First Half Of Century Research Articles

Concert genres for piano and orchestra in the works of Sergei Bortkiewicz

Concert genres for piano and orchestra in the works of Sergei Bortkiewicz

Belt Sets of the “Redikar Type” in Medieval Cemeteries of the Volga Finns

This article describes the belt sets decorated by metal plaques with nodular rims, which we term Redikar sets after the place where they were fi rst found in a hoard. They are believed to mark the Magyar migration to Pannonia. We discuss the question of when and how such and similar belts got to the Volga Finns of the Lower Oka. The mapping of parallels suggests that their principal distribution area is the Kama basin and western Ural, i.e. places formerly inhabited by Ugrians. Stylistically, the decoration of such belts resembles that of Iranian toreutics and of the cast ritual items from the western Ural (Perm) and eastern Ural. Because trade and manufacture centers with jewelers’ workshops associated with silver mines existed in the Kama basin, this might have been the area from where silver belts of the Redikar type were brought to the Volga basin. The chronology of the fi nds is analyzed in detail, and the conclusion is made that they date to the fi rst half of the 10th century. On the Lower Oka, in the western Ural, and in the Kama basin, the Redikar belts are found in burials of the military elite members. Theу were supplied to the Mordvins along the Volga-Kama trade route, spanning territories from the Ural to Scandinavia. Their presence in cemeteries on the Tsna River suggests that Volga Finns were involved in the formation of early states at the turn of the fi rst and second millennia.

Citizenship, Vulnerability and Mental Incapacity in England, 1900-1960s.

Over the twentieth century, the Lunacy Office (renamed the Court of Protection in 1947) was responsible for appointing 'receivers' to manage the property of adults in England who were found incapable of managing their own affairs. Tens of thousands of people were in this position by the 1920s, and numbers continued to grow until after Second World War. This article uses the archives of the Office to examine the evolution of the concept of mental incapacity over the first half of the twentieth century, offering a corrective to the popular impression that the time before the Mental Capacity Act of 2005 was an era of ignorance and bad practice. It examines the changing ways in which being 'incapable' was understood and described, with particular reference to shifting ideas of citizenship. I argue that incapacity was not always seen as absolute or permanent in the first half of the century, that models of incapacity began to include perceived vulnerability in the interwar period and that women in particular were seen in this way. From the 1940s, though, the profile of those found incapable was changing, and the growing welfare state and its principles of employment and universality saw the idea of incapacity narrowing and solidifying around knowledge deficits, especially among the elderly. This brings the history of the Lunacy Office into the twentieth century and connects it to current concerns around assessments of mental capacity today.

Reconstruction of palaeolandscaps of Ukraine during MIS 20-12 according to palaeontological methods data

<p>Abstrakt: Według nowego Schematu Stratygrafi cznego Plejstocenu Ukrainy klimatolity przyazowski, martonoszski, sulski, łubenski i tiligulski korelowane są z końcową częścią wczesnego i pierwszą połową środkowego plejstocenu według międzynarodowej skali stratygrafi cznej oraz z 20-12 MIS. Z kriochronami przyazowską, sulską i tiligulską wiązała się sedymentacja lessów i osadów lessopodobnych; podczas kriochrony tiligulskiej lądolód skandynawski (Krukenycki, Okski) objął północno-zachodnią Ukrainę. Podczas termochron martonoszskiej i łubenskiej formowały się gleby kopalne. Osady subakwalne (pierwsza połowa środkowego plejstocenu) tworzą aluwialne terasy V i VI, a także osady basenów morskich Czauda i Postczauda. W celu rekonstrukcji warunków paleogeografi cznych zostały wykorzystane własne wyniki badań palinologicznych, malakologicznych, mikroteriologicznych osadów kontynentalnych i morskich, dane z analizy paleopedologicznej z lat ostatnich oraz materiały publikowane (por. bibliografi a). Uzyskane dane potwierdziły cykliczny charakter ewolucji krajobrazów i zmian klimatu na Ukrainie podczas glacjałów i interglacjałów w okresie między 800 a 430 tysięcy lat temu. Zasięgi stref roślinnych, wyróżnianych na terenie Ukrainy w tych jednostkach stratygrafi cznych, przedstawiają ryc. 3–7. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że powierzchnia i granice jednostek biostratygrafi cznych w poszczególnych jednostkach plejstocenu nie zawsze pokrywają się z powierzchnią podjednostek klimatostratygrafi cznych, zidentyfi kowanych na podstawie rekonstrukcji paleogeografi cznych. Cechą charakterystyczną jest duża rola doliny Dniepru, wykazana przez zróżnicowanie strefowych odmian roślinności w prawo- i lewobrzeżnej części jego basenu.</p>

