Fire Conditions Research Articles

Quantifying wildland fire resources deployed during the compound threat of COVID-19

Fire agencies across the United States must make complex resource allocation decisions to manage wildfires using a national network of shared firefighting resources. Firefighters play a critical role in suppressing fires and protecting vulnerable communities. However, they are exposed to health and safety risks associated with fire, smoke inhalation, and infectious disease transmission. The COVID-19 pandemic further complicated these risks, prompting fire agencies to propose resource management adaptations to minimize COVID-19 exposure and transmission. It is unclear if and how the pandemic may have operationally influenced wildland firefighting personnel resource use given compounding wildfire and COVID-19 risks. Therefore, we developed generalized linear mixed models that were fit using multiple integrated datasets to detect changes in personnel resource use for years prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic, while controlling for historical fire and landscape conditions, societal risks, and management objectives. Analyses of observed and predicted firefighting resource use revealed reductions in the mean personnel resources used per wildfire per day during the pandemic for models developed across the western U.S. and for various western U.S. fire regions. Notably, the Northern California and the Great Basin Coordination Centers showed statistically significant reductions in ground personnel use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Learning from wildland fire management strategies and resource use trends that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, fire agencies can better anticipate resource constraints that may arise during the compounding threats of severe wildland fire activity and infectious disease outbreaks to proactively prepare and adapt suppression management strategies.

Progressive collapse resistance of self-resilient composite frames under fire conditions

Self-resilient composite frames exhibit robust resistance to progressive collapse and excellent seismic performance. However, their behavior under fire conditions is inadequately explored. This study investigates the collapse resistance mechanisms and response of self-resilient composite frame substructures (SRCFS) under fire-induced progressive collapse. A three-dimensional finite element model was developed, incorporating temperature-dependent thermal and mechanical properties of concrete and steel. Sequentially coupled thermal-mechanical analysis was conducted using the ABAQUS/Explicit solver in a quasi-static manner. Existing experimental data at both ambient and high temperatures were used to validate the proposed model. The study analyzed the contributions of steel beams and strands to vertical resistance, examining their impact on the collapse-resistance mechanism through a constant load-heating transient loading scheme. Structural responses under ambient and fire conditions were compared, focusing on different damage mechanisms. The effects of initial prestressing of strands, angle gauge length, angle thickness, and various heating curves on collapse resistance were evaluated. Findings suggest that the ISO-834 standard's failure criterion is overly conservative for SRCFS, as it neglects the enhanced load-carrying capacity provided by tensile catenary action. This mechanism offers additional escape time, enhancing personnel safety. The study identifies factors influencing the performance of SRCFS against progressive collapse under fire and proposes design recommendations.

Experimental and Numerical Simulation Research on Different Shapes of Flame-Stabilizing Baffles in the Furnace

The use of fully premixed combustion in small gas boilers can improve denitrification efficiency. On the basis of fully premixed combustion, adding flame stabilizers inside the boiler can further reduce production of oxides of nitrogen. Four types of flame-stabilizing baffles were added at a certain position inside the furnace after the fully premixed burner. Experiments were conducted separately on the Noporous baffle, and numerical calculations were performed for 36 operating conditions of the four baffles. The experimental results and numerical calculations indicate that under experimental conditions, NOx emissions were all below 40 mg/m3, and the net heat efficiency of the boiler was above 80%. Under a maximum firing rate, CO emissions are below 20 ppm, and the minimum error between the calculated and experimental values is 2.2%. The calculation error of CO emissions under various working conditions does not exceed 6.8%, indicating that the impact of different-shaped baffles on CO emissions is relatively small. When installing a Nonporous baffle, the error between the experimental and calculated exhaust temperature values under minimum firing rates is 6.6%, the error between the calculated and measured values under middle firing conditions is 2.9%, and the error between the calculated and measured values under maximum firing rate conditions is 3.0%. Among the four different partition conditions, the exhaust temperature of the Nonporous baffle is the lowest. Under the same excess air coefficient, the pressure in the furnace for the middle and maximum firing rate is higher than that of the minimum firing rate, and the experimental values are in good agreement with the calculated values. When installing the Strip baffle, the calculated CO2 emission is the lowest. The experimental results show that the NOx in the flue gas inside the furnace is mainly NO, and the NO content exceeds 75%, reaching a maximum of 85%. The experimental results show that the minimum NOx emission value is 26.9 mg/m3. The error between the measured and calculated NOx values when installing a Nonporous baffle is 20.4%. All of the above indicate that installing a flame-stabilizing baffle at an appropriate position in the furnace can further reduce NOx emissions, and the optimization amplitude is related to the shape of the baffle.

