First Half Of 20th Century Research Articles

Persian Poetry in the Perception of Wilhelm Küchelbecker

The interest in the poetic traditions of the Middle East is a widespread phenomenon in Russian culture and literature of the first half of 19th century and particularly this attention was high in the Romantic period. But, generally speaking, it is possible to identify this interest as short-lived one, as a mere trend that leave few traces in the subsequent literary taste. Among the most remarkable exceptions is the well-known writer Alexander Griboyedov, who was able to speak many foreign languages, including Persian and Arabic. The case of his friend and comrade Wilhelm Kuchelbecker is less well-known. Kuchelbecker knew neither Persian nor Arabic, but he was actively interested in the poetry of the Middle East and in particular the poetry of Ferdowsi and Saadi, which influences the compositions and poetics of some of his own works of the 1920s and 30s.

Development Stages of Graphic Design in the Arab World

The article identifies the graphic design periodization criteria and its development stages in the Arab countries. It is noted that the initial development stage of graphic design aligns with design history in general. The allocation of graphic art as an independent professional domain can be considered to be a specific characteristic of the protodesign period (8th–19th centuries). Certain specific elements of the Islamic decorative canon developed, particularly calligraphy, geometric patterns, and vegetal arabesques, and professional artists and calligraphers appeared during this stage. The second stage of graphic design development in the Arab countries is characterized by the period of colonial dependence and priority of the European cultural tradition (19th — first half of 20th century). This was connected with the establishment of applied graphic arts as an independent art form — book and advertisement design (pictorial signboards, political advertisements, posters, and event posters), bank note design, typographic letterheads, postal graphics, etc. This form of graphic design is connected with cultural borrowing and the lack of national traditions and professionals in the sphere of graphic design. The third stage goes back to the visual language of geometric patterns, arabesques and Arabic calligraphy as an all-Arab visual heritage. It marked the establishment of printing offices and printing schools, changes in aesthetics of the printing industry due to production computerization, the introduction of a graphic designer occupation, and similar major programs in Arabic universities.

ЄВРЕЇ ТА ЄВРЕЙСЬКА КУЛЬТУРА СХІДНОЇ ГАЛИЧИНИ ТА ВЕЛИКОЇ УКРАЇНИ В НІМЕЦЬКОМОВНИХ ПУТІВНИКАХ КІНЦЯ ХІХ – ПЕРШОЇ ПОЛОВИНИ ХХ ст.

The article deals with travel guides in German language about current territory of Ukraine at the end of 19th – first half of 20th centuries. It is noted that they represent quite a small group of literary sources. Major part of their content is reference information about geography, history, specific features of daily life and household traditions of one region or another, but major function is imposing of normative perception of foreign, alien culture. The most well-known are those, which were issued by publishing house “Baedeker”, as well as those, published in the times of Austrian-Hungarian monarchy. The author analyses image of Jews as ethnic community in the regions of Eastern Galicia and so-called Great Ukraine before the First World War, in the interwar period and during the Second World War. It is emphasized that thorough consideration of image of the Jews through prism of travel guides during dramatic and tragic events of the end of XIX – the first half of XX centuries may open to the readers of the XXI century new perspectives in understanding of such socio-political phenomena, as a state policy towards ethnic minorities; collective auto- and hetero-stereotypes; dynamics of antisemitism from common level of everyday life to discrimination and extermination of Jews. Moreover, travel guides contain various materials for analysis of issues, related to cultural transfer, models of journeys, attractiveness of certain destinations and objects of cultural and historical heritage at the territory of regions, which for centuries were known by coexistence of various ethnic groups and frequent changes of borders. Necessity of usage of interdisciplinary approach was an additional stimulus for research on the subject under consideration. The author stressed that the book of Franz Obermeyer “Ukraine. Land der schwarzen Erde”, as well as the travel guide by Baedeker, 1943, and the travel guide for Kyiv, 1942, were instruments of the criminal Nazi-Propaganda, contrary to publications during Austrian-Hungarian monarchy, which to certain measure can be considered as a source of knowledge about inter-cultural communications and tolerance. But in both cases the character of these books depended on a political and ideological conjuncture. While in the books, published before the WWI, the image of a Jew was presented mainly from the ethnographic perspective, but in Nazi publications during WWII it was transformed into the image of an enemy. But the authors avoided usage of formulations like “judo-bolshevism” or “worldwide Jewish conspiracy”. Most likely, the traditional format of a travel guide as an instrument of inter-cultural communication limited its actual transformation into a primitive racial or anti-Semitic propaganda. Certain attention in the article is given to the soviet travel guides, edited by Alexander Rado and published by All-Union Society of Cultural Relations in the 1920-ies, which were and are still little known.