Deconstructing US Marijuana Prohibition Policies in the Early Twentieth Century

In the early 1900s, cannabis was used widely as a medicinal drug. However, through the fi rst half of the twentieth century, marijuana became negatively associated with Mexican-origin populations in the United States. Anglo American views of race and class became central to the creation of legislation prohibiting marijuana. This article provides a sociohistorical analysis of the 1910–1930s period, when the cannabis prohibition movement was at its peak. An intersectional theory of marijuana prohibition is used to deconstruct the dominant theories that have been offered. Marijuana prohibition cannot be explained by any single factor, but stems from the intersection of multiple factors. Background factors include the historical use of marijuana in Mexico, immigration to the United States, racism, and the pharma–medical industrial complex. Foreground factors include cultural stereotyping and mass media, governmental bureaucratic entrepreneurship, and moral crusade movements. The intersection of these factors socially constructed both a stigmatized image of the Mexican and the present reality of marijuana prohibition. Research on the complex origins of marijuana prohibition can inform the present policy debate on medical and recreational use of cannabis in the United States.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ГЛИНЯНОЙ ПОСУДЫ В КУЛЬТУРЕ КОМИ (ЗЫРЯН) В КОНЦЕ XIX — ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XX в.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ГЛИНЯНОЙ ПОСУДЫ В КУЛЬТУРЕ КОМИ (ЗЫРЯН) В КОНЦЕ XIX — ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XX в.

Appeals to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 in times of military conflicts of the first half of the 20th century

This article examines the emergence of the memory of the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878 in Russia in the fi rst half of the twentieth century. It considers the three key, non-anniversary, and therefore in their true colours, mentions of the war - the Balkan wars, the First World War and the entrance of the Red army into the territory of Bulgaria in 1944. The difference between those moments is traced, the instrumental nature of historical memory is also high-lighted.

Models of Egypt’s self-identifi cation in the interwar period (1919-1939)

In the article, the authors consider the models of self-identification typical for the public thought of Egypt of the interwar period. In the fi rst half of XX century Egypt entered an important period of its history. As one of the fi rst formally independent Arab States, Egypt continued to struggle for full sovereignty from the United Kingdom while seeking to establish itself as a regional leader. In this regard, the leading thinkers of Egypt tried to determine the place of their country in the world and fi nd the most acceptable ideology for it, which could also rally other Arab, Muslim, Asian and African countries around Egypt. The article touched upon four concepts that were developed during the interwar period and infl uenced the further development of public thought in Egypt. Some thinkers have tried to develop a model of secular pan-Arabism based on the ideas of al-Kawakibi and al-Husri. For these authors, Egypt was an integral part of the Arab world and the core of its possible unifi cation. The second concept was related to pan-Islamism: developing the ideas of al-Afghani, the ideologues of this direction interpreted Egypt primarily as a Muslim country and part of the Dar al-Islam . For example, “Muslim Brotherhood” belonged to this group. The third concept is associated with the comprehension of the identity of Egypt through the idea of “pharaonism” and “ tamsir ” modern Egyptians declared heirs of the ancient Egyptian civilization. The fourth concept, conventionally named Eastern Idea or Easternism , was founded on the opposition of all the countries of the East to Western countries. Each of the areas of identity of Egypt - pan-Arab, pan-Islamic, Egyptian (“pharaonism”) and Easternism - made a contribution to the development of the identity of Egyptian society in the interwar period, and somehow infl uenced on the history of Egypt in the second half of the XX century.