Fire-resistant and thermal-insulating alginate aerogel with intelligent bionic armor for exceptional mechanical and fire early-warning performance

Intelligent bio-based aerogels have attracted increasing attention in several key areas due to their unique porous structure and sustainability, but they suffer from poor fire safety, strength, and durability under harsh conditions. Here, we prepared sodium alginate/hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide (SA@HAP@GO) aerogel by in-situ growth and directional assembly technology, and an intelligent “bionic armor” was put on the surface of SA aerogel. It not only endows aerogel with high strength (2.3 MPa) and long-time water resistance (30 days) but also maintains the lightweight (0.039 g cm−3) and thermal insulation properties (0.03537 W m-1K−1) of original aerogel. Under fire conditions, the compact physical barrier makes aerogel obtain the excellent fire-resistant stability and fire-safety performance. Besides, the directional assembly of GO and the chelating effect of Ca2+ on aerogel surface promote the formation of a three-dimensional electron transport network during reduction process, thus achieving a fast and long-lasting fire early-warning response (1.95 s). The corresponding mechanism was demonstrated by molecular theoretical calculation and experiments. This multifunctional aerogel provides a new way for sustainable and high-performance thermal-insulation materials and shows a wide application in energy security.

Physical and mechanical response of large-diameter shield tunnel lining structure under non-uniform fire: A full-scale fire test-based study

When a fire occurs in an underground shield tunnel, it can result in substantial property damage and cause permanent harm to the tunnel lining structure. This is especially true for large-diameter shield tunnels that have numerous segments and joints, and are exposed to specific fire conditions in certain areas. This paper constructs a full-scale shield tunnel fire test platform and conducts a non-uniform fire test using the lining system of a three-ring large-diameter shield tunnel with an inner diameter of 10.5 m. Based on the tests, the temperature field distribution, high-temperature bursting, cracking phenomena, and deformation under fire conditions are observed. Furthermore, the post-fire damage forms of tunnel lining structures are obtained through the post-fire ultimate loading test, and the corresponding mechanism is explained. The test results illustrate that the radial and circumferential distribution of internal temperature within the tunnel lining, as well as the radial temperature gradient distribution on the inner surface of the lining, have non-uniform distribution characteristics. As a result, the macroscopic phenomena of lining concrete bursting and crack development during the fire test mainly occur near the fire source, where the temperature rise gradient is the highest. In addition, the lining structure has a deformation characteristic of local outward expansion and cannot recover after the fire load is removed. The ultimate form of damage after the fire is dominated by crush damage from the inside out of the lining joints in the fire-exposed area. The above results serve as a foundation for future tunnel fire safety design and evaluation.

Fire Resistance in Screwed and Hollow Core Wooden Elements Filled with Insulating Material

This study looks at wall partition panels with hollow core wood elements and gypsum board as protection in fire conditions. In addition to our previous research, this study on wall partitions considers the effect of steel screws in the assembly of the elements, as well as the filling of the cavity with insulating material. The goal of this work is to calculate the fire resistance time and compare the results using different numerical models. The discussion of the results analyzes the effect of steel screws and the introduction of insulating material inside the cavities. The steel screws are verified with and without threads. The numerical models are based on the finite element method, using thermal and transient analysis with nonlinear materials. The thermal insulation criterion for measuring fire resistance is referenced by the EN 1363-1:2020 standard. The steel screws allow more heat to be concentrated and, therefore, distribute it throughout the wooden wall partition members. Based on the results obtained, the use of steel screws reduces fire resistance by 71.75 min, regardless of whether the wall partition is filled with or without insulating material.

