Fish Farm Wastewater Research Articles

Multilayered alginate–hydrogel-functionalized zeolite based on ionic cross-linking composed with a certain Ca2+ and Mg2+ ratio for ammonium adsorption

To enhance ammonium removal in wastewater treatment, a novel adsorbent, multilayered ionic cross–linked alginate–hydrogel–metal-coated zeolite (Al-H-M-Z), was synthesized. Essential divalent cations, 2.60 mmol of Ca2+ and Mg2+, were incorporated into Al-H-M-Z (10 g) in a Ca2+:Mg2+ ratio of 0.73:1.85, facilitating strong alginate–polymer interactions and significantly enhancing the adsorption efficiency. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm analyses revealed that Al-H-M-Z had a maximum adsorption capacity of 56.5 ± 8.78 mg g−1 and an adsorption intensity of 0.703 ± 0.122, which were 7.24-fold and 1.59-fold higher than those of natural zeolite (7.80 ± 1.09 mg g−1 and 0.444 ± 0.254), respectively. These enhanced properties are attributed to the modified structural and surface chemistry. The Al-H-M-Z coating exhibited a 4.76-fold increase in surface area (3.91 m2 g−1), an 8.94-fold increase in micropore volume (17.8 × 10−3 cm3 g−1), and a 4.22-fold increase in pore diameter (4.14 nm) when compared to the traditional Al-only coating. For applicability, Al-H-M-Z and Z achieved ammonium removal rates of 7.94% and 5.61%, respectively, in actual fish farm wastewater, representing a 1.41-fold improvement in adsorption efficiency after the coating process.

Study on Aquaculture Wastewater Treatment by Aquatic Plants

The aquaculture sector is fast developed in Vietnam, whereas untreated water pollution remains an issue. This study used three aquatic plant species, namely Ceratophyllum demersum, Alternanthera paronychioides, and Cyperus corymbosus to treat aquaculture wastewater in Quang Ninh. In the experiment with shrimp farming wastewater, after 16 days of experiment, the results showed C. demersum had the highest ability to remove organic matter (COD) up to 95.2% and the removal efficiency of NH4+-N reached 96.3%, whereas the removal efficiency of organic matter (COD) and NH4+-N of A. paronychioides were 90.5% and 97%, respectively; the removal efficiency of organic matter (COD) and NH4+-N of C. corymbosus were 66.7% and 81.8%, respectively. In the experiment with fish farming wastewater, C. corymbosus had the highest ability to remove organic matter (COD) up to 96% and the removal efficiency of NH4+-N reached 100%, the removal efficiency of organic matter (COD) and NH4+-N of A. paronychioides were 91.8% and 86%, respectively; the removal efficiency of organic matter (COD) and NH4+-N of C. demersum were 83.7% and 76.4%, respectively; whereas in the control sample, the removal efficiency of organic matter (COD) and NH4+-N were only 34.7% and 56%, respectively. In the experiment with shrimp farming wastewater, NO3--N treatment efficiency in the C. corymbosus, C. demersum and A. paronychioides system was 76.1%, 78.7% and 82%, respectively after 3 days of experiment, however NO3--N concentration gradually increased until the 16th day. In the experiment with fish farming wastewater, NO3--N concentration gradually increased during 16 experimental days in systems using three aquatic plants (NO3--N < 3 mg/L at the end of the experiment). The results prove the ability to treat organic matter and ammonium of C. demersum, A. paronychioides and C. corymbosus, however, further studies need to be conducted to limit the increase of NO3--N concentration in aquaculture wastewater treatment.
 Keywords: wastewater, aquaculture, aquatic plants.
 
