdoor) were observed. The results show that the use of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris for the absorption of nutrients and growth in wastewater is feasible, which opens up encouraging perspectives for its application in purification processes in the fish farming activity or another industry that generates effluents with these characteristics.

Multi-year succession of cyanobacteria blooms in a highland reservoir with changing nutrient status, Guizhou Province, China

Over the last 22 years significant phytoplankton changes in Hongfeng lake reservoir have been observed with multiple years of harmful cyanobacteria blooms (cHABs). Fish farming and other anthropogenic activities from 1994-2001 triggered the harmful blooms. Nine years after the cessation of aquaculture, a conversion from problematic species (Microcystis spp, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae) to the less problematic species P. limnetica and other associated non-cyanobacteria taxa was recorded. Through this period of change, trophic factors (bottom-up) were re-examined, and correlations between cHABs and selected environmental variables were observed. Higher temperatures, nutrients (TN, TP) and available light significantly favored the development of Microcystis spp blooms. With declining nutrient loads, and a decline in TP relative to TN there was a competitive shift from Microcystis summer blooms to the growth of Pseudanabaena limnetica and other non-cyanobacteria. Pseudanabaena limnetica was favored over Microcystis spp when temperatures were <20°C and TP was <0.03 mg L-1. The apparent species succession to P. limnetica was enhanced by a competitive advantage under varied light conditions. Multiple environmental and biotic conditions (not always nutrients) were driving cHABs. Although only a selected number of environmental variables were examined, the CCA analysis supports observations that temperature and nutrients were associated with the species shift. The replacement of cHABs with the growth of less toxic cyanobacteria like P. limnetica, and other algae creates an interesting scenario (new community condition) for the removal of problematic taxa in reservoir systems. Diverting or controlling blooms will have direct implications on water quality and economic remediation initiatives in reservoir and lake management.

The Structural Response Investigation of Modular Pontoon Collar Floating Cage due to Current Load to Support Fish Farming Activities

The size of net cages increases rapidly, reaching volumes above current experience. More exposed locations are used for fish production, introducing higher loads on the net cage and fish farm from strong water currents and large waves. Strength analysis can be a useful tool for development of net-cage designs to avoid escape of fish and ensure sufficient volume for good fish welfare and water quality. The main objectives of this research are to investigate the structural response of modular pontoon collar floating cage due to the current load to support the fish farming activities. Strength analysis was performed using commercial explicit finite element software to calculate the distribution of loads in the net cage due to current, weights and gravity. The net cage was modeled using truss elements that represented several parallel twines. Sub-elements allowed the trusses to buckle in compression, and only negligible compressive forces were seen in the numerical results. Resulting drag loads and cage volume were shown to be dependent on the net cage size and collar shape.

Phosphorus Loading from Fish Farming Activities to Wadaslintang Reservoir Waters

Wadaslintang Reservoir located in Wonosobo Regency of Central Java provides to fish farming area using floating net cage. There are 2 feeding system applied that are semi intensively system managed by local community and super intensively managed by PT. Aquafarm. Both different feeding systems resulted in the amount of pollutant load coming into the reservoirs in the form of total P derived from the remaining feed and feces of fish entering into the reservoir. This can trigger the eutrophication condition of the reservoir waters. The purposes of this study were 1) to calculate the capacity of Wadaslintang reservoir to phosphorus load based on its morphometry and hydrology, 2) to evaluate the capacity of wadaslintang reservoir to Phosphorus load from floating net cage activities in wadaslintang reservoir, and 3) to design the program on the reducing load of Total Phosphorus from floating net activities in wadaslintang reservoir. The research was conducted by survey method in the Wadaslintang Reservoir during January 2016 in both locations of floating net cage fish farming. Parameters measured were P content in fish and P content of feed used in both cultivation systems, and P concentration of reservoir water. The amount of pollutant load coming into the reservoir and its impact on the P concentration of water was calculated using the formula. The results showed that Wadaslintang Reservoir to phosphorus load capacity was 106,56 ton P/year. The Phosphorus load from floating net cage was 216,2 ton P/year. The P load from PT. Aquafarm have exceeded the capacity as much as 70,74 ton P/year. In general the existence of fish farming system using floating net cage in Wadaslintang Reservoir has contributed to increase the concentration of P equal to 43,9% or in other words as much as 50% of P load that goes into reservoir of wadaslintang. Programs designed to reduce the phosphorus load could be done by reducing the number of floating net and decreasing all the activities in the catchment area up to 50% to fulfill phosphorus standard of 100 mg/m3.

