First Report Of Genotype Research Articles

The 2022 Outbreaks of African Swine Fever Virus Demonstrate the First Report of Genotype II in Ghana.

African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal disease of domestic pigs that has been causing outbreaks for over a century in Africa ever since its first discovery in 1921. Since 1957, there have been sporadic outbreaks outside of Africa; however, no outbreak has been as devastating and as far-reaching as the current pandemic that originated from a 2007 outbreak in the Republic of Georgia. Derivatives with a high degree of similarity to the progenitor strain, ASFV-Georgia/2007, have been sequenced from various countries in Europe and Asia. However, the current strains circulating in Africa are largely unknown, and 24 different genotypes have been implicated in different outbreaks. In this study, ASF isolates were collected from samples from swine suspected of dying from ASF on farms in Ghana in early 2022. While previous studies determined that the circulating strains in Ghana were p72 Genotype I, we demonstrate here that the strains circulating in 2022 were derivatives of the p72 Genotype II pandemic strain. Therefore, this study demonstrates for the first time the emergence of Genotype II ASFV in Ghana.

Genetic and population diversity of Toxocara cati (Schrank, 1788) Brumpt, 1927, on the basis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region.

The present investigation was aimed to study the sequence, phylogenetic and haplotype analyses of Toxocara cati based on the ITS region, along with the genetic diversity, demographic history and population-genetic structure. The maximum likelihood tree based on Kimura 2-parameter model was constructed using the complete ITS region of all the nucleotide sequences (n = 57) of Toxocara spp. and other related ascarid worms available in the GenBank™. It placed all the sequences of T. cati into four major clades designated as T. cati genotypes 1-4 (TcG1-G4). A total of 66 signature nucleotides were identified in the ITS region between genotypes. The median-joining haplotype network displayed a total of 24 haplotypes, with China exhibiting the highest number of haplotypes (h = 20) followed by India (h = 4), and Japan and Russia (h = 1). It indicated a clear distinction between all the four genotypes. The pairwise FST values between all the genotypes indicated huge genetic differentiation (> 0.25) between different T. cati genotypes. Moreover, the gene flow (Nm) between T. cati genotypes was very low. Results of AMOVA revealed higher genetic variation between genotypes (92.82%) as compared to the variation within genotypes (7.18%). The neutrality indices and mismatch distributions for the G1-G4 genotypes, Indian isolates and the overall dataset of T. cati indicated either a constant population size or a slight population increase. The geographical distribution of all the genotypes of T. cati is also reported. This is the first report of genotyping of T. cati on the basis of the ITS region.

Genetic parameters and genotype by environment interaction for growth traits of razor clam Sinonovacula constricta, from outdoor pond and semi-natural environment

The razor clam, Sinonovacula constricta, is a commercially important bivalve. To date, there have been very limited quantitative genetic studies of this species, especially in different aquaculture environments. This study is the first report of genotype by environment (G × E) interactions for growth traits of razor clams from outdoor pond (OP) and semi-natural environments (SNE). Over a 2-month period, the data for shell length (SL), shell height (SH), shell width (SW), and body weight (BW) of razor clams were recorded for 1 month, and marked as Data 1 and Data 2. Phenotypic data of 1627 individual clams from 17 full-sib families were used for the analysis. The overall heritabilities (h2) for all growth traits were from low to moderate, ranging from 0.127 to 0.230. The h2 of SNE was higher than that of OP (0.243–0.423 vs. 0.101–0.285). Heritabilities for growth traits indicated that these traits could be effectively selected in both aquaculture environments. Overall, both phenotypic (rp) and genetic (rg) characteristics showed high positive correlations among the growth traits. However, the rg and rp were highly variable in OP, ranging from 0.435 to 0.973 and from 0.597 to 0.874, respectively. The rg of SL, SH, SW, and BW between the two aquaculture environments for Data 1 were 0.867, 0.682, 0.651, and 0.844, respectively. The rg ranged from 0.274 to 0.619 for Date 2. These results indicated significant G × E interactions among families at different sites. This study therefore provided optimal guidelines to select breeding programs for razor clams reared in different aquaculture environments.