 

Using oyster shell (Andonata Cygnea) as a novel biophotocatalyst for fish farm wastewater treatment with response surface methodology (RSM): Isotherm, Kinetics, and Thermodinamics

Using oyster shell (Andonata Cygnea) as a novel biophotocatalyst for fish farm wastewater treatment with response surface methodology (RSM): Isotherm, Kinetics, and Thermodinamics

Ultrasound assisted based solid phase extraction for the preconcentration and spectrophotometric determination of malachite green and methylene blue in water samples

In this study, magnetic ferrite nanoparticles CoFe2O4 were synthesized by combustion method. Magnetic solid phase extraction was carried out by ultrasonic assisted (UAMSPE) followed by UV/Vis spectrophotometer (UAMSPE-UV/Vis) to extract malachite green (MG) and methylene blue (MB) from water samples. To investigate the effects of adsorbent dosage, solution pH, ultrasonication time and volume of eluent solvent parameters on the extraction of MG and MB by CoFe2O4, the extraction experiments through the response surface methodology (RSM) were mathematically modeled and described as parameter performance. The results of extraction tests under optimal conditions showed that CoFe2O4 had a high extraction percentage. In optimal conditions, linear range of 70–550 ng mL−1 (R2 = 0.9977) and 40–450 ng mL−1 (R2 = 0.9983) were observed for MG and MB, respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) for MG and MB were 16.5 ng mL−1 and 11 ng mL−1, respectively. Relative standard deviation (RSD) was obtained in good and low values of 2.9% and 2.3% was achieved for MG and MB, respectively. The results of investigating the reusability of CoFe2O4 adsorbent showed that the adsorbent can be used for up to 5 absorption and desorption cycles. Also, the developed method was finally used successfully in determining MG and MB in fish, fish farming water, tap water and wastewater samples with recoveries ranged in 96.46–99.82%.

The Influence of Consortia of Beneficial Microorganisms on the Growth and Yield of Aquaponically Grown Romaine Lettuce

This study evaluated the effects of fish farm wastewater from the production of hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt × Acipenser baeri Brandt) on the growth and quality parameters of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. longifolium cv. “Elizium”). The tested combinations were fish farm wastewater, fish farm wastewater enriched with one of the three microbiological consortia, and fish farm wastewater supplemented with minerals. The best growth parameters of romaine lettuce plants were obtained in the combination of wastewater from fish farming supplemented with mineral nutrients. The application of fish farm wastewater and beneficial microbiological consortia positively influenced the fresh weight of lettuce leaves and the number of leaves per plant. However, plants fed with wastewater supplemented with minerals were characterized by the strongest symptoms of leaf tip-burn and the lowest commercial value. By comparison, plants fed only with fish farm wastewater or wastewater with microorganisms were characterized by a high, similar commercial value. After the application of increased doses of minerals, there was evidence of greater activity of microorganisms involved in nutrient cycling in aquaponic lettuce cultivation. The application of the microbiological consortia and minerals significantly increased the numbers and activity of the bacteria in the culture liquids 7, 14, and 21 days after inoculation.

Effects of wastewater effluent-borne nutrients on phytoplankton off the coast of Jeju Island.

The spatiotemporal distributions of nutrients in coastal waters surrounding eight wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in four seasons were investigated to determine the effects of WWTP effluents on seawater off Jeju Island, Korea. The highest concentrations of nutrients were observed in the outlets of WWTPs with relatively high ammonium concentrations among dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). The reduced DIN (NO2- and NH4+)/total DIN ratios are used as a potential short-term index for marine environmental conditions. In seawater surrounding the WWTPs, relatively low nutrient concentrations were observed in spring and fall, due to enhanced biological production, which is closely linked to decreased N/P ratios. Because the highest WWTP effluent fluxes of ammonium in this study were similar to the fluxes of nutrients from submarine groundwater discharge, diffusion from bottom sediments, and discharge from land-based fish farm wastewater, WWTP effluent-derived nutrients are potentially important in oligotrophic environments and can be readily utilized by phytoplankton.