OVERVIEW OF COMMON METHODS FOR FIRE TESTING

Fire testing is critical for assessing the behavior of building materials under fire conditions, providing indispensable insights into important variables such as flammability, heat release rate, and smoke production. This paper provides an overview of common fire testing methods, including the procedures for test selection, sample preparation, data collection, and analysis. These fire testing methods are outlined in standards issued by world-respected standardization bodies such as ISO, EN, ASTM, and UL. These standards guarantee and ensure the consistency and reliability of prescribed methods. Moreover, this paper presents a detailed description of a custom-made installation hosted at the Fire Protection Laboratory at the Faculty of Occupational Safety, University of Niš, used for evaluating the flammability parameters of a broad spectrum of materials. This hyphenated installation, comprising a mass loss calorimeter and an FTIR gas analyzer, can be used for comprehensive and simultaneous real-time measurement of flammability parameters and fire effluent analysis.

Comparison of the in situ compressive behavior of carbon fibers woven ply laminates exposed to one‐sided heat flux: Thermoplastic versus thermosetting composites

AbstractThis study investigates the influence of a combined thermal heat flux (imposed by a cone calorimeter) and a compressive loading on the deformation and damage mechanisms within quasi‐isotropic carbon fibers reinforced thermoplastic (polyetherether ketone [PEEK] and polyphenylene sulfide [PPS]) and thermosetting (epoxy) laminates. First, thermogravimetric Analyses conducted under nitrogen provide valuable information on the thermal decomposition of these materials depending on the matrix nature (580–510°C and 350°C, respectively) which is a key factor to explain the mechanical behavior under fire conditions. Second, under the same testing conditions (creep loading under a 50 kW/m2 heat flux), the time to failure is about 17 times as high (C/PEEK), twice as high (C/PPS) with respect to C/epoxy laminates. At the ply scale, the exposure of thermoplastic matrices (PEEK and PPS) to a 50 kW/m2 heat flux causes softening and thermal decomposition, facilitating the micro‐buckling of fiber bundles in matrix‐rich areas. At the laminates scale, this mechanism ultimately leads to the formation and propagation of plastic kink bands in the transverse direction. In epoxy‐based laminates, the onset of matrix pyrolysis occurs at lower temperatures (350°C) during thermal aggression, and thermal decomposition has started in all the plies of the laminates. Combined with the low ductility of the epoxy matrix, the compressive response is elastic‐brittle and results from the buckling of 0° plies outside the thermally‐damaged area.Highlights Study on the compression of polymer composites exposed to a 50 kW/m2 heat flux. The influence of the matrix nature (thermoplastic vs thermoset) is discussed. Time to failure is about 17 times higher in C/PEEK compared to C/Epoxy. Plastic kink bands propagate in thermoplastic composites at T > Tg. C/Epoxy laminates undergo buckling outside the thermally damaged area.

GIS-Based Assessment of Best Route in Complex Traffic Environment: A Case of Kolkata Municipal Corporation

In an emergency like an urban fire, road accident, or critical condition of patients, the shortest possible route to reach the destination is one of the most sought-after issues in transportation studies. However, the physical distance of the shortest route becomes longer distance than the travel time distance due to traffic congestion in metropolitan cities like that of Kolkata. So, the selection of an alternative route is essential to organize the journey logically. A well-structured road network provides multiple options to road users for selection of the best route from the shortest and alternative route according to their demand. So, the present study aims to identify the structural characteristics of road networks by graph theory and the selection of the best route using the GIS technique. It has been found that the road network of Kolkata is characterized by complex structure and grid configuration of the network. Selection of the best route also ranges from the shortest route to alternative route due to spatial variation of traffic speed on different roads in peak hours. The current study identifies the optimal route in terms of travel time to reach the required destinations during peak hour duration in the city of Kolkata.

Influence of fire severity and concrete properties on the thermo‐hygral behavior of concrete during fire exposure

AbstractSince the world is transitioning toward performance based design, the study of thermo‐hygral behavior of concrete when subjected to real fire becomes crucial. Fire accidents have revealed that nominal fire curves cannot be applied because of varying severity of real fire. In 2008, traveling fire concept was developed in which severity is dependent on heat release rate and fire size. This study explores the effect of fire severity and other concrete properties like strength, aggregate type, and relative humidity. The proposed model has been developed by combining the principles of mechanics and thermodynamics and upon validation with the experimental results, a reasonable agreement has been observed. It can be concluded that severity of fire is directly related to thermo‐hygral behavior of concrete. On the other hand, this study also highlights the influence of type of aggregate and moisture content in addition to the traditional variables like volume fraction of solid and permeability. On studying the influence of type of aggregate, it can be concluded that recycled aggregate concrete performed better than conventional concrete. The integration of proposed model in the performance based design is a leap toward development of resilient structure subjected to dynamic fire conditions.