Rand rebellion of 1922: the perception in British public opinion

The article presents the research of the problem of white miners uprising in Witwatersrand in January-March 1922. The aim of the research was to surround the causes of the uprising, the reaction of British establishment and press, as well as the leader of the South African Union. Based on a number of sources, are shown the history of the issue and the driving forces of the rebels. The article contains an indication of both the traditional factors of the strike, characteristic of the industry of the fi rst half of XX, and the specifi c features of South Africa that aff ected the uprising. The author paid attention to the way of analyzing by the British press the causes of the uprising, and how various publications appreciate it, depending on their ideology. Besides, is considered the signifi cance of the uprising for further decision-making by the British leadership on colonial policy.

ARTISTIC METALWORK FOUND NEAR THE TOMSKAYA PISANITSA

We describe rare toreutic items found in the 1970s, 1990s, and 2010s near the Tomskaya Pisanitsa rock art site—a zoomorphic fi gurine, two anthropomorphic masks, and an ornithomorphic pendant. Parallels among the ritual and funerary artifacts from Southern and Western Siberia are discussed. The fi gurine representing a horse or an onager resembles certain examples of ritual toreutic art of the Tagar and Kizhirovo cultures (500–300 BC). Anthropomorphic masks represent the Tomsk-Narym variant of late Kulaika toreutics (100 BC to 500 AD) but may be as late as the sixth century, being associated with the post-Kulaika early medieval tradition. The ornithomorphic fi gurine, dating to 500–700 AD, belongs to the early medieval trans-cultural tradition that had originated from late Kulaika art. The Tomskaya Pisanitsa site resembles Early Iron Age and early medieval sanctuaries of Western and Southern Siberia with votive hoards of artifacts including toreutic ones. Such sites are part of the Northern Asian tradition of offerings made near rock art galleries. Hypotheses are advanced about the attitudes of the late Kulaika people to rock art sites in the fi rst half of the fi rst millennium AD.

Pianoforte compositions “Etude” by D. Zador and “Impromptu” by I. Marton in the context of the problem of analysis and interpretation of the creative idea

Pianoforte compositions “Etude” by D. Zador and “Impromptu” by I. Marton in the context of the problem of analysis and interpretation of the creative idea

YIELD VARIABILITY OF GRAIN CROP VARIETIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE STEPPE ZONE OF WESTERN SIBERIA

The work presents the results of research into the yield and quality of grain obtained from crop varieties of different maturity types, namely spring common wheat varieties (mid-early Pamyati Aziyeva, mid-late Baganskaya 95 and Omskaya 28), spring barley (early-ripening Bagan, mid-ripening Acha and Signal) and spring oats (early-ripening Krasnoobsky, mid-ripening SIG, mid-late Ural 2). The study was conducted in the conditions of the steppe zone of Western Siberia (North Kulunda), the climate of which is extremely continental, and is characterized by signifi cant variability of agrometeorological conditions of the vegetation period by years and a drought during the fi rst half of summer. It was established that sowing of midripening and mid-late varieties of wheat and barley resulted in the increase of the grain yield by 0.47-1.07 t/ha or by 24-30%, compared with the more early-ripening varieties. Among various biotypes of oats, the highest yields of grain were formed by sowing of the mid-ripening variety, which was by 0.60-0.87 t/ha or 19-30% higher than the early and mid-late varieties, whereas the highest yield of green mass was achieved by sowing of the mid-late variety. All varieties of barley, oats and mid-early wheat were characterized by signifi cant variability in grain yields by years (with coeffi cient of variation being 24-38%), while midlate varieties of wheat were characterized by medium or small variability in grain yields (coeffi cient of variation being 3-12%). The content of crude gluten in the grain of wheat varieties varied considerably depending on agrometeorological conditions (coeffi cient of variation being 20-25%). On average, over the years of research, the highest content of gluten (34.0%) was in the grain of the mid-early variety Pamyati Aziyeva, the lowest content (27.4%) was in the mid-late Baganskaya 95. The maximum amount of crude gluten in the wheat grain (33.6-40.0%) was observed in the dry year, the minimum (19.9-26.4%) was in the year with favorable humidity. The content of crude protein in the barley grain varied in the experiment from 11.6 to 14.9% (coeffi cient of variation being 9-14%) and did not differ signifi cantly by varieties (12.5-12.9%). The greatest amount of crude protein in the grain of all varieties of barley (13.7-14.9%) was recorded in the dry year.