Analisis Tekno-Ekonomi Produksi Pupuk Cair Ramah Lingkungan dari Limbah Air Budidaya Ikan Berbasis Masyarakat

There are two important aspects of the implementation of this research, namely the technical aspect, which includes the production and analysis of the quality of liquid fertilizer products from fish farming wastewater, and the economic aspect, which includes an economic analysis on an industrial scale. Liquid fertilizer is made from fish farming wastewater obtained from Bangkalan Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. The process of producing liquid fertilizer from fish farming wastewater includes various processes, from mixing to fermentation. The physical characteristics of liquid fertilizer from fish farming wastewater are in accordance with existing standards. Without the addition of nutrients, liquid fertilizer from fish farming wastewater has nitrogen (N) 1.33%, phosphorus (P) 0.44%, and potassium (K) 0.38%. Although the nutrient content of liquid fertilizer from fish farming wastewater is still below the standard of SNI 02-4958-2006, in industrial-scale production processes, adding nutrients is very necessary. In the economic analysis, all economic parameters are declared feasible and profitable, with an NPV value of Rp. 5,524,899,840, IRR 31,79%, PP 3.15 years and B/C ratio 3.1. This study shows a positive value on the technical and economic aspects. Finally, this research can be used as a reference by academics, government, and entrepreneurs in the technical and economic aspects of producing liquid fertilizer from fish farming wastewater.

Bioremediation Capabilities of Hymeniacidon perlevis (Porifera, Demospongiae) in a Land-Based Experimental Fish Farm

The expansion of aquaculture practices in coastal areas can alter the balance of microbial communities in nearby marine ecosystems with negative impacts on both farmed and natural species, as well as on human health through their consumption. Among marine filter-feeder invertebrates, poriferans are known as effective microbial bioremediators, even though they are currently still underutilized in association with fish mariculture plants. In this study, we investigate the microbial bioremediation capability of the demosponge Hymeniacidon perlevis in an experimental land-based fish farm where this species occurred consistently in the drainage conduit of the wastewater. Microbiological analyses of cultivable vibrios, total culturable bacteria (37 °C), fecal and total coliforms, and fecal enterococci were carried out on the fish farm wastewater in two sampling periods: autumn and spring. The results showed that H. perlevis is able to filter and remove all the considered bacterial groups from the wastewater, including human potential pathogens, in both sampling periods. This finding sustains the hypothesis of H. perlevis use as a bioremediator in land-based aquaculture plants as well.

Biosynthesis of microalgal lipids, proteins, lutein, and carbohydrates using fish farming wastewater and forest biomass under photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation

Biorefineries enable the circular, sustainable, and economic use of waste resources if value-added products can be recovered from all the generated fractions at a large-scale. In the present studies the comparison and assessment for the production of value-added compounds (e.g., proteins, lutein, and lipids) by the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana grown under photoautotrophic or heterotrophic conditions was performed. Photoautotrophic cultivation generated little biomass and lipids, but abundant proteins (416.66 mg/gCDW) and lutein (6.40 mg/gCDW). Heterotrophic conditions using spruce hydrolysate as a carbon source favored biomass (8.71 g/L at C/N 20 and 8.28 g/L at C/N 60) and lipid synthesis (2.79 g/L at C/N 20 and 3.61 g/L at C/N 60) after 72 h of cultivation. Therefore, heterotrophic cultivation of microalgae using spruce hydrolysate instead of glucose offers a suitable biorefinery concept at large-scale for biodiesel-grade lipids production, whereas photoautotrophic bioreactors are recommended for sustainable protein and lutein biosynthesis.