Numerical simulation of high-pressure jet fire in on-board hydrogen storage cylinders under fire conditions

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) may cause fires in the event of an accident. When the high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinders are exposed to fire for a long time, there will be a risk of catastrophic consequences such as leakage, jet fire and explosion. Fire test is the main method to study the safety performance of hydrogen storage cylinders. During the firing process, the wall and internal temperature of the hydrogen storage cylinder rise gradually, and the thermally activated pressure relief device (TPRD) of the cylinder reaches a certain temperature and then releases high-pressure hydrogen to prevent the cylinder from bursting. As the hydrogen storage cylinder is in the fire environment, the release of high-pressure hydrogen will be ignited to form a jet fire and cause damage to personnel and equipment. In this paper, CFD software Fluent was used to numerically simulate the local fire test of the hydrogen storage cylinder with high-temperature air as the fire source. The variation law of cylinder wall temperature, gas temperature and pressure inside the cylinder, and the activation of TPRD were analyzed. At the same time, on the basis of the fire test simulation, a high-pressure hydrogen jet fire simulation numerical model caused by the TPRD action was established. The velocity field, temperature field and hydrogen concentration distribution of the jet fire were obtained, and the overpressure generated by the jet fire and the flame length size were analyzed. The results show that the high-pressure hydrogen released by TPRD was ignited under the fire condition to produce a jet flame and generated an overpressure in the jet direction, and the influence range of the overpressure was smaller than the influence range of the jet flame.

Hindcasting long‐term data unveils the influence of a changing climate on small mammal communities

AbstractAimShifting climates are reshaping ecosystems globally and are projected to intensify over the coming century. Understanding how biodiversity will respond to these shifts is crucial for developing effective climate adaptation measures. We generate predictive models built from long‐term data to hindcast historic fluctuations in small mammal abundances as they have responded to shifting rainfall and fire conditions. This data set serves as the basis for predicting historical variations (hindcasting) in small mammal abundances, allowing us to examine their responses to decadal changes in fire and rainfall conditions within our study landscape.LocationAustralia (Victoria).TaxaSmall mammals (Mammalia).Time Period1970–2022.MethodsSmall mammal abundance was surveyed at 36 long‐term trapping sites and modelled against coinciding fire history, vegetation productivity and rainfall using generalized additive mixed models. Six species were then used in predictive modelling against these variables for the decades preceding our monitoring programme (1970–2007).ResultsAll species abundances increased with higher rainfall. Time since fire was also an important variable in all but one species model, with species displaying varying responses to time since fire. Hindcasting predictions for small mammal abundances varied with some species showing marked declines over time. Clear trends emerged, indicating more volatile population fluctuations in response to intensified fire and rainfall extremes in the 21st century. This suggests that periods of higher rainfall and less frequent fire events in the decades preceding our monitoring period supported higher and more stable small mammal abundances.ConclusionsNative species show distinct sensitivity to the combined effects of drought and fire, which has occurred in recent times. Intensification of these drivers has caused increased volatility in small mammal abundances with low abundance extremes occurring more frequently.

A Method to Analyze the Formation of Plastic Hinges in RC Structures under Fire Conditions

A Method to Analyze the Formation of Plastic Hinges in RC Structures under Fire Conditions

Risk Assessment of Hydrogen Cyanide for Available Safe Egress Time in Fire Simulation

The majority of fatalities in building fires are attributed to asphyxiation caused by toxic gases. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is one of the toxic gases that can be released during a fire, posing a lethal risk to humans even at low concentrations. However, analysis of the risk posed by HCN in fire risk assessments using fire simulations is relatively rare. This study conducted fire simulations to examine the potential risks of HCN to occupants during a fire. The simulations considered various fire conditions in residential buildings by varying fuel types, fire growth rates, and HCN yields. The relative risk score (RRS) was derived based on the time to reach the threshold values of parameters considered critical for life safety. The results of the fire simulations indicated that the RRS for HCN was approximately 20–40 points higher than that of O2, CO, and CO2, reaching a maximum of 92 points. However, the risk posed by HCN was found to be limited in comparison to the risks associated with temperature and visibility. Nevertheless, considering that the primary cause of fatalities in fires is asphyxiation due to toxic gases, HCN must be regarded as a critical factor in fire risk assessments. Additionally, since HCN yield values can increase up to nine times depending on temperature and ventilation conditions, the risk posed by HCN could be significantly higher.

