First Week Of April Research Articles

An overview of mobile applications (apps) to support the coronavirus disease 2019 response in India

Background & objectives:The potential benefits of mobile health (mHealth) initiatives to manage the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have been explored. The Government of India, State governments, and healthcare organizations have developed various mobile apps for the containment of COVID-19. This study was aimed to systematically review COVID-19 related mobile apps and highlight gaps to inform the development of future mHealth initiatives.Methods:Google Play and the Apple app stores were searched using the terms 'COVID-19', 'coronavirus', 'pandemic', and 'epidemic' in the first week of April 2020. A list of COVID-19-specific functions was compiled based on the review of the selected apps, the literature on epidemic surveillance, and national and international media reports. The World Health Organization guideline on Digital Health Interventions was used to classify the app functions under the categories of the general public, health workers, health system managers, and data services.Results:The search yielded 346 potential COVID-19 apps, of which 50 met the inclusion criteria. Dissemination of untargeted COVID-19-related information on preventative strategies and monitoring the movements of quarantined individuals was the function of 27 (54%) and 19 (32%) apps, respectively. Eight (16%) apps had a contact tracing and hotspot identification function.Interpretation & conclusions:Our study highlights the current emphasis on the development of self-testing, quarantine monitoring, and contact tracing apps. India's response to COVID-19 can be strengthened by developing comprehensive mHealth solutions for frontline healthcare workers, rapid response teams and public health authorities. Among this unprecedented global health emergency, the Governments must ensure the necessary but least intrusive measures for disease surveillance.

Economic Burden of COVID-19 Lockdown on the Poor

The COVID-19 pandemic caused the largest number of lockdowns across the globe, affecting nearly half of the world’s population by the first week of April 2020. The biggest lockdown was the one declared by the Indian government. All economic activity was shut down overnight, impacting the lives of the nation’s 1.3 billion people. The economic impacts of lockdowns on the poor are little understood because the data have not been available. We have been tracking the weekly financial activities of a sample of poor households in rural India for over a year. Using this unique high-frequency weekly data before India’s COVID-19 lockdown and supplementing that dataset with phone-call surveys conducted on the same households for four weeks after the lockdown announcement, we econometrically estimate the impacts of the lockdown. Our analysis reveals that in the first four weeks after India’s lockdown announcement, poor households lost INR 1,022 (US$ 13.5), which is about 88 percent of their average weekly income from the previous year. In addition to the income loss, households reduced meal portions and consumed fewer food items. The poorer households were hit harder, but government food aid slightly mitigated the negative impacts.

Hydrological and hydrochemical research of the mouths of the small rivers flowing to the White sea in the winter low water season of 2019

In the winter low water season in March and the first week of April 2019, complex hydrological and hydrochemical studies were carried out at the mouths of two small rivers of the White Sea catchment basin (the Mudyuga river, which flows into the Dvina Bay, and the Tamitsa river, which flows into the Onega Bay). The results indicate significant differences in the short-period variability of hydrological and hydrochemical parameters in the winter in the studied river mouths compared with the characteristics observed in the tidal estuaries of large and medium rivers, as well as in the mouths of small rivers of the southern seas.

Field Efficiency of Certain Biopesticides and Neem Products Against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on Chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.)

A field study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of four microbial insecticides viz. Beauveria bassiana; HaNPV (Helicoverpa armigera Nuclear Polyhedrosis virus); (Bacillus thuringiensisvar.kurstaki 2 gm/L); HaNPV+Bt; neem oil; neem cake and D.D.V.P EC 76% @0.05% at Research Farm SHIATS,Allahabad during rabi season of 2011-2012. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with seven treatment and replicated thrice. The observation larval populations of H. armigera were recorded one day before treatment was recorded at 3,7, and 10 days after treatments. The larva population of H. armigera appeared in the third week of February (8 the Standard week) and reached its peak of 14.65 larvae in first week of April and decline rapidly with maturation of crop. There was only one peak in the larval population observation in the 1st week. Bacillus thuringiensis was the most effective chemical by D.D.V.P.76%@0.05% . Among the microbial insecticides. HaNPV ,was the most effective followed by HaNPV+Bt and neem cake . The combination treatments were less effective than the individual treatment neem oil and B. bassiana were the least effective treatment in reducing the larval population of Heliverpa armigera.