Evaluation of the Devilfish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) Natural Coagulant as a Treatment for the Removal of Turbidity in Fish Farm Wastewater

Evaluation of the Devilfish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) Natural Coagulant as a Treatment for the Removal of Turbidity in Fish Farm Wastewater

FED BATCH PHYTOREMEDIATION REGIME FOR ENHANCED NUTRIENT REMOVAL BY SALVINIA MOLESTA ON FISH FARM WASTEWATER

Phytoremediation is a bioremediation process that uses various types of plants to remove, transfer, stabilize, and destroy contaminants in the soil and groundwater. In this study, the performance of fed batch (FB) phytoremediation by S. molesta on fish farm wastewater was investigated by varying percentage of fresh wastewater loading. This study was aimed to investigate the biomass production of S. molesta through different FB percentage cultivation along with nutrient removal aiming to treat wastewater. The water quality after phytoremediation was monitored throughout 16 days. The nutrient removal efficiency was high in higher percentage of FB but all the medium achieved standard discharge limit. Ammonia and phosphate removal showed very high (˂95%) for 75% FB medium with total removal of 46.59 mg and 5.46 mg respectively. The removal of ammonia and phosphate by control set was 13.73 mg and 1.62 mg. Although the concentration of nitrate continued to increase throughout the study, FB cultivation minimized the increment where all percentage experienced decrease in nitrate value and 75% FB had lowest level of 2.40 mg/L compared to control which was 5.00 mg/L. However total nitrogen value in higher FB medium indicated highest value of 13.85 mg/L on day 16. VSS for FB medium was far below control. FB phytoremediation of S. molesta in fish farm water showed high efficiency in nutrient removal but no significant effect on its biomass. This study proved that FB phytoremediation of S. molesta has potential on nutrient removal from fish farm wastewater

Simultaneous water reclamation and nutrient recovery of aquaculture wastewater using membrane distillation

A large amount of aquaculture wastewater with high load of nutrients, organic matter, and microalgae will pollute receiving water body and needs to treat before discharge. In this work, membrane distillation (MD) with the ability to avoid non-volatile substances was used to purify water and simultaneously recover nutrients from aquaculture wastewater. Results showed that micro-structures have evenly distributed on the surface of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane using nylon taffeta substrate. Resultant membrane has surpassed superhydrophobicity benchmark. It achieved high water contact angle of 153.3° and low contact angle hysteresis of 8.4°. The continuous separation and treatment of fish farm wastewater showed a small and steady flux reduction of 1.4 kg/m2·h, indicating less fouling by the surface-printed membrane. In the batch process of feed concentration, the water recovery reached 86.3%. The retentate concentration of fish farm water is at least five times higher than initial concentration of ammonia (16.4 to 82.2 mg/L), phosphate (18.0 to 99.8 mg/L), and potassium (68.0 to 384.8 mg/L). This concentrated feed can use as primary nutrient of liquid fertilizer. In feed concentration process, except for ammonia (>86%), rejection of all selected inorganic substances is higher than 99%.

Optimization of Moringa oleifera seed extract and chitosan as natural coagulant in treatment of fish farm wastewater

Optimization of Moringa oleifera seed extract and chitosan as natural coagulant in treatment of fish farm wastewater

Fish Farm Wastewater Treatment using Moringa oleifera Seed Powder as Natural Coagulant

In view of the huge amount of wastewater being generated from the aquaculture sector in Malaysia, Moringa oleifera seed powder was utilized as effective bio-coagulant to minimize the deterioration of fish farm wastewater quality. In this study, optimization of a coagulation-flocculation process was examined through response surface model toolkit established on a central composite design. A quadratic polynomial model was eventually selected to fit its turbidity removal response. The effect of four crucial parameters, namely pH, coagulant dosage, mixing time and settling time was optimized at pH 10, 400 mg/L coagulant dosage, 15 minutes mixing time and 10 minutes settling time for M. oleifera seed extract at a 47.11% turbidity removal efficiency. M. oleifera seed powder substantially removed (>30%) the concentration of total suspended solids, ammonia content, total volatile solids, and phosphate content as compared with the control group without any coagulant addition.