Severe phenotypes of B3GAT3-related disorder caused by two heterozygous variants: a case report and literature review

BackgroundLinkeropathies refers to a series of extremely rare hereditary connective tissue diseases affected by various glycosyltransferases in the biosynthesis of proteoglycans. We report for the first time two heterozygous variants of B3GAT3 in a Chinese infant, in whom Marfan syndrome was suspected at birth.Case presentationA 2-month-old boy from a non-consanguineous Chinese family without a family history presented severe phenotypes of joint dislocation, obvious flexion contractures of the elbow, arachnodactyly with slightly adducted thumbs, cranial dysplasia, foot abnormalities and aortic root dilation; Marfan syndrome was suspected at birth. Our patient was the youngest, at the age of 2 months, to experience aortic root dilation. Two B3GAT3 variants, NM_012200.2, c.752T>C, p.V251A and c.47C>A, p.S16*, with heterozygosity were identified in the patient by whole-exome sequencing; the variants were inherited from his parents. During close follow-up, significant changes in the cranial profile and obvious external hydrocephalus were present at the age of 7 months, which differs from previously reported cases.ConclusionWe diagnosed a patient with congenital heart defects at an early age with a B3GAT3-related disorder instead of Marfan syndrome and expanded the spectrum of B3GAT3-related disorders. We also provide a literature review of reported B3GAT3 cases; for at least one of the variants, this is the first report of genotype–phenotype correlations in individuals with cardiovascular defects being related to the acceptor substrate-binding subdomain of B3GAT3.

Genotyping of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Isolates in Romania with the First Report of Genotype II in Symptomatic Pigs.

The World Organisation for Animal Health has listed African swine fever as the most important deadly disease in domestic swine around the world. The virus was recently brought from South-East Africa to Georgia in 2007, and it has since expanded to Russia, Eastern Europe, China, and Southeast Asia, having a devastating impact on the global swine industry and economy. In this study, we report for the first time the molecular characterization of nine African swine fever virus (ASFV) isolates obtained from domestic pigs in Mureş County, Romania. All nine Romanian samples clustered within p72 genotype II and showed 100% identity with all compared isolates from Georgia, Armenia, Russia, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, and Poland. This is the first report of ASFV genotype II in the country.

Deltamethrin resistant alleles predominate in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato in South India.

Brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, an important ectoparasite transmitting several pathogens, is the most common tick species infesting dogs. Control of ticks being central to the control of fatal tick-borne diseases, this study attempted to assess the susceptibility/resistance of brown dog ticks to synthetic pyrethroids, the commonly used acaricides against ticks. Larval packet assay revealed 60% of isolates tested to be resistant and tolerant to deltamethrin as per the resistance factor that ranged from 1 to 53.7. Sequence analysis of the PCR amplified product of domain II S4-5 linker of sodium channel gene in R. sanguineus revealed novel polymorphisms, viz., C190A, G215T and T270C. In domain III S6 region of the gene, a T2134C mutation was observed. Genotyping with allele-specific PCR targeting domain II S4-5 linker region using single larvae revealed that most R. sanguineus larvae in the study population were homozygous resistant (RR) genotypes, followed by heterozygous (RS) and homozygous susceptible (SS) genotypes. A higher proportion of RS genotypes was also observed in domain III S6 region. This first report of genotyping of Indian R. sanguineus to analyse synthetic pyrethroid resistance highlights the need to devise alternate control strategies to reduce the brown dog tick population.

Genotypic characterization of hepatitis B virus among human immunodeficiency virus patients at a tertiary health care facility in North Central Nigeria

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major global health problem, with approximately 257 million people chronically infected. HBV co-infection with human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus is a major public health problem especially in developing countries. In this study, the genotypes of HBV were determined among 400 consenting HIV patients accessing healthcare in Federal Medical Center, Keffi, Nigeria by Nested Multiplex PCR method. Blood samples were collected and screened for HBsAg using ACON kit (ACON Laboratories Inc, USA). HBV DNA from 18 positive samples were genotyped. Of these, 5.6% were of genotype B, 22.2% were of genotype F and 72.2% were not-typeable. This study reported the circulation of genotypes B and F in the study population with predominance of not-typable strains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of genotype F in a Nigerian study.