Educational activity of Tatar intellectuals in Turkey in the first half of 20th century

Educational activity of Tatar intellectuals in Turkey in the first half of 20th century

Piano heritage by Sergei Bortkiewicz in the performance space of the first half of 20th century

The relevance of the study is due to insufficient knowledge of the creative heritage of Sergei Bortkiewicz against the background of constant trend towards increased interest in his work, as well as nature of his perception from modern composers of performers, critics and general public.The main objective of the study is to deepen the information on the performance of Sergei Bortkiewicz’s works by pianists in the first half of the twentieth century, whose names are most often found in his epistolary heritage and in scientific studies devoted to him. In addition, it is necessary to identify the most repertory and popular works of the composer in this historical period and expand the circle of names of famous performers of his music.The methodological basis of the study consists of the following methods: historicism, necessary to characterize a certain period in the composer’s activities and to process documents; systematic for systematization and evaluation of the performance activities of Sergei Bortkiewicz; descriptive, auxiliary method for reviewing and describing various sources. The article describes the concert life of the piano works of a musician in the first half of the twentieth century, as well as the aspect of perception of the composer’s works by his contemporaries. Based on the analysis of archival materials, the fact of the wide geography of the distribution of the composer’s works in the first half of the twentieth century: from Europe to Australia and America was established. By studying the archival newspapers, the most repertory and frequently performed works of the composer were identified: First Piano Concerto for Piano and Orchestra, Op. 16 in B Flat Major, First Piano Sonata, Op. 9 in B Major, as well as GavotteCaprice Op. 3, No. 3, etudes from Op. 15 and Op. 29, preludes and other miniatures, which became, in modern language, “hits” of radio concerts of the time. Among the performers there are a lot of obscure or quite unknown musicians in our time, such as Hermann Gopppe, Maria Neuscheller, Madeleine Kokorescu, Ethel Bonavia and many others. The appeal of the famous Ukrainian pianist Lyubka Kolessa to Sergey Bortkiewicz’s music was confirmed. Also, according to the information from the studied materials, the place of the composer’s works in the repertoire of such famous pianists as Maurice Rosenthal, Paul Wittgenstein, Hugo van Dalen and Paul de Conn. Their appeal to the music of Sergei Bortkiewicz testifies to the popularity of his works among the leading pianists of the time.Conclusions: the study of materials from German, Austrian, Dutch and Australian newspapers of the first half of the twentieth century, as well as from the letters of the composer himself, made it possible to identify the place that occupied the artist’s creative heritage in the cultural space of the first half of the twentieth century. The extensive performing geography of Sergei Bortkiewicz’s music indicates an interested perception of the composer’s music by his contemporaries.

Francisco Viñas y la nueva concepción de la música en la catedral de Jaca (1722-1731)

La admisión de Francisco Viñas (*Barcelona, 1698; †Calahorra, 1784) como maestro de capilla de la catedral de Jaca en 1722 supuso el inicio del mayor cambio estilístico desarrollado en la música en la seo altoaragonesa durante la primera mitad del siglo XVIII. Durante su magisterio florecieron en la catedral jaquesa nuevos rasgos estilísticos influenciados por innovadoras técnicas de composición que habían comenzado a llegar a España procedentes de Italia. Francisco Viñas es el autor de las primeras composiciones registradas en la catedral de Jaca con presencia de violines y oboes, así como de nuevas tipologías y secciones en las obras en lengua romance (cantadas, recitados, arias, oberturas...). En esa catedral, en la que permaneció casi diez años, se conserva el 80% de la producción musical de Francisco Viñas, localizada actualmente en seis ciudades de España.