Phycoremediation of fish farm wastewater by Chlorella sorokiniana and autochthonous microalgae

With the disorderly increase in global environmental problems, the cultivation of aquatic organisms is a promising path for sustainable food production. The quality of water, both at the entrance and exit of the production of aquatic animals, needs to be maintained following the parameters specified by local legislation. This study aimed to investigate the removal of contaminants from fish farming wastewater associated with the production of freshwater microalgae biomass. Six completely randomized treatments were used in triplicate: with the addition of microalgae C. sorokiniana in fish farm wastewater (W+Cs), the addition of C. sorokiniana in wastewater enriched with NPK fertilizing (W+F+Cs) or sugarcane vinasse (W+V+Cs), only wastewater (W), wastewater supplemented with fertilizer (W+F) or vinasse (W+V). The wastewater was used in natura to allow the development of autochthonous microalgae. The microalgae C. sorokiniana grew rapidly in effluents enriched with NPK and vinasse. After 28 days of bioassay, the concentrations of several contaminants in the water were reduced: zinc (20 to 88%), lead (5 to 83%), aluminum (56 to 75%), manganese (56 to 72%), cadmium (9 to 52%), calcium (16 to 24%) and magnesium (12 to 33%). Our results indicated that the production of microalgae biomass can be integrated with the treatment of fish farming effluents to reduce the environmental burden and increase the economic bonus for adopting a sustainable production method. However, our results also indicated the importance of introducing a microalgae strain with high productive performance and supplementing the wastewater to obtain rapid biomass.

Fish farm effluent as a nutrient source for algae biomass cultivation

One of the challenges of microalgae biotechnology is the cost of growth media nutrients, with microalgae consuming enormous quantities of fertilisers, more than other oil crops. The traditional use of synthetic fertilisers in mass cultivation of microalgae is associated with rising prices of crude oil and competition from traditional agriculture. The fact that fish farm wastewater (FFW) nutrients are released in the form preferred by microalgae (NH3 for nitrogen and PO4-3 for phosphate), and the ability of microalgae to use nitrogen from different sources, can be exploited by using fish farm effluent rich in nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in the cultivation of cheaper microalgae biomass for production of biodiesel. The cultivation of algae biomass in FFW will also serve as wastewater treatment. We reviewed the benefits and potential of fish effluent in algae cultivation for the production of biodiesel. Microalgae can utilise nutrients in FFW for different applications desirable for the production of biomass, including the accumulation of lipids, and produce a fuel with desirable properties. Also, treating wastewater and reducing demand for fresh water are advantageous. The high lipid content and comparable biodiesel properties of Chlorella sorokiniana and Scenedesmus obliquus make both species viable for FFW cultivation for biodiesel production.
 Significance:
 
 The cost associated with microalgae growth media nutrients can be saved by using fish farm wastewater, which contains nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) suitable for microalgae cultivation.
 Fish farm wastewater has lower nutrient concentrations when compared to standard growth media suitable for higher lipid accumulation.
 Microalgae used as a biodiesel feedstock, cultivated in fish farm wastewater, has added benefits, including wastewater treatment.

Spatiotemporal change in coastal waters caused by land-based fish farm wastewater-borne nutrients: Results from Jeju Island, Korea

We investigated spatiotemporal distributions of dissolved inorganic nutrients and organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) in coastal waters and land-based fish farm wastewater to determine effects of wastewater on seawater of Jeju Island, Korea. The nutrient concentrations in seawater were lower than in wastewater with negative correlations against salinity, indicating a terrestrial source. Wastewater-derived DOC and DON were transported offshore while wastewater-derived inorganic nutrients were effectively removed, likely via biological production, and this was closely linked to decline in N:P ratios. The correlations between DOC, DON, and colored dissolved organic matter suggest that organic matters likely originate from the fish farm wastewater. Quantitatively, the estimated wastewater-derived DOC flux was equivalent to that through submarine groundwater, which is a significant water source on the island. Our results will be able to trace contaminant sources and support assessments of seawater quality for appropriate regulation of fish farm wastewater discharge into coastal zones.