Characteristics of Pyrolysis Products of California Chaparral and Their Potential Effect on Wildland Fires

The aim of this study was to investigate the pyrolysis of selected California foliage and estimate the energy content of the released volatiles to show the significance of the pyrolysis of foliage and its role during wildland fires. While the majority of the volatiles released during the pyrolysis of foliage later combust and promote fire propagation, studies on the energy released from combustion of these compounds are scarce. Samples of chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), Eastwood’s manzanita (Arctostaphylos glandulosa), scrub oak (Quercus berberidifolia), hoaryleaf ceanothus (Ceanothus crassifolius), all native to southern California, and sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), native to the southern U.S., were pyrolyzed at 725 °C with a heating rate of approximately 180 °C/s to mimic the conditions of wildland fires. Tar and light gases were collected and analyzed. Tar from chamise, scrub oak, ceanothus and sparkleberry was abundant in aromatics, especially phenol, while tar from manzanita was mainly composed of cycloalkenes. The four major components of light gases were CO, CO2, CH4 and H2. Estimated values for the high heating values (HHVs) of volatiles ranged between 18.9 and 23.2 (MJ/kg of biomass) with tar contributing to over 80% of the HHVs of the volatiles. Therefore, fire studies should consider the heat released from volatiles present in both tar and light gases during pyrolysis.

Thermal profiles in varied experimental firings: Implications for different clays and archaeomagnetism

AbstractThermal profiles of 16 firings performed under various experimental conditions are investigated and compared, with special attention to cooling due to its significance in archaeomagnetism. Samples of different shapes and sizes handmade from six starting clays were fired once and repeatedly followed by magnetic measurements. The collected experimental data provide a broader view of the relationships among firing conditions, clay composition, and final ceramic products.According to direct measurements, open hearths and kilns reach very similar temperatures (800–900°C). Firing temperature and soaking time tend to be linearly related at temperatures around and above 700°C. Soaking time appears to be independent of the structure type around and above 800°C but not below 600°C. Heating rates and times are related exponentially. Only the cooling process distinguishes ’open’ and ’kiln’ firing, with kiln insulation being the primary factor controlling all thermal parameters. A possible relationship between cooling and fuel type is suggested. Cooling in open hearths and kilns differs from that in laboratory furnaces.The magnetic profiles obtained for various clays highlight the differences in composition, grain size, and thermal stability; increasing the number of firings reduces these later.

INFED: Enhancing fire evacuation dynamics through 3D congestion-aware indoor navigation framework

This paper introduces Indoor Navigation Framework for Fire Evacuation Dynamics (INFED), a novel indoor navigation framework that combines dynamic fire constraints and path congestion management. INFED considers the three-dimensional (3D) attributes of both the agents (speed, volume, location, count) and the environment (3D volume, congestion, corridor height, and corridor length) to estimate navigation routes that avoid fire-affected evacuation paths. It achieves this by integrating various proposed algorithms as modules: Environment Establisher, Fired/Safe Node Identifier, Pre-processor, Weighted Graph Generator, and Path Generator. The 3D features of the agent and environment are used to effectively estimate the capacity of the corridors in an indoor environment for the estimation of path congestion. The path congestion so computed is used during evacuation to identify the safest and congestion-free path. We discuss the performance of INFED by implementing it on various realistic scenarios in a commercial floor setup. We found that the incorporation of safety constraints results in longer evacuation routes, ranging from a 6% increase under mild fire and congestion conditions to a 40% increase under severe fire and congestion conditions. In the event of a worst-case scenario where fire-free paths are scarce, INFED utilizes congestion to reduce agent speed along the recommended evacuation route. This mechanism is activated when congestion surpasses a threshold of 0.3. The system can be used by stakeholders to test various evacuation hypotheses, which can lead to better preparedness and rescue operations, ultimately saving lives in the event of a fire.