Distribution, biology, morphology and damage of Cinara cedri Mimeur, 1936 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the Isparta Regional Forest Directorate

DOI : 10.26650/forestist.2019.346284 In 2015-2016, a study was performed examining the distribution, colony dispersion in tree canopies, occurrence rate in shoots at different ages, morphology, and the damage of the cedar aphid (Cinara cedri Mimeur 1936) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) This study was completed alongside biological observations in the Isparta Regional Forest Directorate. This study was conducted across 46 sites at an elevation of 820-1738 meter (m) and the distribution of this species was determined by a survey. Compared to other sites, the Cinara cedri (C. cedri) population was found to be higher in 10 sites with young stands with an average height of 1000-1200 m. These sites were established through plantation. Colonies were typically observed on the shoots from the previous year and on branch axils. They were found to feed on shoot tips and trunks of young trees and preferred shoots with a diameter of 1.0-1.5 centimeter (cm) on the southern and eastern aspects of the trees. It was observed that C. cedri mostly fed on shoots of the previous year, which caused the needles to dry and turn red. Damage was observed especially on young trees from which the dried needles fell and defoliation was concentrated particularly on the shoot tips and tops of the trees. It was found that honeydew was secreted by those insects fed with sap, and this secretion then covered the needles, shoots and branches, resulting in fumagine. The populations overwintered as eggs and then nymphs hatched during the first week of April. The adult stage was reached after completing four nymph periods over a time span of between one week and 10 days. These adults then reproduced parthenogenetically, with winged viviparous individuals appearing between May and June, and oviparous emerging in October. The final stage of the cycle was a period of mating and then egg-laying.

Container Production of Southern Highbush Blueberries Using High Tunnels

Blueberry production in Mississippi (MS) is mainly rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium virgatum Ait.), which ripen in late May to June. Growing early-ripening southern highbush blueberries (SHBs) (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) presents an opportunity for early fruit production and increased market price for locally produced blueberries, yet faces the challenge of spring frost damage. One-year-old liners of 10 SHB cultivars were transplanted into 15-gallon plastic containers and placed in a high tunnel in Apr. 2015. Blueberry plants were fertilized with either a conventional or an organic fertilizer at comparable rates. Plants were evaluated for berry yield, timing of first berry harvest and peak harvest, single berry weight, and soluble solid content during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. The high tunnel increased monthly maximum temperature by 3.2 to 10.4 °C, monthly average temperature by 0.7 to 4.2 °C, and minimum monthly temperature for up to 3.0 °C compared with outdoor environment. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at noon in the high tunnel ranged from 477 to 1411 µmol·m−2·s−1 and relative humidity ranged from 54.6% to 81.7% from Jan. 2016 to June 2017. SHBs in the high tunnel produced first berry harvest during the first week of April in both growing seasons. Total berry yield per plant ranged from 921 g to 2136 g in 2016 and from 1222 g to 2480 g in 2017. Compared with the organic fertilizer, conventional fertilizer increased berry yield in April and May, and total berry yield in 2016, but resulted in similar yield in 2017. Eight cultivars (Emerald, Farthing, Gupton, Meadowlark, Pearl, Rebel, Star, and Sweetcrisp) produced single berries that averaged more than 2 g per berry in 2016, compared with two cultivars (Gupton and Pearl) in 2017. Smaller berry size may have resulted from the generally increasing yield from 2016 to 2017. ‘Sweetcrisp’ produced berries with higher soluble solid content, 14.2% and 14.1% in 2016 and 2017, than the other nine cultivars. Container production of SHB cultivars in a high tunnel produced total berry yield equivalent to 6458 kg/ha in 2016 to 7500 kg/ha in 2017, advanced blueberry production by 4 to 5 weeks, and therefore may serve as a potential production system for early fruiting blueberries in Mississippi.