Корреляционный и структурный анализ для определения связи результатов ЕГЭ с оценками студентов первого курса

One of the problems that is of interest to researchers is the adaptation of fi rst-year students. One of the indicators of their successful adaptation, many researchers believe performance. With the help of correlation and structural analysis, the interrelation between the results of fi nal examinations in the general education school and the results of training in the fi rst half of the year during the adaptation of fi rst-year students of the Institute of Physics of the Kazan (Volga) Federal University (KFU) was investigated. At the fi rst stage of the pedagogical analysis, we came to the conclusion that between the results of the fi nal examinations in the general education school and the results of training in the fi rst half of the year, during the adaptation of the fi rst-year students of the Institute of Physics, a slight diff erence was revealed, which demonstrates their interdependence. The article also presents an algorithm for working with a correlation matrix. The materials of the article can be used by high school teachers, curators of student groups, as well as by researchers in organizing and conducting an experiment on their problem in the higher school educational organization.

WORKLOADS OF YOUNG SOCCER PLAYERS

The purpose of this study is to present a comparison of the workload demonstrated by young soccer players during the phases of warm-up (WU), first half (FH) and second half (SH) of a league match. Eleven young Polish soccer players took part in this research, playing a league match after completing the WU. During the WU, FH and SH of the match the following variables were recorded: total distance run, maximal and average speed achieved during the runs, number of sprints, distances run in the different speed zones, durations of increased heart rate (HR) in specific ranges, and the maximal, mean and minimal HR. The variables were recorded by means of the Global Positioning System (GPS). The research showed that there were significant differences between the WU, FH and SH in the total distances run (F=30.107, p0.001), the average speed achieved during the runs (F=37.731, p0.001), the distances run at different speeds (p0.001), the duration of increased HR in specific zones, and HRmean (p=0.002) and HRmin (p0.001). Post hoc analysis confirmed that, for the majority of the analyzed parameters, the WU provided a smaller load for the body than did the FH or SH, the intensity of which in some part was higher than that encountered at the anaerobic threshold. In conclusion, it has been shown that the WU and the two halves of the match load the body to varying degrees, the former doing so to a lesser extent than FH or SH.

THE SOVIET SHARI‘A. USHIR-ZAKYAT IN THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL PROTECTION IN THE FIRST HALF OF 1920S (CASE OF ADYGEYA)

The article deals with the practice of transferring the Ushir-Zakat to peasant committees of public mutual assistance in Adygea in the fi rst half of the 1920s. The author analyzes the new Soviet practice in the context of the formation of the state system of social mutual assistance, as well as changes in the social status of the Muslim clergy in the 1920s. The author outlines the reasons for the unpopularity of peasant community mutual assistance committees among the Adygs, as well as the reasons for the rejection of new practices by the Muslim clergy. It is emphasized that the transfer of Ushir-zakat was not so much a means of replenishing the funds of mutual aid committees, but rather a tool for limiting the infl uence of the clergy. Non-payment of zakat is characterized as a hidden form of protest against the anti-religious policy of the state and collectivization. Throughout the campaign for the transfer of the Ushir-Zakat to KKOV, the emphasis was on the economic component of the Ushir, its transfer to KKOV was seen as the liquidation of the economic dependence of the poor from the clergy, thereby emasculating the spiritual meaning of one of the “pillars of Islam” that prescribes to help the poor and needy.

