Fire Safety Conditions Research Articles

Research on fire detection method of complex space based on multi-sensor data fusion

Efficient and reliable fire detection methods are essential for addressing complex spatial characteristics of older residential communities, which often face poor fire safety conditions, various fire types, and challenges in rescue operations. In response to the problem of lacking comprehensive analysis of multidimensional data in traditional fire detection, which often leads to false alarms and missed alarms, this paper proposes a fire detection method based on multi-sensor data fusion. Various sensors are employed, including smoke sensors, temperature sensors, CO sensors, and flame sensors. These sensors collect multidimensional data, which are fused using improved adaptive filters and fuzzy Bayesian logical reasoning algorithms to establish a fire detection model based on multi-sensor data fusion. To additionally, false alarms and missed detections caused by sensor damage are further solved by exploring hidden spaces. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed fire detection system based on multi-sensor data fusion effectively analyses fire occurrence and progression in older residential communities, and performs stability, accuracy and real-time property.

Обоснование оптимальной периодичности проведения плановых проверок противопожарного состояния социально значимых объектов органами ГПН МЧС России

Проведен анализ статистической информации о пожарах и их последствиях в целях установления зависимости количества пожаров от периодичности проведения плановых проверок. Получены математические модели, описывающие зависимость числа пожаров на социально значимых объектах защиты от периодичности плановых проверок их противопожарного состояния. Разработана методика обоснования оптимальной периодичности проведения плановых проверок противопожарного состояния социально значимых объектов защиты органами ГПН. Обоснована оптимальная периодичность проведения таких проверок. The purpose of the paper was to analyze statistical information on fires in order to establish the dependence of the number of fires at socially important facilities on the frequency of scheduled inspections as well as to develop a methodology for justifying the optimal frequency of scheduled inspections of their fire safety condition by the State Fire Supervision bodies of EMERCOM of Russia. As a result of the conducted research, mathematical models were initially obtained to determine the number of fires at socially important facilities depending on the time that has elapsed since their last inspection, as well as to determine the number of fires at these facilities depending on the frequency of scheduled inspections. The scientific novelty of the paper lies in the fact that the original methodology for substantiating the optimal frequency of scheduled inspections of the fire safety condition of socially important facilities has been clarified and tested for the first time on a scientific basis. The practical significance of the paper lies in the fact that the initially obtained data allow us to substantiate on a scientific basis the following: the optimal frequency of scheduled inspections of the fire-fighting condition of socially important facilities; the necessity to assign these facilities to the appropriate risk category, depending on the optimal frequency of their scheduled inspection; the necessary number of personnel of the State Fire Supervision bodies of EMERCOM of Russia for timely and qualitative inspection of supervised facilities. The results of the paper also make it possible to substantiate the expediency of introducing amendments in accordance with Part 6 of Clause 25 of Federal Law No. 248-FZ dated 31 July 2020 to the “Regulations on Federal State Fire Supervision” approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 290 dated 12 April 2012, in order to establish a new method for justifying the frequency of planned control (supervisory) measures in relation to socially important facilities and their assignment to the appropriate risk category.

Аналитическая методика обоснования оптимальной периодичности плановых проверок противопожарного состояния производственных и складских зданий

The purpose of the work is to analyze the statistical information about fires to establish the dependence of the number of fires in the industrial and warehouse buildings on the frequency of scheduled inspections and, on this basis, to develop a methodology for justifying the optimal frequency of scheduled inspections of their fire safety status by the federal state fire supervision authorities of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia. For the first time, the mathematical models were obtained to determine the number of fires at industrial and warehouse protection facilities depending on the time elapsed since the last inspection, as well as to determine the number of fires at these protection facilities depending on the frequency of their scheduled inspections. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time, on a scientific basis, an original method for substantiating the optimal frequency of scheduled fire safety inspections of industrial and warehouse protection facilities was developed and tested. The data obtained allows to substantiate on a scientific basis: the optimal frequency of scheduled inspections of the fire safety condition of industrial and warehouse buildings; the belonging of these objects of protection to the appropriate risk category, depending on the required frequency of their scheduled inspection; the required number of personnel of the federal state fire supervision bodies of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia for timely and high-quality inspection of the supervised protection objects. The results of the work also make it possible to justify the need to amend the Regulations on the Federal State Fire Supervision, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 12, 2012, № 290, in terms of establishing an alternative method to the Federal Law dated July 31, 2020, № 248-FZ for justifying the frequency of scheduled control (supervision) activities in relation to the objects of control and their assignment to the appropriate risk category.