Growth and yield response of faba bean to soil moisture regimes and sowing dates: Field experiment and modelling study

In semiarid environments, faba bean (Vicia faba L.) production shows high year to year variability. In order to implement measures that minimize this variability, it is important to understand how abiotic and management factors affect its growth and yield. The aim of this study is to determine supplemental irrigation strategy and sowing date that maximize yield and water productivity of faba bean. A field experiment and simulation modelling were conducted on a mid-flowering faba bean cultivar under different sowing dates and watering regimes in south-eastern Australia. Drip irrigation, with two laterals plot, was used. At sowing, 20 kg P ha−1 of single-phosphate was applied. Four watering regimes were applied: not irrigated (NI), fully irrigated (FI = 245.1 mm), vegetative-stage irrigated (VI = 60.1 mm), reproductive-stage irrigated (RI = 106.4 mm). Soil water tension was measured monitored using gypsum blocks at 15, 45 and 75 cm depths. The Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) was used to simulate grain yield. Sowing dates were 22 April (SD1) and 20 May (SD2). There was no significant difference between the yields of SD1-fully irrigated (5.24 t ha−1), SD1-reproductive stage irrigated (5.85 t ha−1), SD2-fully irrigated (5.52 t ha−1), and SD2-reproductive stage irrigated (5.24 t ha−1) treatments. The highest grain water use efficiencies, 1.65 kg m-3 and 1.63 kg m-3, were obtained from the reproductive stage irrigated SD1 and SD2, respectively. Harvest index and seed weight were significantly affected by sowing dates while the number of pods per plant and grain water efficiencies were significantly affected by irrigation. There was positive linear relationship between grain yield and post-flowering, rather than pre-/during flowering, green canopy cover. APSIM simulated faba bean yield with RMSE of 468 t ha−1. Simulation modelling showed that supplemental irrigation applied from mid-September to the end of October increased grain yield by 23% relative to the rainfed treatment while supplemental irrigation from mid-August to the end of September resulted in 13% increase. Sowing in the first week of May or in the first week of June, instead of in the first week of April, decreased grain yield by 26% and 52%, respectively.

Population dynamics of wheat aphids and their natural enemies

The abundance of aphids infesting wheat and their natural enemies was studied at the CSKHPKV, Palampur. The aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae) population commenced from first week of January and reached a peak (30.40 aphids/shoot) during third week of March. Seven species of coccinellid beetles were recorded as predators, of which Coccinella septempunctata, Hippodamia variegata and Coccinella transversalis were predominant. Peak population of their adults (8.10 beetles/m2), grubs and pupae was observed during first week of April. As regards the syrphids, peak in population (13.00 adults/5 sweeps-Episyrphus balteatus, E. viridaureus, Ischiodon scutellaris, Sphaerophoria sp. and Melanostoma spp.) was during third week of April. Lacewing Micromus sp. started appearing from first week of March with its peak being during third week of March. The peak activity of Diaeretiella sp. was observed during first week of April with 16.6% parasitization. These natural enemies showed a significant positive correlation with aphid population, while with weather factors mixed results were observed. The predatory potential of coccinellids evaluated revealed that the adults as well as grubs have potential to suppress aphid population.

Forage and Seed Yield Variation of Alfalfa Cultivars in Response to Planting Date

The current work was carried out during 2014/15 and 2015/16 seasons at the Experimental Farm of Agriculture Faculty, South Valley University, Qena Governorate, Egypt to study the direct and indirect effects of yield attributes on forage and seed yields of alfalfa. Six alfalfa genotypes from Egypt (Aswan population, Balady population, El-Dakhla population, Ismalia-1 cultivar, and nitrogen fixing population and Siwa population) beside one variety from USA (Genan) were used in this study. The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design using split plot arrangement with three replications. Three sowing dates of 20th October (D1), 20th November (D2) and 20th December (D3) were allocated in the main plot while the seven alfalfa genotypes were arranged in the sub plots. Three cuts were taken from each sowing date at 80, 125 and 165 days after sowing at 80, 45- and 40-day intervals, respectively. After taking three cuts, the plants were left out until flowering and seed production which take place in the first week of April, May and June for studied sowing dates, respectively. The obtained results show that, the Ismalia-1 cultivar exceeded the other tested genotypes for seasonal fresh forage yield trait (6.16 kg m-2) under third planting date (20th December) while, El-Dakhla genotype superior with regard to seasonal dry forage yield (2.00 kg m-2) under the same planting date. Otherwise, Aswan population produced the maximum mean values of Seasonal protein forage yield (0.60 kg m-2) under second planting date (20th November). In addition, Genan cultivar which was introduced from USA gave the maximum seed yield plant (1.20 g) under the first planting date (20th October). Furthermore, the obtained results show that the fresh forage yield had the greatest influence on protein forage yield in each sowing date. Meantime, the results of path analysis show that, number of seeds/pod and number of pods/plant considered the most effective traits in seed yield/plant of alfalfa. Moreover, negative correlation between seed yield/plant and 1000-seed weight was observed. Therefore, selection for improving seed yield/plant may be carried directly through selection for number of seeds/pod and number of pods/plant.