EFEKTIVITAS PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM URBAN FARMING DI KELURAHAN MEDOKAN AYU KECAMATAN RUNGKUT KOTA SURABAYA

This research is a descriptive study using qualitative methods. The research is based on the phenomenon that was discovered a few obstacles in the implementation mechanism Urban Farming Program in the city of Surabaya. The research was conducted in the District Rung/cut, where District Rungkut are districts with the highest number of poor families based on total area in 2010, and focused on the Village Medokan Ayu based on the total number of recipients of aid packages from 2009 to 2010.The purpose of this study is to analyze how the effectiveness of the implementation of urban farming catfish aquaculture in the Village District Rungkut Sub Medokan Ayu Surabaya. The theory used is the theory of the effectiveness of programs that are used to determine the effectiveness of the implementation of the urban farming program. Data was collected by observation interviews, and analyzing the data contained in the photo archives and documentation activities in the Village Raising catfish Medokan AyuXlonclusionThe results of this research is the implementation of the program overall urban farming catfish aquaculture in Sub Medokan Ayu less effective because the program has yet to impact on the welfare of the poor. It is seen from socialization activities, where dissemination activities liave been carried out, but the understanding of program participants is low. thus resulting in a failure in the process of cultivation. Seen from the program's objectives have not been able to reduce poverty by fish farming activities, the program is still not optimal in a narrow land into productive land. Productive employment opportunities to the urban farming program implemented but not implemented sustainable society, and the purpose of the program in increasing the revenue has not yet been able to increase the incomes of the poor.

Men and women in trades: changing trends of home-based enterprises in Ga-Mashie, Accra, Ghana

This paper examines changes in home-based enterprises in Ga-Mashie, a coastal community in Accra, Ghana, in response to changes in government and economic policies. With the arrival of the Europeans and the creation of the Accra port in the community, there were modifications in home-based enterprises from predominantly fish processing and farming activities to food vending and trading, mainly in the sale of European goods. Under post-independence policies, including Structural Adjustment Programmes, some of these activities have been maintained, whilst others have undergone diversification, in order to address the challenging socio-economic needs of people. Policymakers must therefore take cognisance of the fact that these home-based enterprises have become important livelihood strategies in response to changes in government and economic policies, the rapid urbanisation process and the lack of formal job opportunities. There is the need, therefore, to consider incorporating them into the overall developm...

معرفة مربى الأسماک بالتوصیات الفنیة للأستزراع السمکى بمرکز الحامول محافظة کفر الشیخ