Genotype distribution of hepatitis B virus in a subset of infected young people in Central Nigeria

Abstract Ten genotypes (A–J) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with distinct geographical distribution have been identified as a result of the high degree of genetic heterogeneity of the virus; with Nigeria being the most likely origin of genotype E. HBV genotypes play critical roles in response to antiviral therapy. However, the circulating genotypes of the virus in an HBV-endemic Nigeria are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the genotypes of HBV amongst a subset of infected young people in Central Nigeria. A total of 350 sera were analysed. All the samples that tested positive for both HBsAg and HBeAg were genotyped by PCR using type-specific primers. A total of 29 cases (8.3%) were both HBsAg and HBeAg positive. Of these, 4 (13.8%) were genotype A (HBV/A), 10 (34.5%) genotype B (HBV/B) and 13 (44.8%) genotype E (HBV/E); suggesting that genotype E was predominant. Additionally, 2 (6.9%) had mixed infection with genotypes B and E. Age and gender were not associated with genotype distribution (P > 0.05). This is the first report of genotype B as a circulating variant in Nigeria. These findings have critical national and regional implications for the epidemiology of the virus, vaccination, antiviral therapy and clinical outcomes.

Genotypic diversity of Acanthamoeba strains isolated from Chilean patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis

BackgroundAcanthamoeba spp. are the causative agents of a severe keratitis occurring mainly in contact lens wearers. The genus comprises more than 24 species that are currently divided into 20 different genotypes (T1-T20) according to sequence variations in the 18S rRNA gene. The objective of this study was to identify the genotypes and sub-genotypes of Acanthamoeba isolates collected at the Parasitology Laboratory of the Public Health Institute of Chile, the only laboratory in the country where Acanthamoeba screening is performed. This is the first report of genotypic identification of clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba in Chile and one of the few in South America.ResultsIn this study, 114 Acanthamoeba isolates from 76 Acanthamoeba keratitis patients, obtained between 2005–2016, were genotyped. T4 was the predominant genotype; T2 and T11 genotypes, which are scarcely reported worldwide, were also identified in Chilean patients (one and two patients, respectively). This is the first report of T2 and T11 genotypes isolated from Acanthamoeba keratitis patients in South America. It is also the first report of the T2 genotype circulating in this continent. Analysis of the diagnostic fragment 3 region of the 18S rRNA gene showed 24 T4 variants, with a predominance of the sub-genotype T4/A, followed by T4/B, T4/G, T4/C and T4/D. Bayesian analysis revealed three groups among the T4 variants: two well supported groups that included 12 and 7 sub-genotypes, respectively, and a weakly supported group that included 5 sub-genotypes. Most of the predominant T4 sub-genotypes belonged to the same group, which included 71.3% of the patients, while some minority variants lied mainly in the other two clusters.ConclusionsT2, T4 and T11 genotypes were predominantly isolated from the Acanthamoeba keratitis patients in Chile. Chilean predominant T4 sub-genotypes, which have also been reported worldwide, formed a separate cluster of the minority T4 variants. This study provides useful information about the predominant genotypes and subgenotypes that would be useful in selecting suitable strains to develop immunological and/or molecular diagnostic assays in Chile.

Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection Rate and Detection of Genotype I From Culex tritaeniorhynchus Collected From Jiangsu, China.