Stressors Perceived by the Para-clinical Undergraduate Medical Students

Medical curricula are considered as toughest of all curricula of undergraduate professionals. Student faces many stress provoking factors in the academic course. In time identification and adoption of coping strategy can ensure proper achievement of goal of the curriculum. The objective of this prospective study was to find out the nature and intensity of stressors perceived by the mid level medical students (phase II & III) before their summative examination. Regularly passed students of phase II and III undergraduate students of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh were included in the study and the responses were collected in the first week of April 2018 (3 weeks prior to beginning of summative examination). Validated structured set of questionnaire (Medical Student Stressor Questionnaire -MSSQ) was selected for the study and was distributed to the volunteers of target population only. Falling behind in reading schedule, getting poor marks, facing illness or death of the patients and too much restriction in campus were identified as high intensity stressors by the phase II students. On the other hand high workload, not enough scope of medical skill practice, facing illness or death of the patients and too much restriction in campus were identified as high intensity stressors by the phase III students. Intensity of stressors was significantly higher in phase II students than phase III (p=0.000). This study focused the present status of an area. Identification and incorporation of strategies to improve the teaching, learning, evaluation and educational environment are required to help the students to develop stress coping skills in early medical career in order to reduce negative effects of stressors on the future doctors.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Education Vol.9(2) 2018: 3-10

Evaluation of subtropical ornamental trees for reclaiming salinity affected lands

This study was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of 1-year-old seedlings of ten subtropical ornamental tree species against a range of salinity levels of NaCl from May 2015 to October 2015. The levels were further enhanced from November to April 2017 as 100% survival was observed in the initial concentrations for all species. The seedlings were grown during the first week of April 2015 in 10″ earthen pots containing soil: farmyard manure (2:1), irrigated with tap water for 1 month followed by saline irrigation in May by maintaining electrical conductivity at 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 2.25, and 3.00 dS/m for 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, and 120 mM NaCl. Every 3 months, heights, relative leaf water content, and percent survival were determined; total soluble sugars of the upper leaves of each tree were quantified. All species exhibited consistent early growth and survival when supplied with 30, 40, 50 and 60 mM of NaCl. Koelreutaria paniculata, Ficus benjamina, Putranjiva roxburghii, Bauhinia purpurea and Millettia ovalifolia were sensitive to elevated salinity levels and did not survive at the highest salt concentrations of 90 and 120 mM.

Short-Term Forecasting of Electricity Consumption Revenue on Java-Bali Electricity System using Jordan Recurrent Neural Network

Depending on the day and time, electricity consumption tends to fluctuate and directly affects the amount of gained revenue for the company. To anticipate future economic change and to avoid losses in calculating the company’s revenue, it is essential to forecast electricity consumption revenue as accurate as possible. In this paper, Jordan Recurrent Neural Network (JRNN) was used to do short term forecasting of the electricity consumption revenue from Java-Bali 500 kVA electricity system. Seven JRNN models were trained using electricity consumption revenue between January-March 2012 to predict the revenue of the first week of April 2012. As performance comparators, seven traditional feed forward Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models were also constructed. The forecasting results were as expected for both models, where both producing steady repeating pattern for weekdays, but failed quite poorly to predict the weekends’ revenue. This suggests that in Indonesia, weekends’ electricity consumption revenue has different characteristics than weekdays. Evaluation of the prediction result was carried out using Sum of Square Error (SSE) and Mean Square Error (MSE). The evaluation showed that JRNN produced smaller SSE and MSE values than traditional feed forward ANN, thus JRNN could predict the electricity consumption revenue of Java-Bali electricity system more accurately.