Classification of hotels taking into account fire risks

Introduction. The current Russian Regulation on classification of hotels hardly takes into account their fire safety conditions. The system, adopted in the Regulation, provides for an expert scoring assessment of hotel parameters for their assignment to a certain category (star rating). The purpose of the article is to develop methods that allow determining the level of fire safety of hotels in points commensurate with the accepted rating system, for its further use in the course of assignment of appropriate categories to hotels. Theoretical fundamentals of scoring methods of assessment of fire safety of hotels. Three approaches to the calculation of «fire points» of hotels have been developed, based on the breakdown of hotels into classes and identification of the fire safety index of hotels within one class. The first scoring method is the Gretener method used for calculating the integral fire safety index. The first and third quartiles are identified for the hotel statistics. Hotels, whose index does not exceed the first quartile, belong to the subgroup featuring a high level of fire safety; those ranging from the first (inclusively) to the third quartile belong to the medium level. If the values of the fire hazard index of hotels are not smaller than the third quartile, they belong to the subgroup that has a low level of fire safety. The second method is based on the use of a «safety reserve» in terms of evacuation time. The third model of assessing the fire hazard of hotels includes the breakdown of hotels into groups, identification of the value of individual fire risk, ranking hotels by the fire risk that varies from the lowest to the highest.Results and their discussion. As for the classification of hotels, problems that accompany the consolidation of the physical approach to the fire hazard assessment with the expert method of scoring are solved by choosing the proportion between the points of the system and the «fire points» set by the adjustment coefficient. The fire points, assigned to the subgroups of hotels, are indicative and should be corrected within the framework of the proposed approach.Conclusions. The experimental application of the developed methods using the cases of real hotel facilities will allow choosing the optimal engineering method of taking into account the fire safety of hotels in the process of their classification.

Flame-Retardant Performance Evaluation of Functional Coatings Filled with Mg(OH)2 and Al(OH)3.

In the shipbuilding sector (cruises, ferries, etc.), the design and control constraints applied to improve the fire safety conditions of naval vessels are acquiring important relevance. Research activities have aimed at enhancing the fire resistance of structures and surface coatings to make ships’ working environments safer, trying to combine performance, durability and low costs. In this context, the aim of this paper is to develop and optimize flame-retardant coatings for naval applications. In particular, in an acrylic carrier, Mg(OH)2 and Al(OH)3 fillers were added to exalt the fire resistance capabilities of the coatings. Furthermore, the effect of the particle size of the hydroxides on the coatings’ fire resistance was investigated. The coatings were studied by structural (XRD), thermo-physical (TG) and morphological (SEM) characterization to evaluate their thermal stability and the damage level due to fire exposition. Specifically, fire reaction tests were applied at different fire exposure times (15 s, 30 s) to estimate the fire resistance of the proposed coatings compared to the commercial reference. The results show that the coatings based on aluminum and magnesium hydroxides exhibit favorable fire resistance. Particularly, effective performances were observed for short times of exposure to direct flames. Furthermore, the temperature monitoring of the steel alloy support during the test allowed us to evaluate the degree of insulation of the coating, highlighting a better result for the specimen filled with Mg(OH)2, making this product promising for its optimization in this context.