Geschichte der Pädagogik im Curriculum der Lehrerausbildung für Grund- und Bürgerschulen (tschechisch-deutscher Vergleich: 1918–1939) – eine wissenschaftliche Disziplin im Dienste des Volkes, des Fortschrittes und der Sozialreform)

Abstract: The article focuses on the analysis of course books concerning the history of pedagogy used in the interwar period at the Czech and German Teachers’ Institutions. Based on the analysis, there is pointed out the role of the subject concerning the history of pedagogy in the given period in the framework of the teachers’ training. The analysis is set into the wider context of the development concerning pedagogical thinking and its reflection in the Czech and German pedagogical debate at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in the Czech lands of the monarchy and the fi rst half of the 20th century in the interwar Czechoslovakia. The analysis not only points to a different grasp of the historical reflection of pedagogical thinking in both national and cultural camps, but also points to common features in the development of the discipline. These are mainly shown in its functional character, when the history of pedagogy was a discipline supporting the national emancipation of both nations, and they were part of a wider debate concerning reform of the society.Keywords: history of education, teachers’ institutes, course books, teachers’ training, Czechoslovakia, Czech Lands and the Habsburg Monarchy.

MODERN METHODS OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY FOR ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING ANALYSIS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE OBJECTS

In the article the results of research works of a large-scale object of cultural heritage of the Earth mound of the Krasnoyarsk fortress with application of aerial photography from the unmanned aerial vehicle are presented. The Krasnoyarsk fortress is a unique monument of military fortifi cation architecture of Russia of the fi rst half of the XVIII century and one of the largest defensive lines in Russia, created for protection of the southeastern edge of the European Russia against att acks of nomads. The results of vertical and oblique aerial photography allow to reveal the general architectural and planning composition of the Earth mound of fortress as well as to see all the area of a complex and to defi ne the territorial unity with other fortifi cation constructions. The methods of use of unmanned aerial vehicles give materials about the object in study and allow to bind its spatial location to the coordinate system of the terrain, to create three-dimensional model of the area, to compare the received images with the available historical cards and plans, which will signifi cantly facilitate the task of registering the Fortress with the security authorities and withdrawing its territory from economic use.

Dynamics of CO2 emission from chernozems under agricultural use

Aim. The comparison of the effect of hydrothermal conditions and various agricultural practices on the emission of CO 2 from chernozems in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The dynamics of the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions from chernozem calcic (typical chernozem – in Ukrainian classifi cation) was studied during the growing season of 2011–2012. The observations were based on two fi eld experiments with various methods of soil till- age (6–7 years from the beginning of the experiment) and fertilization systems (21–22 years from the beginning of the experiment). Particularly, plowing at 20–22 cm, disking at 10–12 cm, cultivation at 6–8 cm and direct seeding using Great Plains drill were studied among the soil tillage methods. Mineral system (N 45 P 50 K 45 ), organic system (manure 8 t/ha) and combined organic-mineral system (manure 8 t/ha + N 45 P 50 K 45 ) were studied among fertilization systems. The intensity of CO 2 fl ux was determined using the non-stationary respiratory chambers by the alkaline absorption method, with averaging of the results during the day and the frequency of once a month. Results. During the warm period, the emission of carbon dioxide from the soil changes dynamically depending on temperature and humidity. The maximum of emission coincides with the periods of warm summer showers in June-July, the minimum values are characteristic for the late autumn period. The total emission losses of carbon in chernozems over the vegetation period ranged from 480 to 910 kg/ha and varied depending on the methods of tillage ± (4.0–6.0) % and fertilization systems ± (3.8–7.1) %. The changes in the intensity of CO 2 emission from the soil under different methods of soil tillage are associated with hydrothermal regime and the depth of crop residues location. The biggest difference is observed im- mediately after tillage, but in the spring period the differences are only 12–25 %, and after drying of the top layer of soil become even less. Direct seeding technology provides the greatest emission of CO 2 from chernozem, which is fa- cilitated by better water regime and more complete mineralization of plant residues on the soil surface. Annual losses of carbon are the least under disking of soil at 10–12 cm. The changes in the intensity of CO 2 emission from the soil under different fertilization systems are associated with the involvement of the additional organic matter from plant residues and manure to the microbiological decomposition. The greatest emission was observed under the organic- mineral fertilization system, which increased the loss of carbon by 7–8 % in comparison with the mineral system in the unfavorable hydrothermal year and by 11–15 % in the more favorable year. These differences are observed mainly during the fi rst half of the growing season when there is a clear tendency to increase the intensity of soil respiration. Conclusions. The hydrothermal conditions of the warm period of the year are decisive in the formation of the CO 2 emission fl ow from chernozems. Due to the improvement of agricultural practices, emissions might be reduced but not more that by 15 % of natural factor contribution.