Effects of wheel traffic and farmyard manure applications on soil CO 2 emission and soil oxygen content

This 2-year field study investigated the effects of different wheel traffic passes, manure amounts, and manure application methods on soil temperature, soil moisture, CO 2 emission, and soil O 2 content. To achieve this purpose, three different wheel traffic applications (no traffic, one pass, and two passes) were used. In the experiments, two different methods of manure applications (surface and subsurface) and three different farmyard manure amounts were used with a control plot (N0), 40 Mg ha -1 (N40), and 80 Mg ha -1 (N80). Manure was applied in both years of the experiment in the first week of April. For the subsurface application, the manure was mixed in at approximately 10 cm of soil depth with a rotary tiller. According to the results, soil temperature, soil moisture, penetration resistance, and bulk density increased with increasing wheel traffic except CO 2 emission for 2014 and 2015. CO 2 emission values decreased with traffic. Subsurface manure application caused more CO 2 emission compared to surface application. The increase in manure amounts led to an increase in CO 2 emission and soil moisture content. The effects on soil O 2 content were observed only during 2015. Maximum oxygen values were obtained in the plots where compaction was not applied. In addition, surface manure application caused more soil O 2 content compared to subsurface application.

Sugarcane ratoon discrimination using LANDSAT NDVI temporal data

Pre harvest prediction of sugarcane and sugar production is essential for obtaining the objectives of the national food security mission. Traditional field experimentation results are not reliable and are biased. Improvement in the accuracy and timeliness of crop yield estimation by blending of ancillary data and remotely sensed data in the temporal domain is indispensable. Ratoon sugarcane and planted sugarcane are the two prevalent agricultural practices in India. Ratoon sugarcane crop is suitable both from economic and production consideration. Identification of ratoon sugarcane and monitoring of its growth has been poorly studied. The objective of this study is to extract the information related to the ratoon sugarcane using remote sensing data. The present study proposed NDVIT, an index based on temporal values of NDVI data of Landsat 8 for monitoring and discrimination of ratoon sugarcane. This index has been found to provide 91% accuracy when tested on the ground in the Himalayan foothills region of Uttarakhand. Study indicated that the best period for discrimination of ratoon sugarcane crop is during the first week of April and last week of August to the end of September. This matches with the start of tillering stage and during the period of grand growth stage of the sugarcane.

Effect of Planting Dates on the Cotton Mealybug Phenococcus solenopsis (Tinsly) as a Main Insect Pest Attacking Tomato Plants in Damietta Governorate.

The current studies were conducted on the field at kafr El-battikh reigon, Damietta Governorate. The K-186 tomato variety planted in two planting dates first of February and last of September during the two successive seasons 2016/17 and 2017/18 to determine the population abundance of the cotton mealybugs Phenococcus solenopsis (Tinsly). The highest peaks of abundance of P. solenopsis recorded in the February plantation during the two successive seasons 2016/17 and 2017/18 in the second week of April 2016 and the first week of April 2017 and represented by 279 and 351 indiv. /100 leaves, respectively. Meanwhile September plantation recorded the highest peaks of abundance during the two seasons in the first week of November 2016 and the last week of October 2017 and represented by 119 and 140 indiv. /100 leaves, respectively. The cotton mealybug P. solenopsis showed a significantly differences in the two plantations during the two successive seasons.

Missouri Spring Freeze Event and Crop Loss Analysis for the Years 1982-2015

A spring freeze is an unexpected freeze event occurring in late spring that can result in severe domestic crop loss. These events coincide with seasonal weather conditions that promote early crop development. As a consequence, early growth is most susceptible to freeze damage. Spring temperature fluctuations pose significant threat to crop yield and growth, when compared to onsistently cold springtime temperatures. In this study, a thirty-four-year span (1982 to 2015) of historical climate, agricultural and crop insurance data for Missouri was analyzed. Risk analysis was performed for each Missouri county to determine statistical relationships between crop loss and springtime warm-cold temperature fluctuations. Statewide, several regions were identified as having an increased susceptibility to freeze events, with Lafayette County emerging as the state’s leading county in agricultural losses due to freeze events. The window for peak freeze damage for Lafayette County was identified as the last week of March through the first week of April. The years 1985, 1996 and 2007 stood apart in the dataset as they correspond to the highest crop damages on record. Each of these years also corresponds to a doubling of severity in the reported crop losses.