The Scenario of Fire Safety through Accord in Bangladeshi Garments Industry

The Ready-Made Garment (RMG) sector is one of the industries that drive the economy of Bangladesh towards growth. The risk management of this sector has always been a major concern. Several incidents in this sector increased this concern of several related parties. Different codes of conduct and policies have been introduced in different times to improve the overall scenario. After two massive fire incidents in Tazreen Fashion and building collapse of Rana Plaza in Bangladesh, an accord program has been built to ensure the fire and safety in 2013. The purpose of this study is to explore whether the accord has improved fire safety condition in the Bangladeshi garments industry or not. Therefore, the study initially focuses on looking into the existing literature on history and risk management issues of Bangladeshi garment industry. This study is a descriptive study, based on primary and secondary data. Primary data has been collected through semi-structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews from several respondents from several garment factories. The result of this study illustrates, after the legally binding agreement of Accord 2013, Bangladeshi garments and textile industries had started to focus on worker safety issues. However, in order to prevent fire hazard and ensure a better workplace for the garment workers, they have taken all the necessary steps by ensuring a proper checklist for the fire gadgets and implementing training session for the workers. The findings should make substantial empirical contribution to show the real influence of the codes. However, the study was limited to only Bangladeshi garment industry and due to Covid-19 pandemic, the accessibility to various respondents of this industry has been restricted. Therefore, it may also affect the sample size. Overall, the study may provide an idea about the implication of the accord in garment factories and the result may help the policy makers to develop/modify policies for this sector in a more effective way.

Current Situation of Fire Safety Condition for Steel Structures in Dhaka: Exploring Fire Resilient Design

Steel framed building plays a vital role in construction sector with respect to Bangladesh’s socio-economic development due its long spanning capability and better flexibility. Yet there is very insufficient attention for the fire safety in steel buildings. Given the lack of fire risk assessment in steel building, this study intends to develop an understanding in fire safety condition in the sector. With the help of software analysis, this study presented the fire resistance capacity of steel at 816°C for minimum 30 minutes. Also, a field survey was conducted in 25 steel buildings situated at Dhaka city or near Dhaka like Gazipur, Savar, Narayngonj to picture the actual safety conditions in steel buildings. After analyzing the survey data, this study develops fire risk index for individual steel building with a scale 0 to 4, with average FRI 2.46 which indicates the poor fire safety condition in most of the buildings. The poor FRI values shows large deviations from standard fire safety requirements set by Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC-2006). Stricter monitoring and enforcement of rules by the authority and increasing awareness is recommended to improve safety condition and practice among the users of steel buildings.

Development and prediction of flame retarded particleboard fire behaviour in real scale


 
 
 Particleboard composites for building application has become very attractive because of their huge benefits which includes but is not limited to low cost, lightweight, durability and environmental benign. However, the vulnerability of these composite types when exposed to fire restricts their use in areas where stringent fire safety conditions may not apply. Experimental determination at bench scale of composite particleboard fire behaviour has shown that the addition of flame retardants (FR) can delay the start and spread of fire. Bench scale data obtained in the cone calorimeter (CC) may not represent accurately a real scale fore behaviour during a fire scenario as documented by various researchers. The convolution model is a significant tool for predicting in real scale, fire behaviour of composites which depends on experimental inputs from CC data. In this paper, particleboards made from wood sawdust reinforced polyester composite were processed with FR at 0, 15 and 18% loading ratio using compression moulding technique. Test specimens cut from the FR-particleboards was exposed in horizontal orientation in the CC at 50kW/m2 to obtain experimental data and these were used as inputs to the prediction model. The predictive tool was used to predict the heat released rate and smoke production rate for the FR-particleboard. The results obtained shows that the FR-particleboard contributes very limited fire in real scale and compares well based on Euro-classification with particleboards from literature.
 
 

Enhancing Effective Fire Safety in Buildings Using Design

Achieving optimum design solutions, with regards to fire and fire safety conditions, is an uncompromisable endeavour. As such, considering the destruction that has been occurring if treated lightly, every architectural design must consciously and constantly bear in mind, the goal of avoiding such disaster. Resting on this premise, this paper aimed at identifying major design approaches that need to be adopted to achieve optimum fire safety in buildings, right from the design stage. The paper adopted a narrative literature review approach to identify grounded design considerations related to fire and fire safety. One of the findings was that a design must be carried out with the conscious intention to provide a high level of safety affordances to occupants of buildings and their properties in case of fire outbreaks. Much of the affordances should be related to smoke, which tends to be more dangerous than the fire itself. The paper is highly significant for any architectural design since it seemed to avoid the likely destruction of everything and everyone that a person has possessed or has ever loved.