建筑工程中施工安全管理问题和对策解析

Construction safety management is a critical component in ensuring the safety of personnel and property during the construction process. In practice, there are numerous issues in construction safety management, such as the lack of a comprehensive management system, insufficient safety awareness, improper use of protective equipment by workers, safety hazards caused by construction materials and equipment, inadequate financial investment, and an incomplete supervision and management model. To address these problems, a series of countermeasures need to be implemented. First, a comprehensive construction safety management system should be established with clear delineation of responsibilities and management procedures. Second, safety awareness among all personnel should be enhanced through strengthened safety education and training. Additionally, safety management efforts must be intensified by increasing on-site supervision and inspection. Regular maintenance and updating of construction equipment should be carried out to ensure safety and reliability. Moreover, proper management of materials should be ensured to guarantee that construction materials meet safety standards. Lastly, frequent inspections of on-site electrical and fire safety conditions should be conducted to promptly eliminate potential hazards.

Post-fire bond-slip performance of concrete-filled stainless steel tube columns

Concrete-filled stainless steel tube (CFSST) structures exhibit superior strength, durability, and fire resistance. These attributes, coupled with their aesthetic appeal and corrosion resistance, make them highly suitable for a broad range of civil engineering applications, ensuring long-term performance and safety across diverse environments. This study investigates the post-fire bond-slip performance of CFSST structures to facilitate the strengthening and retrofitting of fire-damaged CFSST structures. The paper reviews the bond-slip performance and fire resistance of CFSST. A series of fire tests and push-out tests were conducted on 99 circular CFSST stub columns, considering variables such as fire duration, wall thickness of the stainless steel tube, and concrete strength. The analysis covers the slip mechanism, load-slip relationship, sliding load, ultimate displacement, and ultimate bond strength of specimens post-fire. The bonding force between interfaces transitions from cementation to mechanical interlock and ultimately to friction, with some overlap among these mechanisms. A positive correlation exists between sliding load and wall thickness when fire duration is short. For shorter fire durations, fire exposure reduces the ultimate displacement while increasing bond-slip stiffness. Finally, a formula is proposed to predict the ultimate bond strength of CFSST stub columns following exposure to ISO 834 standard fire conditions.

A comprehensive and innovative chemometric approach: Archaeometric analysis of the sherds from the Neolithic Period to the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Age with the full deployment of FTIR's molecular spectroscopic capabilities

In this study, the mineralogical composition of 284 sherds obtained from the sites of Yeşilova Höyük and Yassıtepe Höyük, two of the oldest settlements in Western Anatolia, and corresponding to a wide period starting from the Neolithic period to the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age (EBA), was studied by attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. FTIR data was used to classify the sherds and state their firing conditions as a result of determining their mineralogical composition using principal component analysis (PCA), multivariate curve resolution (MCR), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). According to the PCA results, the second-order derivative FTIR spectrum with 19 smoothing points in the range of 1300–400 cm−1 was determined to be the most successful model in classifying sherds. As a result of MCR, which allows comparison of standard minerals obtained within the scope of the study, it was determined that kaolinite, illite, chlorite, and some feldspar types were dominant in the sherds. According to HCA analysis, all sherds except five of them exhibited a similar mineralogical structure. According to the derivative spectra, it was seen that the sherds had a composition consisting of kaolinite, illite, hematite, chlorite, and some feldspar types at different rates. Upon examining the data, it becomes evident that the sherds are composed of nearly identical minerals and might have been fired in an oxidizing atmosphere. Even while 279 sherds had many mineralogical traits, N-061, EB-030, N-043, C-068, and N-059 were found to have distinct proportions of comparable minerals, including more kaolinite, illite, calcite, and chlorite. Regarding color, additives, and the amount of ceramic pastes present, these five sherds differ from the others. This suggests that there might have been attempts at manufacture or pots brought in from outside the Yeşilova Höyük-Yassıtepe Höyük sites. The results provided from the derivative spectra showed that all sherds except five of them have been fired at about at temperatures slightly above 450–500 °C due to their relatively low kaolinite character, but below 800 °C because diopside and similar high-temperature minerals could not be detected. The five sherds may have been fired at a temperature of around 450–500 °C due to the presence of a high character of kaolinite, illite, and chlorite. It was understood that the residents of the sites of Yeşilova Höyük and Yassıtepe Höyük produced their ceramics using the same raw materials and the same production methods from the Neolithic period to EBA thanks to FTIR and chemometrics, which are very good tools for analyzing large numbers of sherds with low cost and fast analysis time.