Information regarding the infection rate and genotype shifts for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are important for JE vaccine application. In Jiangsu province, China, which is one of the provinces with a high prevalence of JE, JEV infection in swine and mosquitoes in certain cities has only been investigated in 2008-2009. Lianyungang City has one of the highest numbers of JE cases in Jiangsu province, and it has a high risk of JEV invasion via migrant birds. JEV infection in vectors in Lianyungang City, which has urban and rural parts, has not been investigated. In 2015-2016, we collected mosquitoes in cowsheds with ultraviolet light traps and detected JEV by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method in Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Xintan village, Xuzhuang village, and Xiaogaozhuang village in Lianyungang City, China. The proportion of positive pools, which is calculated by the number of infected pools to the total number of pools tested in these villages, were 16.67%, 20.00%, and 4.17%, respectively, and the minimum infection rates, which is calculated as the ratio of the number of positive pools to the total number of mosquitoes tested, were 3.33‰, 4.00‰, and 0.83‰, respectively. Four JEV strains from positive samples were coded as LYG-1, LYG-2, LYG-3, and LYG-4, and the complete E genes were sequenced. Furthermore, the complete genome of LYG-3 was sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that all the four JEV strains belonged to genotype I-b. This is the first report of genotype I JEV strain in Jiangsu province. The high JEV infection rate in Culex tritaeniorhynchus indicated a high risk of JE reemergence in Lianyungang. The detected JEV strains may have similar antigenicity to that of SA14-14-2 according to molecular characters. These findings suggest that the vaccine can still be effective in Lianyungang.

Intestinal parasites and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in children: first report of genotype B in isolates from human clinical samples in Mexico

Giardia duodenalis is one of the most prevalent enteroparasites in children. This parasite produces several clinical manifestations. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of genotypes of G. duodenalis causing infection in a region of southeastern Mexico. G. duodenalis cysts were isolated (33/429) from stool samples of children and molecular genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis, targeting the triosephosphate isomerase ( tpi ) and glutamate dehydrogenase ( gdh ) genes. The tpi gene was amplified in all of the cyst samples, either for assemblage A (27 samples) or assemblage B (6 samples). RFLP analysis classified the 27 tpi -A amplicons in assemblage A, subgenotype I. Samples classified as assemblage B were further analysed using PCR-RFLP of the gdh gene and identified as assemblage B, subgenotype III. To our knowledge, this is the first report of assemblage B of G. duodenalis in human clinical samples from Mexico.

Genotypes, Antibiotic Resistance, and ST-8 Genetic Clone in Campylobacter Isolates from Sheep and Goats in Grenada.

Rectal swabs from 155 sheep and 252 goats from Grenada were evaluated to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter spp., antibiotic resistance, and multilocus sequence types. Fifteen Campylobacter isolates were obtained (14 C. jejuni and 1 C. coli). The prevalence (3.7%) did not differ significantly between sheep (4.5%) and goats (3.2%). Among the seven antimicrobials tested, resistance was only detected for tetracycline (30.8%) and metronidazole (38.5%). Campylobacter isolates showed no significant difference between sheep and goats for type of antimicrobial resistance or percent of resistant isolates. Twelve of the isolates were successfully genotyped consisting of four recognized clonal complexes and three novel sequence types. Importantly, one isolate from one goat was identified as the C. jejuni sequence type-8, a zoonotic and tetracycline-resistant clone reported to be a highly virulent clone associated with ovine abortion in the USA. Although most samples were from comingled sheep and goat production units, there were no shared sequence types between these two host species. None of the sequence types identified in this study have previously been reported in poultry in Grenada, suggesting sheep- and goat-specific Campylobacter clones in Grenada. This is the first report of genotyping of Campylobacter isolates from sheep and goats in the Eastern Caribbean.

Identification of 17 novel mutations in 40 Argentinean unrelated families with mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome)

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPSII) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS). The human IDS gene is located in chromosome Xq28. This is the first report of genotype and phenotype characterization of 49 Hunter patients from 40 families of Argentina. Thirty different alleles have been identified, and 57% were novel. The frequency of de novo mutations was 10%. Overall, the percentage of private mutations in our series was 75%.

Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from Ethiopian feral cats

Recent studies indicate greater genetic variability among isolates of Toxoplasma gondii worldwide than previously thought. However, there is no information on genetic diversity of T. gondii from any host in Ethiopia. In the present study, genotyping was performed on viable T. gondii isolates by bioassays in mice from tissues and feces of 27 cats from Ethiopia. Viable T. gondii was isolated from hearts of 26 cats, feces alone of 1 cat, and feces and tissues of 6 cats; in total there were 33 isolates. Genotyping was performed on DNA from cell-cultured derived T. gondii tachyzoites and by using 10 PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism markers (SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico). Four genotypes were recognized, including ToxoDB #1 (Type II clonal, nine isolates), ToxoDB #2 (Type III, five isolates), Toxo DB #3 (Type II variant, ten isolates), and ToxoDB #20 (nine isolates). Of interest is the isolation of different genotypes from tissues and feces of two cats, suggesting re-infection or mixed strain T. gondii infection. These findings are of epidemiological significance with respect to shedding of oocysts by cats. This is the first report of genotyping of T. gondii from any host in Ethiopia.

Emergence of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype V in the Republic of Korea

BackgroundJapanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype V reemerged in Asia (China) in 2009 after a 57-year hiatus from the continent, thereby emphasizing a need to increase regional surveillance efforts. Genotypic characterization was performed on 19 JEV-positive mosquito pools (18 pools of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and 1 pool of Cx. bitaeniorhynchus) from a total of 64 positive pools collected from geographically different locations throughout the Republic of Korea (ROK) during 2008 and 2010.FindingsTwo regions of the JEV genome were sequenced from 19 pools; the envelope gene and the nonstructural protein 5 (NS5)/3'-untranslated region (UTR). Eighteen pools of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and one pool of Cx. bitaeniorhynchus were positive for genotype I and genotype V, respectively. Sequence alignment of the complete E gene from Cx. bitaeniorhynchus showed high amino acid similarity (98.8%) to the Muar strain, characterized as the first report of genotype V, isolated from an encephalitis patient in Malaysia in 1952.ConclusionThis study represents the first report of JEV genotype V in the ROK. The reemergence of genotype V in Asia (China and ROK) after more than a half-century and its discovery in Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, a mosquito species previously unknown to carry JEV in the ROK, emphasizes the need for enhanced JE surveillance to monitor the dynamics of JEV strains within the region. Future findings may have implications with regard to JEV vaccination/prevention strategies.

PVI-19 The first report of genotype A of hepatitis B in Turkish population

PVI-19 The first report of genotype A of hepatitis B in Turkish population

Isolation and Characterization of Avian Metapneumovirus from Broiler Breeder Chickens in Korea

Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) is an emerging pathogen causing respiratory and reproductive illness in poultry worldwide. To demonstrate the presence of AMPV in domestic chickens in Korea, we attempted to isolate AMPV from affected chickens. A cytopathic agent was isolated using chicken tracheal ring culture from dead chickens from a broiler breeder farm with reduced egg production in Korea. This agent, termed SC1509 strain, subsequently passed in Vero cells with distinct cytopathic effects. The SC1509 strain was confirmed as avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) using both RT-PCR test and monoclonal antibody-based immunofluorescence assay. Sequence analysis based on the G glycoprotein revealed that the SC1509 strain had 22.5 to 96.0% nucleotide sequence identity and 11.1 to 92.7% predicted amino acid sequence identity with previously published AMPV strains, particularly with the highest sequence homology (95.8 to 96% for nucleotides and 92.2 to 92.7% for amino acids) to European strains belonging to genotype B. The SC1509 strain was phylogenetically clustered with genotype B viruses, confirming that the SC1509 strain belongs to genotype B. This is the first report of genotype B avian metapneumovirus from chickens in Korea.

Abstract B82: First report of genotype F and novel mutations in the core promoter region of HBV isolates from a northern Indian population