Fire safety cyber-production

Technological emergencies because of a flame in a production is one of the leading catastrophe factors with significant negative consequences for the environment. To minimize burning risk in a production facility is a system of measures to prevent company infrastructure components burning or to detect them operatively and put them out. The production fire safety is provided with engineer cyber-systems (ECS) installed in the floor or in the ceiling (hanging down). Each ECS protects from burning one of the production cyber-systems (CS). Each CS protected with putting out means of an ECS forms a cyber-production fire protected cell. There is a scheme proposed for a CS fire protected cell, which is the cyber-production base. There is a scheme of a continuous production section equipped with technological CSs and ECSs for fire extinguishing. A system of anti-fire measure is described, which has a room isolation to block inlet and outlet ventilation and to control the isolated sections with rolling doors, which may react on a burning source in a cyber-production. The company fire safety conditions cyber-monitoring system is done as the intellectual production environment. To put out the fire they apply the fire extinguishing ECS assets placed in the floor, which extinguish the fire with a low-dispersed aerosol substance with inertia gases.

Technology of Manufacturing Connections on Steel Rods Glued into Wood

In modern construction, glued wood is used mainly by Scandinavian countries, Canada, the USA and Russia. It is rational to use glued wood not only in low-rise housing construction, but also as supporting and protecting structures of large-span public buildings. Large-span glued wooden structures have become popular in modern construction and are widely used for public buildings with spans of 18 meters or more. In the practice of building Western countries with significant reserves of wood, sports facilities, exhibition halls, cinemas and other entertainment buildings are being built from glued wood. According to the condition of transportation, a lengthy beam, frame or truss must be made of two or three elements, and then connected at the construction site into a single structure. The use of mechanical fasteners in the form of bolts is not always possible due to significant compliance, including due to thermal expansion of the metal in a harshly continental climate, for example, in Kazakhstan and under fire safety conditions, when metal parts quickly lose their bearing capacity. Significant deformations occurring in the nodes can cause a redistribution of forces in the elements and as a result lead to the destruction of the structure. To create a durable rigid joint of glued wood constructions, the joints on the reinforcing rods glued under the inclinations to the fibers are used, which, as practice shows, ensure high reliability, durability and low compliance. This article discusses the technology of gluing reinforcing rods into wood to solve large-span structures and their welding. On the basis of experimental scientific studies, the sequence of the necessary technological processes for obtaining a durable, reliable and high-quality glue joint between the rod and wood and the possibility of welding the reinforcing rods glued to the wood with a connecting piece are shown. In this study, various variants of the joints of maple structures, where it is possible to use the welding of its elements, are carried out.

Состояние пожарной безопасности в уголовно-исполнительной системе и меры по ее обеспечению

Состояние пожарной безопасности в уголовно-исполнительной системе и меры по ее обеспечению

МЕТОДИКА ОЦЕНКИ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ МЕРОПРИЯТИЯМИ ПОЖАРНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ НА ОБЪЕКТАХ ТЭК В СОСТАВЕ АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ПОДДЕРЖКИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ

Introduction. This chapter considers the actuality importance of operational management of fire safety (FS) at facilities of the fuel and energy complex. The tools of strategic planning are proposed to assess of efficiency of the operational management of FS. The monitoring and analysis of volume of information are carried out by a decision maker (DM) using automated system of fire and explosion protection (ASFEP) is a part automated control system of technological process. The purpose of this article is described. It is the formation of system approaches to the analysis of changes in the efficiency of management of FS at facilities of the fuel and energy complex. To achieve this goal, mathematical modeling and analysis of the results are carried out. Methodology. The construction of model for assessing the quality of decision-making by DM on the management of FS is considered. The scheme of process of operational management is presented in the form of two-dimensional network structure. Parameters of management of FS (operands and condition) are reserved for this structure. So there are certain restrictions. Then type of dependence of number of the administrative apparatus on number of parameters of manual control is taken into account. The author describes the reasons for the deviations of decisions from the optimal. Such deviations are consequence of the decrease in the efficiency of FS management. The function of an efficiency index of the operational management of FS is entered for assessment of this decrease. Results. There is dependence of the work on the regulation procedures to ensure FS at facilities of the fuel and energy complex and of the value of an efficiency index of management. This dependence is justified. This dependence is illustrated in the form of curves. The equation of the generalized parameter of FS management is entered. Сorrelation of the value of an efficiency index and generalized parameter is determined the character of received curves. Conclusion. In summary it can be concluded that the personnel on duty shifts should correspond to the number of parameters of manual control, thereby ensuring the efficiency of the organization of FS management.

Основы обеспечения пожаровзрывобезопасности современных инновационных способов предремонтной подготовки технологического оборудования

On the basis of statistical data of fires there are formulated causes of fires on process equipment during fire operations. A classification of the ways of ensuring fire pre-preparation process equipment is proposed. Classification of methods of fire safety based on the principle of breaking ties mnemonic combustion triangle, three sides of which are: oxidizer, fuel and an ignition source. Analysis of the results of modern research allows to classify the ways of ensuring fire and explosion safety in emergency response, emergency situations and carrying out the repair works on technological equipment in the following groups (methods): 1) reduce the concentration of vapor (gas) of hydrocarbons; 2) prevent of contact of the ignition of explosive concentrations of vapor (gas) of hydrocarbons; 3) phlegmatization and inhibition of the gas space of the process equipment. There are formulated the conditions for ensuring fire and explosion safety of modern technology pre-training. Methodological approach of determining safety factors in predicting risk is proposed. Safety factors can be determined based on the maximum concentration fluctuation (decrease or increase of concentrations during process operations), the uneven distribution of the vapour (gas) hydrocarbons (oxygen or deterrent) in the gas space, the error of the gas analysis and the precision of measurement of fire danger. In developing the criteria the maximum allowable fire load following fire safety conditions analyses: 1) it’s allowed the possibility of local burning in a certain area over time, not creating the impact of dangerous fire factors on people with a normalized probability of not causing damage to the process vessel; 2) the possibility of the emergence and spread of burning on the surface of combustible residues is eliminated. It’s developed a method for evaluation of fire and explosion fire maintenance and repair works on technological equipment. The methods of assessing the fire and explosion safety includes: calculating the duration of the explosive period of each stage of the technologies of liquidation of the accident or pre-training; the evaluation of the total time the technologies of liquidation of the accident or pre-training; definition of probability of prevention of combustible environment and a source of ignition; evaluation of the number of emergency crews and the frequency of technological operations; calculation of the probability of prevention of fire.

Fire Safety in the Readymade Garment Sector in Bangladesh: Structural Inadequacy Versus Management Deficiency

The readymade garment (RMG) industry plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of Bangladesh, yet the sector suffers from poor fire safety records. Given the lack of fire risk assessment in the industry, this paper develops a Fire Risk Index (FRI) for individual RMG factories and surveys 60 such factories to develop an understanding of the fire safety conditions in the sector. The paper differentiates the risk factors into structural (hard) and management related (soft) parameters and develops FRIs for the structural factors. The FRI for structural parameters is then compared with the FRI for management factors, published earlier. While an overall mean FRI of 2.12 on a 4 point scale indicates that fire safety condition is quite poor, the FRI for soft parameters (1.80) are even lower than the FRI for hard parameters (2.58), indicating the critical importance of the soft parameters in fire safety assessment of the RMG factories. Within the hard parameters, there appears to be more reliance on firefighting and means for escape than on precautionary measures to contain the fire, which could explain the higher frequency of fire occurrences in the industry. FRI for both hard and soft parameters appear to follow a U shaped relationship with factory size, possibly indicating a Kuznet’s effect in fire safety in the garment sector. The poor FRI for hard factors indicates large deviations from safety requirements set in this work and asks for a stricter monitoring and enforcement regime. Improving the performance in the soft parameters, however, would require changes in the safety culture and practices.