The Forgotten Trade of European Pond Turtle Emys orbicularis in Central Europe in the 18th and 19th Centuries – An Essential Introduction to Historical and Economic Investigation

Abstract A drastic decrease in the European pond turtle population occurred at the end of 18th century and during the first half of 19th century. The exploitation of this species, as a source of food and drug substances, is nowadays almost forgotten. The present paper aimed at, firstly, underlining some historical sources concerning the exploitation of the European pond turtle. Secondly, its goal is to answer the following question: to what extent did the exploitation of the species contribute to the decline of the population? The author concludes with the importance and necessity of historical and economic analysis in order to understand the phenomenon of the decline of the European pond turtle population. This research, which must be continued by historians, will help the naturalists in action to protect and reintroduce the species into its former geographical range.

Cultural and Historical Roots of Performance Art

The 20th century is marked by colossal progress not only in science and technology, but also in art. Since the first half of 20th century there has been a gap observed between traditional and modern art. Modern art includes a variety of forums, biennale, museums of contemporary art, art space, etc. To date, performance is called all sorts of shows taking part in front of viewers. This can include the newfangled music shows, and various installations in museums, DJs sets in clubs and music festivals. Today, this art does not lag behind the rapidly developing communication industry, and at the same time resists the impact of technologies that help to distance people from each other. Performance, in spite of insufficient knowledge, is a popular type of contemporary art. Thus, the performance is introduced into the modern society, leaving behind itself food for reflection. The paper is of interest to researchers of contemporary art and the evolution of cultural phenomena in the 20th century. The work is based on a combination of historical methods, including historical-genetic and historical-comparative.

The Meaning of Death for Adygs during the Years of the Caucasian War

The article deals with issues of everyday life of Adygs (Circassians) under conditions of a protracted military conflict during the Caucasian war in the first half of 19th century. Based on the recollections of eyewitnesses and direct participants in the events (Russian military officers and foreign observers), literary works of local authors and folklore sources, authors of the study explore a human factor in the history of the Caucasian War, in terms of emotions, dramatic experiences, fears, and transformation of ethnic consciousness. In this regard, histories of everyday life, gender history, and history of mentality appear to be the most productive research methods and approaches. Using related research tools allowed analyzing an inner perception of death of Adygs in the violent conflict. Adygs appear in the study not as a faceless side of the conflict, but as an active and personalized historical subject. The Caucasian war was not only a chain of political and war events, but was full of personal stories, tragedies of loss and sorrow, female experiences. The routine of death strengthened a respect for the dead, rebooting related symbolic content and ritual practices. At the same time, an erosion of the mental foundations of traditional culture occurs due to the fundamental changes in the conditions of prolonged war.

Menelusuri Fundamentalisme Sebagai Identitas Gerakan Keagamaan di Indonesia

This article examines the emergence of fundamentalism as a political movement in the circle of world religions with their own backgrounds. The writer emphasizes on Islamic fundamentalism upholding the issues regarding Western colonialization so long as the first half of 20th century and economic and cultural neo-colonialism in the last half of the century. By literary study the writer concludes that these religious movements radically take religious doctrines as the fundamentals of the movement ideology. This movement is assigned with the slogan of ‘Islam as the alternative’ aiming at changing socio-political order towards Islamic norms through radical movements.