Abstract B82 Hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates (35) from North India having different stages of hepatitis were studied for genotypes distribution, core promoter mutations and phylogenetic origin. Assays of SGOT, SGPT and HBeAg were performed in all samples using commercial available kits. Genotypes were determined in all the studied subjects by restriction fragment length polymorphism and core promoter mutations by direct sequencing of PCR products. HBV genotype D was found in 57% of the isolates while 40 % isolates have genotype A and 3% have genotype F. This is the first report of genotype F in Indian population. Earlier it was reported from population from Japan, USA, Argenita and Venezuela. Subgenotype D 1 was predominant among genotype D isolates followed by genotype D2 and D6. Subgenotype A1 was predominant among genotype A followed by A3. Genotype F has subgenotype F2. 1762A -T and 1764G-A mutations were observed in 50% isolates having active viral replication of HBV virus. These are also present in the sera of HCC patients. Wild types were observed in many asymptomatic patients. Novel mutations like 1697G 1698C1727A 1740T were observed in the 50% isolates having nearly normal or slightly high ALT/AST level and all the samples were positive for HBeAg. 1811C 1812C1813T mutations were observed in 15% isolates with slightly high ALT/AST level. 1858T was observed in genotype D with HBeAg positive. 1898A stop codon mutations responsible for HBeAg negativity as observed in Japanese, South African and other world populations could not be observed in the isolates under study. Phylogenetic tree of HBV isolates based on the precore/core gene sequences was drawn with HBV sequences from other parts of the world and previously reported Indian strains from eastern part. Majority of strains shows a high degree of closeness with Chinese and eastern Indian strains. Two rare sequences having nearly 46% and 26% difference in the nucleotide sequence with the available wild type with respect to the CP region were also observed. Efforts are going on to amplify the genotype F to full length. The studies regarding mutations, their role in disease progression and potential as biomarkers of hepatitis B is actively underway. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B82.

Identification of zoonotic Giardia genotypes in marsupials in Australia

A total of 421 fecal samples from a variety of captive and wild marsupial hosts in Western Australia, Victoria and South Australia were screened for the presence of Giardia species/genotypes using PCR and sequence analysis of a fragment of the 18S rRNA gene. Giardia spp. were identified in 13.4% (28/209) of samples from captive marsupials and 13.7% (29/212) of samples from wild marsupials. Sequence analysis at the 18S locus identified the zoonotic Giardia duodenalis Genotypes A and B in both captive and wild marsupials. Eight isolates were typed as genotype B3 and B4 at the gdh locus, although 7/8 were typed as genotype A at the 18S rRNA locus. The possible reasons for this discordance are discussed. This is the first report of genotype B and only the second report of genotype A in marsupials. As some of the genotype B isolates were identical to human-derived Giardia gdh sequences, these results suggest that marsupials in catchments may pose a public health risk and therefore warrant further investigation.

Lacto-prevalence, genotyping of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and evaluation of three diagnostic tests in milk of naturally infected goatherds

Three diagnostic tests (milk culture, Milk-ELISA and Milk-PCR) were evaluated for the diagnosis of Johne's disease in naturally infected (endemic) lactating goats. Indigenous antigen from Map ‘Bison type’ of goat origin was used in Milk-ELISA (m-ELISA). Sensitivity and specificity of m-ELISA was 56.7 and 50.0% in comparison to the milk culture. M-ELISA was used as ‘herd screening test’ and 70.1% milk samples were positive in organized herds (Central Institute for Research on Goats) and 58.2% in farmer's herds (villagers around CIRG). Prevalence of JD was high in few important breeds of goats of UP and Rajasthan. Lacto-prevalence of Map in organized herds was 69.8% by milk culture (43.3 and 45.2% in fat and sediment, respectively) and 57.4% cultures were pauci-bacillary. Maximum colonies appeared from 60 to 105 days post-inoculation. In Milk-PCR (m-PCR), 37.7% milk samples were positive (fat, 9.4%; sediment, 28.3%). Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, isolated from milk were characterized and genotyped as ‘Bison type’ using IS 900 PCR and IS 1311 PCR–REA. Of the three tests, milk culture was most sensitive. Culture and PCR together detected, 79.2% goats’ positive. Screening of both fat and sediment in culture and m-PCR improved the detection of Map. M-ELISA was quick and economical ‘herd screening test’. This is the first report of genotyping of Map (‘Bison type’), from the milk samples of Indian goats. Lacto-prevalence of Map was high in organized and farmer's goatherds. Milk was good clinical material for the diagnosis of Johne's disease in lactating goatherds.