This research was mainly aimed at determining the level of knowledge of fish breeders on the technical recommendations of fish culture in Hamoul governorate. The governorate of Kafr El-Sheikh was selected as the reason for conducting this research as it occupies the first place in the Republic in fish production. The fish farming activity in the governorate (Baltim, Hamoul, Metoubas, Fuwah, Sidi Salem and Riyadh) was chosen. As a result of the selection of the Hamoul Center, two villages were randomly selected from among the villages in which the fish farming activity was carried out. On the villages of the globe, the study was conducted in all the holders of fish farms in these two villages, which are 280 holders distributed by (120 holders of the globe and 160 holders in the village of Al Amal). This was followed by the selection of random random sampling of 50% of the total holders of fish farms in the two villages studied. (60 respondents in the village of Al Mamoura, 80 respondents in Al Amal village), and the research data was collected by using the questionnaire questionnaire by personal interview. A number of statistical methods were used such as repetitions, percentages, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and Simple correlation coefficient of the multi-factor correlation, the coefficient of partial regression model was used as the progressive multi-regression analysis.The main findings were summarized as follows:1. 81%, close to 81%, close to 76%, 73%, 79%, 81%, 82%, 76% of respondents with low and average knowledge of technical recommendations for fish farming, Fish farming, fish farm specifications, fish breeding, organic fertilization, chemical fertilization, fish feeding, fish farming, disease prevention, marketing and harvesting of fish farm, respectively.2. The existence of a direct and moral correlation at the potential level of 01. Among the level of knowledge of fish breeds concerned with the technical recommendations of fish culture and the independent variables represented in the age of the respondent, the number of years of experience in fish farming, the motivation of achievement, self-assessment, The correlation between the degree of knowledge and the variable of the educational status of the researcher, while the results did not show a significant correlation between the degree of knowledge of the fish farmers surveyed by technical recommendations for aquaculture and other variables Well thought out.3. The independent variables included in this study are related to the knowledge of fish breeds that are subject to technical recommendations for fish culture using a multi-correlation coefficient 676. This value is determined at the potential level of 0.01 based on the calculated value of (P) of 8.159. Approximately 46% of variance in the dependent variable.

Two sides of a coin: Effects of climate change on the native and non-native distribution of Colossoma macropomum in South America.

Climate change and species invasions interact in nature, disrupting biological communities. Based on this knowledge, we simultaneously assessed the effects of climate change on the native distribution of the Amazonian fish Colossoma macropomum as well as on its invasiveness across river basins of South America, using ecological niche modeling. We used six niche models within the ensemble forecast context to predict the geographical distribution of C. macropomum for the present time, 2050 and 2080. Given that this species has been continuously introduced into non-native South American basins by fish farming activities, we added the locations of C. macropomum farms into the modeling process to obtain a more realistic scenario of its invasive potential. Based on modelling outputs we mapped climate refuge areas at different times. Our results showed that a plenty of climatically suitable areas for the occurrence of C. macropomum occurrence are located outside the original basins at the present time and that its invasive potential is greatly amplified by fish farms. Simulations of future geographic ranges revealed drastic range contraction in the native region, implying concerns not only with respect to the species conservation but also from a socio-economic perspective since the species is a cornerstone of artisanal and commercial fisheries in the Amazon. Although the invasive potential is projected to decrease in the face of climate change, climate refugia will concentrate in Paraná River, Southeast Atlantic and East Atlantic basins, putting intense, negative pressures on the native fish fauna these regions. Our findings show that short and long-term management actions are required for: i) the conservation of natural stocks of C. macropomum in the Amazon, and ii) protecting native fish fauna in the climate refuges of the invaded regions.

Assessment of physico-chemical parameters of rainbow trout farms for the evaluation of potential threat to natural streams in Nepal

Three trout farms from Nepal were studied to investigate the changes in physico-chemical parameters and their potential threat to natural water bodies receiving the effluents. Reference and impact sites were determined in each farm so as to find out the level of impacts due to farming activities. Some of the parameters such as dissolved oxygen, turbidity, conductivity, and total dissolve solids were significantly changed in the impacted zones compared to reference sites. Similarly, concentrations of some major ions such as calcium and sodium were increased in the impacted zones. On the other hand, some of the parameters such as pH and potassium did not change in the impacted zone although their concentrations were different among farms studied. Nevertheless, the overall changes in the physico-chemical parameters did not pose health risk to the aquatic ecosystems receiving effluents from these fish farms as the concentrations were below the prescribed levels by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as Nepal Environment Statistics. This is an indication that, although fish farming activities are degrading water qualities, there is no threat to the water quality receiving the effluents yet probably due to small scale farming. The increase in number of fish farms in the same area, however might pose risk to the ecological health in the region which warrants regular monitoring. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTVolume-6, Issue-2, Mar-May 2017, Page: 43-55