Slippery membrane surface tuning with polypropylene coating to treat real aquaculture wastewater in membrane distillation

Surging growth of aquaculture industry has alarmed the public when the wastewater discharged had an adverse effect on the environment. This current study is a pioneer in the use of membrane distillation (MD) to treat real aquaculture wastewater. In addition to excellent hydrophobicity, the slippery surface of membrane used for MD is another key factor that enhances the performance of MD. The slippery surface of the membrane was tuned by layering high-viscosity and low-viscosity polypropylene (PP) polymers on the electrospun membrane by solvent-exchanged method. While the high-viscosity PP coating (PP/HV) rendered the membrane surface slippery, the low-viscosity PP coating (PP/LV) caused the fish farm wastewater to have stick-slip movement on the membrane surface. In the long-term 70-hour direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) separation, PP/HV and PP/LV membranes can perfectly eliminate the undesirable components in the fish farm wastewater. The PP/HV membrane has registered a flux of 19.1 kg/m2·h, while the flux of PP/LV membrane was only 7.3 kg/m2·h. The PP/HV membrane also showed excellent anti-scaling properties in relative to the PP/LV membrane. This is because the PP/HV membrane promotes effortless gliding of the feed water along the surface of the membrane, while the surface of the PP/LV membrane has a static water boundary. Therefore, it can be concluded that the application of MD using the membrane coated with high-viscosity PP polymer is a feasible technology for the treatment of aquaculture wastewater.

Microalgae cultivation using nutrients in fish farm effluent for biodiesel production

This article contributes to research on the composition of microalgae grown in fish farm wastewater (FFW), particularly for use in biodiesel production. In this research, Tetradesmus obliquus, Heterochlorella luteoviridis, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, cultivated in unmodified-and modified FFW, and the standard growth media, Tris-Acetate-Phosphate (TAP), were studied. The following parameters of the algae species were investigated: specific growth rate, biomass yield, biomass productivity, lipid content and carbohydrate content. Additionally, lipids and carbohydrate productivities were calculated, and the rate of CO2 uptake was determined. This study showed that the nutrients in FFW were suitable for algae biomass cultivation for biodiesel production. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, in unmodified FFW, had the highest lipid and carbohydrate composition of 44.08% and 35.04%, respectively, and was most suited for biodiesel production as well as nutrient removal. The modified FFW only had the extra benefit of near-complete nutrient removal, but a comparable yield and biochemical composition with samples in unmodified FFW. A similar effect of CO2 concentration was observed in both the unmodified and modified FFW.

PRELIMINARY LABORATORY-SCALE INVESTIGATION OF PLANT BIOMASS HARVESTING EFFECT ON WASTE NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM FISH FARM WASTEWATER

Macrophytes can remediate fish farm wastewater sustainably before discharging them to water bodies. However, macrophytes harvesting could potentially affect the phytoremediation since biomass removal could reduce its performance. In this study, the harvesting effect on the waste nutrient removal performance of Spirodela polyrhiza and Lemna sp. were carried out in fish farm wastewater for 14 days. Water quality assays include ammonia (NH 3 -N), nitrate (NO 3 - -N), phosphate (PO 4 3- ), COD, turbidity and TSS were monitored. The biomass composition of the macrophytes at the end of the experiment was assessed. From the results, biomass harvesting affected the nitrate, phosphate, TTS and macrophyte fresh weight, but not for ammonia, COD and turbidity. Nitrate increased slightly after S. polyrhiza and Lemna sp. were harvested, with their levels still controlled under typical natural level. Harvesting S. polyrhiza and Lemna sp. enhanced phosphate and TSS removal from the macrophytes' wastewater and biomass increment. Overall, harvesting had more improved results compared to the one without harvesting. 83% phosphate, 93% turbidity, 93% TSS, complete ammonia and COD removal from the fish farm wastewater could be attained by the macrophyte groups. The obtained data can help improve the harvesting practice on macrophytes, predicting and elevating the phytoremediation performance in the wastewater.