Study on Safety Assessment of Fire Hazard for the Construction Site

In order to better prevent fire accidents of construction site, a index system of safety assessment was established for fire hazard of construction combined with related specifications site, first level indexes of which were composed by fire safety management, general floor plan, building fire, thermal insulation material and temporary fire control facility, the weight of the safety assessment indexes was determined by AHP, and five single factor and the overall of index system of safety assessment for fire hazard of the construction site were evaluated respectively by fuzzy mathematical methods, and the safety situation of each single factor in the system was understudied, at the same time, the overall fire safety conditions of the system was grasped.

The Blue Dog: Evaluation of an Interactive Software Program to Teach Young Children How to Interact Safely With Dogs

Pre-post-randomized design evaluated The Blue Dog, a dog safety software program. 76 children aged 3.5-6 years completed 3 tasks to evaluate dog safety pre- and postintervention: (a) pictures (recognition of safe/risky behavior), (b) dollhouse (recall of safe behavior via simulated dollhouse scenarios), and (c) live dog (actual behavior with unfamiliar live dog). Following preintervention evaluation, children were randomly assigned to dog or fire safety conditions, each involving 3 weeks of home computer software use. Children using Blue Dog had greater change in recognition of risky dog situations than children learning fire safety. No between-group differences emerged in recall (dollhouse) or engagement (live-dog) in risky behavior. Families enjoyed using the software. Blue Dog taught children knowledge about safe engagement with dogs, but did not influence recall or implementation of safe behaviors. Dog bites represent a significant pediatric injury concern and continued development of effective interventions is needed.

Research on Standardization Method of Risk Assessment for Fire Public Liability Insurance in Assembly Occupancies and Underwriting Auditing

Based on systematic analysis of fire risk assessment methods, it was pointed out that fire risk index method may be adopted as standardization method to fire risk assessment for life safety in assembly occupancies. Indicators system has been established including in 3 first class indicators, 9 secondary indicators and 30 third class indicators. The quantitative criteria for each indicator were put forward. Fire risk index method was applied to distinguish relative fire risk to life safety among different assembly occupancies and then determine the risk rank which may guide underwriting and fire public liability insurance ratemaking. The insurance premium for assembly occupancies with risk level of I, II, III, IV,V, were respectively up 20%, up 10%, unchanged, down 10%, down 20% relative to basic premium. Fire public liability insurance premium were associated with fire safety conditions of insurance sites, as will fully play the leverage of premium and mobilize insurant's initiative to reduce fire risk, aim to achieve the positive interaction between fire protection and insurance.

Flame propagation over liquid alcohols

The different spreading regimes above liquid fuels have been experimentally described for a wide range of initial surface temperatures. Five different spreading regimes are observed. The flame spreading driving parameter has been found. The critical transition temperatures between these regimes have been characterized; they present common characteristics for the four alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol) used in the experiments. A preheating zone ahead of the flame (produced by thermocapillarity) has been observed. The initial surface temperature of the liquid fuel results to be a control parameter of flame spreading; therefore, it can be applied to improve fire safety conditions in fuel containers.

Human factors influencing fire safety measures

In recent years, there were several incidents of fire in secondary schools in Malaysia. A study conducted by the Ministry of Education has found that there were outbreaks of fire in 22 primary and secondary schools and in institutions of higher learning for the year 1999 resulting in losses of RM 534,400. This study was carried out to identify fire safety conditions in residential colleges in a local Malaysian university. An audit approach as well as the use of questionnaire was adopted to collect primary data for the study. The audit results show that the overall fire safety condition was at 76 percent compliance level. The survey results showed that only predisposing factors such as knowledge, attitude and belief have a positive relationship with the fire safety behavior and lifestyle (p<0.5). The survey identified six important elements for fire safety and in ranking order they are: belief in the importance of fire safety, perception on the need for immediate response to fire incidence, knowledge in fire safety, attitude of occupants, social influence, and feedback on fire safety issues.