Cultivation of aquatic organisms: a proposal for rural development in João Pilatos Island, Ananindeua - Pará - Brazil

The objective of this article was to know the interest of the family farmers in the perspective of the creation of aquatic organisms in agricultural lots. The research was conducted in the agroextrativist Nova Esperança community, located on João Pilatos Island in the municipality of Ananindeua/PA. The methodological tools of Participatory Rural Appraisal as the on-site observations, 30 interviews and transect walks were used. The diagnosis revealed that the majority of farmers correspond to the male, to a lesser extent to the female gender. They declared find important to deploy some type of aquaculture farming in their lot, highlighting the most relevant in fish farming. There is a predominance of the exotic Oreochromis niloticus were also identified native species such as Colossoma macropomum and Piaractus brachypomus, and the hybrid "Piaractus mesopotamicus vs Colossoma macropomum” as possible animals for cultivation. Thus, community fish farming activity could be developed by the familiar character of agriculture, such activity can be configured in a possible alternative to strengthening families and the local economy.

Cyanobacterial dynamics and toxins concentrations in Lake Alto Flumendosa, Sardinia, Italy

Seasonal blooms of cyanobacteria (CB) are a typical feature of Lake Alto Flumendosa (Sardinia, Italy). The waters of this lake are used for drinking water supply, for agricultural and industrial uses, and fish farming activities. Since cyanotoxins are not monitored in edible organisms, diet could be a relevant route of human exposure. CB also represent a threat for the health of wild and domestic animals that use lake water for beverage. Therefore, to characterize the CB community and assess the risk for human and animal population, CB dynamic, mcyB+ fraction, and microcystins (MCs) concentration have been followed monthly for 18 months, in three stations. Results confirmed the presence of several toxigenic species. Planktothrix rubescens dominated between August 2011 and April 2012 (3.5×106 cells L-1), alternating with Woronichinia naegeliana (8×106 cells L-1) and Microcystis botrys (9×105 cells L-1). Dolichospermum planctonicum was always present at low densities (104 cells L-1). MCs were detected, at values well below the 1 µg L-1 threshold of WHO for drinking water. The molecular analysis of mcyB gene for P. rubescens indicated the presence of a persistent toxic population (average 0.45 mcyB/16S rDNA). Highly significant linear regressions were found between P. rubescens and the sum of the demethylated MC variants, and between M. botrys and the sum of MC-LR and MC-LA, also when co-occurring, suggesting that these two species were responsible for different MC patterns production. The regression lines indicated a quite stable MC cell quota. However, in some spotted samples very different values were obtained for both MC concentrations and cell quota (from 10-fold lower to 30-40-fold higher than the ‘average’) showing an unexpected significant variability in the rate of toxin production. The relatively low cell densities during the monitoring period is consistent with the low-to absent MC contamination level found in trout muscle; however, the analytical method was affected by low recovery, probably due to MC-protein binding. Our results show that, during the study period, no risk of exposure for the human and animal population occurred. However, the persistence of a complex CB community characterised by a significant toxic fraction suggests the need for periodic monitoring activity. Particularly, the hidden deep summer P. rubescens blooms, located where water is taken for drinking water supply, and M. botrys, able to produce the most toxic MC variants with high cell quota, should be kept under control. The documentation and interpretation of sudden changes in toxins concentrations deserve special attention. This is particularly relevant in proximity of fish farming plants and water catchment sites.