Re-evaluation of trends in atmospheric column transparency from pyrheliometer measurements in Madrid (1910–1929)

The behavior of the surface solar radiation (SSR) during the first half of 20th century is an open issue due to the scarcity of SSR data during this period. This paper focuses on the re-evaluation of the pyrheliometer measurements in Madrid between September 1910 and January 1929. These records were formerly analyzed by Antón et al. (2014), reporting no statistically significant trends in the atmospheric column transparency. In the present work, metadata regarding the state of the solar disk during each pyrheliometer record have been used in order to remove measurements affected by thin clouds. The re-analysis of the atmospheric column transparency from the pyrheliometer data showed two periods with opposite sign in the trends of this variable: a decrease of (−2.9 ± 0.2)% per decade between 1910 and 1925, followed by a strong increase of (+15.0 ± 2.5)% per decade up to 1929. Both trends were statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. These results suggest a decrease of direct SSR in Madrid during the second decade of the 20th century, in agreement with the final stage of the “early dimming” which was observed at several European sites from the end of the 19th century. Additionally, the marked positive trend of the atmospheric transparency found in this work in the second half of the 1920s is in accordance with the beginning of the SSR recovery in Europe which was observed up to late 1940s (“early brightening”). Therefore, from the results of this study, the use of metadata is strongly required for an accurate assessment of the trends in early pyrheliometer measurements.

"Environmental Science in India during First half of 20th Century"

"Environmental Science in India during First half of 20th Century"

The Councilors of Volyn Towns of 16th - First Half of 17th Century: a Number, Personalities, Functions

The Councilors of Volyn Towns of 16th - First Half of 17th Century: a Number, Personalities, Functions

„W cieniu madame się zrazu chował, a potem ją monsieur zluzował”. Rosyjskie wychowanie szlacheckich dzieci w I połowie XIX wieku

In the first half of 19th century in Russia, being a child of parents from upper class, was not enough to earn the name of true nobleman. It was only a beginning of the arduous process. From the cradle the offspring was taught that the aristocrat should excel in courage, Western manners and languages, general education, artistic talents and athletics. A true Russian nobleman could not differ in any way from his Western European counterpart. In this paper we analyze the childhood reminiscences of Alexander Pushkin as well as his works understood as an example of the influence of the Western model of upbringing on the personality and development of a Russian noble’s child.

GEORGES CUVIER — AN OUTSTANDING SCIENTIST-NATURALIST (TO THE 250TH ANNIVERSARY OF BIRTHDAY)

Georges Cuvier belongs to the most largest naturalists of the end of 18th – the first half of 19th century. He published more than 300 scientific works, which considered different problems — from the design of comparative-anatomical fundament for the development of the creatures system, to the questions of natural science. Cuvier suggested his own sight of the progress in organic world, which gave to the geologists the scientific method on geochronology. His theory of catastrophes, which provided the change of the subsequent systems of flora and fauna on the Earth, had a huge influence on the further development of science. The result of its use was the appearance of the stratigraphic scale in the first half of 19th century. The most important reform of the zoological systematics is connected with the Kuvier’s works. On the base of comparative- anatomical method, he justified for the first time the study ot the four main forms of the organization of the creatures, or the plans of the animal kingdom’s structure. The stratigraphic scheme of Paris basin, suggested by Kuvier, became the example pattern for the differentiation of the similar deposits in other regions of Western Europe. A brief biographic data has been provided.

THE KALEBENDS OF BOGAZKESEN CASTLE DURING THE FIRST HALF OF 18TH CENTURY

<div><!--block-->We know that Boğazkesen Castle, also called Rumeli Fortress, was built on opposite from Anatolian Castle at the narrowest point of the Bosphorus, and that it was used as a prison after the conquest of Istanbul. It also had an important role in control of the Bosphorus. In this article analyzing Kalebends of Boğazkesen Castle in the first half of 18th century, we study the system of crime and punishment during the imperial period in terms of Kalebend punishment, Kalebend Registers, assigning Kalebend punishment to criminals, criminal release procedures, prisoners and their social status, committed crimes, regions of crime, lengths of conviction, and provisions written about Kalebend punishment within the framework and discipline of diplomacy.</div>