The Exhibition-Organising Activity of the Committee for Cultural Cooperation with Foreign Countries (1950–1956) Based on the Example of Selected Exhibitions at the Zachęta Central Bureau of Art Exhibitions

The documentation of the Committee for Cultural Cooperation with Foreign Countries, which was an offi cial agency active in the years 1950–1956, is currently deposited at the Central Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw and constitutes an invaluable source for any Polish scholar interested in the history of exhibitions. It contains large amounts of interesting data which make it possible to ascertain the character of Polish exhibitionorganising activity in the fi rst half of the 1950s. In the six years of its existence the Committee organised ca. one hundred exhibitions. The essay concerns exhibitions hosted in the main building of the Central Bureau of Art Exhibitions, i.e. the Zachęta. Foreign exhibitions prepared by the Committee were intended to justify the state’s cultural strategy based on promoting the aesthetics of Socialist Realism, which programmatically referred to 19th-century Realism and its historical traditions. Exhibitions of art produced in the countries of the Eastern bloc presented the local version of Social Realism plus 19th-century painting that could be described as “Critical Realism”. Bringing to Poland exhibitions of folk art from the “brotherly” countries of the Eastern bloc was an important element of the Committee’s policy, as in the years 1949–1956 attempts were made to use folk art in the process of remodelling the country in the Socialist spirit. The Committee for Cultural Cooperation with Foreign Countries was established in 1950 in order to centralise, expand and politicise artistic exchange. On the whole, however, the idea to centralise all of the cultural exchange with foreign countries turned out to be a utopia. In 1955, just as the so-called thaw was beginning, the Ministry of Culture and Art offered the proposal to decentralise the exchange and to dissolve the Committee.

Weaving connections between feminism and sociotechnical alternatives

Neste artigo fazemos uma releitura, com lentes feministas, de duas infl uências históricas do pensamento latino-americano sobre a tecnologia social. Em um primeiro momento, olhamos para o movimento independentista da Índia, na primeira metade do século xx, que incorpora à sua causa uma política de disseminação da charkha, uma espécie de roca de fi ar. Difundida no período em que Gandhi liderou o movimento, a fi ação passou a ser símbolo da luta nacionalista, e é tida como exemplo emblemático de alternativa sociotécnica. Em um segundo momento, analisamos o “movimento de tecnologia apropriada”, como um conjunto de refl exões e iniciativas que se popularizam nos anos 1970 para a disseminação de tecnologias supostamente adequadas à realidade das regiões empobrecidas do sul. Ocupando-nos de preencher as lacunas analíticas de gênero, destacamos as contribuições de autoras que desvelaram o caráter androcêntrico de tais políticas, explicando como se produzem tecnologias inadequadas a partir da oclusão do trabalho das mulheres e das demandas comunitárias de cuidados no meio rural africano e asiático. Por fi m, tecemos conexões entre o gênero e a construção de alternativas sociotécnicas e argumentamos que é na invisibilidade do caráter feminizado do cuidar e na incorporação acrítica da lógica produtivista que a tecnologia social encarna o androcentrismo