ANALISIS KESESUAIAN PERAIRAN TELUK LHOK RIGAH SEBAGAI LOKASI BUDIDAYA IKAN KERAPU BEBEK (Cromileptes altivelis) DENGAN SISTEM KERAMBA JARING APUNG (KJA)

Humpback grouper requires suitable water quality for life whether physics, biology, or chemistry aspect. The purpose of this study is to determine the physical indicators, chemical parameters, and the appropriateness level of waters for potentially conducting fish farming activities of Humpback grouper by employing floating cage in waters of Bay Rigaih, Aceh Jaya District. Researcher conducted the study from August to September 2016 and employed survey approach. Determining the location of the sampling point is by using purposive sampling. The sampling coordinates recorded with the Global Positioning System (GPS). Based on data from research sampling, The results show mean value for each physical parameters such as: a). The depth is 9.5 m; b). the brightness is 3.7 m; c). water temperature is27,66 oc; d). The current speed is 20.25 cm/sec. Samples of some stations show mean values of chemical parameters such as: a). DO is 7.65 mg / l; b). pH is 7.59; c). salinity is 38.75 ppt. The High level of appropriatenessfor humpback grouper farming was shown at station 4 for every physical and chemical parameter, so itconcludesthat station 4 meet the criteria of quality waters for the development

The Roles of Macrobenthic Mollusks as Bioindicator in Response to Environmental Disturbance : Cumulative k-dominance curves and bubble plots ordination approaches

Floating net cage is one of the aquaculture practice operated in Indonesian coastal areas that has been growing rapidly over the last two decades. This study is aimed to assess the roles of macrobenthic mollusks as bioindicator in response to environmental disturbance caused by fish farming activities, and compare the samples within the locations using graphical methods. The research was done at the floating net cage fish farming area in the Awerange Gulf, South Sulawesi, Indonesia at the coordinates between 79°0500′- 79°1500′ LS and 953°1500′- 953°2000′ BT, at the polyculture and reference areas, which was located 1 km away from farming area. Sampling period was conducted between October 2014 to June 2015. The sediment samples were taken from the two locations with two sampling time and three replicates using Van Veen Grab for biotic and abiotic assessment. Mollusks as biotic parameter were fixed using 4% formalin solution and were preserved using 70% ethanol solution after 1mm mesh size. The macrobenthic mollusks were found as many as 15 species consisting of 14 families and 2 classes (gastropods and bivalves). Based on cumulative k-dominance analysis projected on each station, the line of station K3T1 (reference area; first sampling time) and KJAB P3T2 (polyculture area; second sampling time) are located below others curves, indicating the highest evenness and diversity compared to the other stations, whereas station K2T1 (reference area; first sampling time) and K3T2 (polyculture area, second sampling time) are located on the top, indicate the lowest value of evenness and diversity. Based on the bubble plots NMDS ordination, the four dominant taxa/species did not clearly show involvement in driving/shifting the ordinate position of station on the graph, except T. agilis. However, the two species showed involvement in driving/shifting the ordinate position of two stations of the reference areas from the first sampling time by Rynoclavis sordidula, and three stations of the polyculture areas from the first sampling time by Gemulla sp. away from other stations, thus are considered as bioindicators of environmental disturbance. These results imply that cumulative k-dominance curves and bubble plots ordination may be effective method to assess the indication of disturbance of the area.

Status of Fish Farming in Makueni County, Kenya

This study assessed the status of fish farming in Makueni County, Kenya in 2015 (three years after expiry of Economic Stimulus Programme (ESP). The study sampled 146 fish farmers. Based on the study results, Makueni has a vibrant fish farming activities along rivers Athi, Makindu and Kiboko with 46.6% active fish farmers. Females consisted 43.2 of fish farmers, a good indication in alleviating poverty and food insecurity. Ninety four percent of farmers practice tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) monoculture on a semi intensive system. A situational analysis using Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) identified: Main strengths were catfish (Clarias gariepinus) potential as first choice of fish production, excellent extension-farmer contact links, and private hatchery development. Opportunities that can be promoted include public-private collaboration in infrastructure development, extension, wildlife conflict and research among others. The study recommended that Fish farmers, County officials and National policy makers concentrate on identified SWOT in order to collaboratively develop a sustainable fish-farming sector. Secondly, County government should identify serious fish farmers and increase its collaboration programs that promote suitable pond selection sites, quality affordable feeds, postharvest refrigerated cooling systems and hatchery development. Academic significance of the study is that fish farming can be sustainable practiced in Arid and Semi-arid Lands (ASALs) if there is a collaborative efforts between farmers and the public sector.