Историко-культурологическое исследование адаптации русских в Туве

Рецензия на издание: Татаринцева, М. П., Моллеров, Н. М. Русские в Туве (конец ХIX — первая половина ХХ в.). Новосибирск : Наука, 2016. 295 с. ISBN 978-5-02-038689-1По мнению рецензента, монография представляет собой историко-культурологическое исследование, в фокусе которого — русское население Тувы. В ней всесторонне и глубоко исследован процесс социкультурной адаптации русских к новым условиям жизни, освещены их повседневная жизнь, быт, материальная и духовная культура, а также их вклад в экономическое и культурное развитие республики.В первых трех главах внимание уделено первым переселенцам — промышленникам, торговцам и крестьянам, их мотивам переселения в Туву. Сложной теме русско-тувинских взаимоотношений посвящена четвертая глава, в которой авторам удалось значительно расширить прежние представления о взаимоотношениях коренных жителей и переселенцев за счет привлечения полевых материалов и архивных документов, что придает этой теме некоторую новизну. В пятой и шестой главах речь идет о правовом статусе русских переселенцев, их социальном составе и хозяйственной деятельности. В последующих шести главах довольно полно отражены различные аспекты и особенности духовной и материальной культуры русских переселенцев. Отмечается приверженность русских своим традиционным ценностям и стереотипам, которая выражается в соблюдении многих бытовых, семейных и календарных обычаев и обрядов, в сохранении привычек питания и этикетных норм в личном общении. При этом оотмечается освоение ими тувинской культуры, социальных норм и ценностей, что в конечном счете способствовало этнокультурной интеграции русских в принимаемое общество и формированию у них нового менталитета, отличного как от страны исхода, так и страны проживания. Последняя глава посвящена участию советских граждан из Тувы на фронтах Великой Отечественной войны. Книга представляет интерес для широкого круга читателей, но в первую очередь она адресована историкам и этнологам, изучающим жизнь, традиции, обычаи и культуру русских в иноэтничной среде.

“La Cuestión Social” en el "Tratado de Economía Política" de Julián de Luna y de la Peña

El articulo analiza la contribucion de Julian de Luna y de la Pena al debate sobre el aumento del pauperismo en las primeras etapas de la revolucion liberal, el cual se ha asociado al termino de “cuestion social”. Dicha contribucion se sintetiza en su Tratado de Economia Politica, un documento inedito elaborado en la primera mitad del siglo XIX, que ha llegado a nuestros dias gracias a su conservacion por su nieto, el astronomo y escritor Mario Roso de Luna. En el tratamiento de esta cuestion, Julian de Luna estuvo profundamente influenciado por las aportaciones de Malthus sobre las Poor Laws y sus implicaciones negativas para la generacion de riqueza, y tambien por el pensamiento de Alvaro Florez Estrada en lo que respecta a la propiedad privada de la tierra, aspectos estos que fundamentan el sustrato principal del pensamiento del autor con relacion al proceso de generacion de riqueza.

The Journeys of the Heart of the Two Women in A Passage to India

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;A Passage to India is the magnum opus of E.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;M. Forster—a famous English novelist in the first half of 20th century. This essay does a comparative study about the different changing courses in the two heroines’ mind in India. Adela, one of them, tends to spiritualism from traditional English rationalism (materialism or literalism). While the other, Mrs. Moore, goes roughly from emotionalism to rationalism. However, there are two diverse outcomes: Adela builds her new mental scene finally, but Mrs. Moore fails to remodel herself after the collapse of her perceptual world. And the paper makes a deep analysis on the reason giving rise to such results. It is found, there are two main reasons. One is the different importance of the original values in their soul. The other one is the disparate conflict resolution styles when great changes happen in their inner heart.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Analyzing of dark past and bright present of neurosurgical history with a picture of musicians

Aim: Currently, neurosurgery has gone through moments of great renewal, however, in the first half of the 20th century, unwanted outcome after surgical approach had occurred. The aim of this historical overview of a picture of the musicians is to show the development of Neurosurgery in 20 century.Methods: History of neurosurgery in the first half of the 20th century and the current was investigated through PubMed. A brief tour of some of the major landmarks of contemporary neurosurgery was also made.Results: A musician picture was found which taken in 1928. Two of the musicians suffered neurosurgical disorder, and operated in 1937, both immediately died without gaining conscious at early postoperative period.Conclusion: We described the role of neurosurgery in the lives of two famous musicians, George Gershwin and Maurice Ravel. A picture taken 1928, shows the developing of Neurosurgery from first half of 20th century to current.