The Role of Predators Insects in Regulating Population Densities of Certain Piercing Sucking Pests on Squash Plants in Egypt

Studieswere carried out at Diarb Negim, Sharkia governorate during two successiveseasons 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. Obtained results showed that in autumnplantation, there were two peaks of Aphis gossypii (Glover) on squashplants, one peak at last week ofNovember and other at third week of December in 2014 season. On the other hand,Bemisia tabci (Genn.) had three peaks, in second week of November, firstweek of December and third week of December in 2014 season and two peaks ofinfestation in fourth week of November and December in 2015 season of autumnplantation while, three peaks in summer plantation were obtained on fourth weekof (April &May) and second week of June in 2015 season respectively.Investigation revealed that, squash plants infested by few numbers of thripsduring autumn plantation throughout the two seasons. Statistical analysis ofthe obtained data cleared highly negative correlation between aphid&whitefly and temperature in autumn plantation in both seasons. Also, themean R.H showed a positive significant correlation on population density of A.gossypii in second season 2015 of autumn plantation. In summer plantation,the minimum R.H% showed a negative correlation with Orius spp.population and a positive significant correlation with C. carnea populationin the first season 2015. The predaceous insects found associated with pericingsucking pests were Orius spp., Coccinella undecimpuncta L.,Chrysoperla carnea Steph., Metasyrphus corolla F. and few number of Paederusalferii (Koch ) and true spider. Theresults revealed that Orius spp. had three peak in two season in autumnplantation, in first and third week of November, and third week of December inboth seasons respectively. Meanwhile there was two peaks in first week of Mayand third week of June in 2015 season of summer plantation. Chrysoperlacarnea had two peaks in autumn plantation during two seasons, third week ofNovember, second week in December in 2014 and fourth week of November, thirdweek of December in 2015 respectively. Also two peaks in summer plantationduring 2015 season in first week of April and second week of June.

Black Stork in Zhytomyr region

The first data about the Black Stork in this field are known from the early 20-th century. Since 1980 multi ongoing research mainly in Polissya Nature Reserve and south of the forest zone. Arrival of birds takes place mainly in the first week of April. The average long-term arrival date – April 7. More than two decades of recorded cases of gradual habituation to human impact type and characteristics synanthropization. 11% of bird registrations took place in the immediate vicinity of settlements, sometimes directly to their limits. Nesting of storks found in 19 administrative districts, even in 4 areas south edge of the territorial pairs were recorded, some of which were probably breeding. The estimated number of Black Storks in the Zhytomyr region 250-270 breeding pairs, which is about 2.6 pairs/100 km2 forested area.

Vertebrate-faunal diversity profile of Sisauli Wetland, Belbari, Morang

The research work on Sisauli Wetland area of Belbari Municipality, Morang was conducted from first week of April to last week of August, 2018. A total of 12 species of mammals, 19 species of Aves, 13 species of reptiles, 8 species of amphibian and 19 species of Pisces were documented from Sisauli Wetland area.

Studies on Pest Complex and Seasonal Incidence of Shoot Fly,Atherigona Soccata(Rondani) on Maize in Western U.P.

An investigation to study the pest complex and seasonal incidence of shoot fly, Atherigona soccata (Rondani) in maize was carried out for two consecutive seasons i.e. 2013 and 2014. During the experimentation, eleven insect species were found attacking on different growth stage of maize crop, out of these stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) and shoot fly, A. soccata (Rondani) were recorded as major pests, two insect Rhopalosiphum maidis and Pyrilla perpusilla was recorded as stray pests while other seven insects were appeared as minor insects to this region. The peak number of egg laid by shoot fly 2.27 and 2.37 egg/plant were recorded at end week of March (13th Standard Week) during the years, 2013 and 2014, respectively. The peak dead heart caused by shoot fly 26.18 and 26.40 per cent was recorded at first week of April (14th Standard Week) during the both years of experimentation i.e. 2013 and 2014, respectively. In case of shoot fly incidence among the weather factors, only morning and evening relative humidity showed positive correlation while other had negative correlation.