DAMPAK BUDIDAYA PERTANIAN INTENSIF TERHADAP KUALITAS AIR PERMUKAAN DESA KANIGORO KECAMATAN NGABLAK KABUPATEN MAGELANG

Kanigoro at Ngablak Sub-District in Magelang is one of the Villages which is topographically lower than the adjacent village in the same sub-district. The main activity of village inhabitant is farmer in intensive agriculture that is indicated by a lot of fertilizer and pesticide utilization. Therefore, the exceeding dosage of fertilizer and pesticide in plant cultivation could become an anxious environmental problem due to the high concentration of them in springs water that they called as Tuk and river water more than the quality standard of National regulation. Based on Data analysis, it can be concluded that laboratory analysis result of water quality in the village Kanigoro, generally still meet the quality standard. This is showed by the concentration of heavy metals (As, Cu, Cd, Hg, Zn and Fe) and pesticides (Aldrin, BHC, Chlordane, DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor,Heptachlo epoxide, Lindane, Methoxychlor and Toxaphene), except for some points sampling contain heavy metals plumbum (Pb) exceeded water quality standard of the Minister of Health (Depkes) and Government Regulation Class I (raw water) of PP 82/2001. While the density of microbial total coliform and E. coli detected abundant compare to the water quality standard of the Minister of Health, particularly for the use of water as raw water or clean water. However, it is possible to utilize water directly for agriculture and fish farming activities and the use for drinking water after cooked first

Participatory Market Chain Approach in Quality Fish Seeds Dissemination Process in Nepal

Quality fish seeds production and dissemination is found quite lacking part in boosting up the production of aquaculture in Nepal since long decades. Commercialization in fish farming cannot jumped ahead in absence of available inputs and fish seeds are realized a great factor for subsistence to commercialization of fish farming activities. Participatory Market Chain Approach is found to be a key tool for the social and economic upliftment of farmers and different market actors in a common platform with a dynamic solution in a jointly supply chain modality. Limited and monopoly market of inputs supplier hinders the resilience of fishery sector both qualitatively and quantitatively in Nepal. It is extremely realized that the pocket level fish thematic group concept would be very fruitful in ensuring a milestone by representating village and cluster level problem solving arena among different actors, stakeholders and lead farmers for accession of quality inputs by mutual trust building environment covering wider area in a participatory way which will ensure supply chain of quality products, livelihood and income as well.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(3): 391-396

Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus budgets of silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix with the co‑culture of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella

Fish farming activities have resulted in increasing nutrient pollution and subsequent deterioration of water quality in aquatic environments worldwide. Silver carp Hypophthalm ichthys molitrix can efficiently remove excessive nutrient pollution by filtering the suspended particulate organic matter. To evaluate the feasibility and capacity of using silver carp as biofilters to remove the wastes released from the farming of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, 3 mesocosms com- prising grass carp and silver carp were developed. Carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) budgets of silver carp were measured every month from May to October in 2011. Owing to the changes in exogenous environmental conditions and autogenous physiological status such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen level and feeding behavior, the metabolic acquisition and expenditure of silver carp exhibited obvious temporal fluctuation. For a standardized silver carp with 30 cm body length, the average scope for growth of C, N and P were 54.83, 8.73 and 0.85 mg h �1 , respectively. Total nutrient assimilation capacities throughout the experimental period for C, N and P were 236.86, 37.70 and 3.67 g, respectively. Our findings show that silver carp with the co- culture of grass carp provides an eco nomic and environmental winwin resolution to enhance aquaculture production and reduce organic pollution in water.