Fire Brigade Research Articles

Formation and Organization of Activities of Fire Brigades in Cities of Yenisei Province in Second Half of 19<sup>th</sup> — Early 20<sup>th</sup> Centuries

The process of formation and organization of the activities of fire brigades in the cities of the Yenisei province in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries is studied. The time frame for their creation, funding, as well as the level of training of firefighters, living conditions and service have been specified. It is shown that Krasnoyarsk organized fire fighting, focusing on Moscow and St. Petersburg, and county towns, in turn, followed the example and under the supervision of the provincial city. It is shown that due to the fact that cities arose here as administrative centers, and not as commercial and industrial centers, they were distinguished by such features as low population, the peasant way of life of the bulk of the townspeople, budget deficits, and underdevelopment of the urban economy. It is noted that city governments managed to create permanent fire brigades only by the end of the 19th century. It is alleged that the lack of funding determined their poor technical equipment, low pay and unfavorable working conditions for firefighters. It is emphasized that there was no professional training system in the region, specialists from European Russia traveled to Siberia extremely reluctantly. It is concluded that the First World War significantly exacerbated all existing problems.

재난현장 소방지휘관 지휘 능력 향상을 위한 교육·훈련 지휘능력지표 개선에 관한 연구

The critical issue of the lack of command ability of fire commanders who exercise independent command authority throughout the entire disaster process continues to be raised by firefighting organizations, the media, and disaster researchers. Therefore, this study aims to secure the fire commander’s ability to command a disaster site to prevent damage to firefighters working in the field, the purpose of this study is to suggest improvement plans limited to the command capability indicators in terms of education and training that can demonstrate successful command in the entire process of disaster response operations to prevent the spread of damage through early disaster responnes. The research method sets seven major research and analysis indicators such as information analysis/situation judgment ability, on-site situation judgment ability, command/control ability, contingency response ability, resource management ability, leadership, and knowledge of related knowledge, which are the core command competencies of commanders. We quantitatively analyzed whether the set indicators were reflected in the jop training process in firefighting, maritime police, and police training institutions, which are public officials organizations for specific positions. As a result of the analysis, the fire department, the on-site commander of the fire department, is required to have a higher level of command ability than the fire brigade, but the same command ability index was set as that of the fire brigade. In particular, it was found that in the fire department, which is performing the important duties of the regional emergency control group compared to the fire brigade and the fire department, acquisition of expertise, response to contingency situations, and information analysis judgment werw not even set in the command capability index, It was analyzed that firefighting had the lowest rate of reflection of the 7 key indicators of direct competency in the curriculum compared to the Coast Guard and the police. In conclusion, compared to the maritime police and the police, the seven core indicators of the on-scene commander’s command ability in the fire service are significantly insufficient in the reflection rate of the command competency indicators that suggest the direction of order to strengthen the command competency of firefighting field commanders, the command competency development competency and command capability index must be developed and reconfigured as soon as possible, and then the competency elements must be designed in detail to correct and supplement the insufficient competency within a short period of time. This is because education and training without a clear goal and direction are nothing more than a building in that cannot carry out the mission assigned to the organizations. Firefighting develops a process in which non-executives can participate in the process of non-executive participation, such as the police job training process, and prepares for unexpected developments of disasters. It is suggested that the entire shift be centered on virtual reality actual experience, such as acquiring, analyzing, and judging scientific disaster information that can be done. when the proposal is implemented, it is necessary to operate the process of conducting a preliminary evaluation of the fire commander’s 7 command ability indicators, develop a command ability index reflecting the evaluation results, and conduct a command ability test after completion of the course, and continue to revise and supplement according to the achievement of command ability.

Special Vehicles and Equipment in Fire Operations Used in Different Regions

Different parts of the world have different disasters or fire and technical rescue events. Economic, infrastructural and natural environmental differences cause great variances. The nations employ various organisations, depending on the available possibilities, with diverse technical solutions to eliminate the sources of fire, disaster, incident dangers. In case of fires and technical rescue occasions that have already occurred and require intervention and pose a direct threat to human life, physical integrity and property, these tasks are typically performed by fire brigade organisations. These organisations also carry out more or less extensive activities in their areas of responsibility; however, national solutions may involve the use of firefighting vehicles and equipment that differ significantly from one neighbouring country to another.The article presents the general firefighting vehicles used internationally and in Hungary and their characteristic capabilities, together with the widely used technical equipment and devices worldwide, built-in or mobile firefighting machines. In this paper a wide-ranging inspection of firefighting vehicles are demonstrated, and the description of the firefighting equipment can be interpreted together with the carrier vehicles. By special fire engines, the author here means vehicles that are on standby in each country, but only in small numbers and only alerted a few times a year. An important aspect in this category is that the design and equipment of these firefighting vehicles are planned to eliminate special incident situations that are unlikely to occur, but pose a great threat to human life, physical integrity or the property of the country and citizens, even in the short term. The article focuses also on these less frequent, more specialised firefighting vehicles and technical devices, with a description of their typical deployment conditions.When drawing the conclusions, the ideas and solutions found during the international outlook worthy of Hungarian adaptation are presented. Here the national adaptation possibilities of each international, special firefighting vehicle, the advantages they can provide and the expected disadvantages are examined. The content of the article is a general summary that fills a gap due to the small amount of international literature, which can also be used during research, investigation and education in this research field.

THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL FIREFIGHTING AND RESCUE SYSTEM IN THE PROCESS OF COMBATING THE MIGRANT CRISIS IN POLAND IN THE FACE OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR IN 2022

On February 24, 2022, the world faced a very different reality. The armed aggression of the RussianFederation affected not only the Ukrainian state, but also had a huge impact on the politics ofnumerous countries, especially those bordering with Ukraine, including Poland. The scale ofdestruction and the form of aggression expressed by Russia astounded not only the Ukrainianpart, but also other countries of the world. The consequences of the war proved to be horrific. Thetime since the armed assault has become Polands largest refugee crisis after the Second WorldWar and also the largest one in Europe. The aforementioned refugee crisis also bears the hallmarksof a migration crisis (and so it was assumed in the considerations) due to the record numberof refugees who arrived in Poland in the first days of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The challengePoland faced was not only the scale of the influx of people, but also the short time in which theinflux has occurred. The new situation required Poland to prepare a coherent action plan betweenpublic authorities, local governments, NGOs and citizens.The aim of this paper is to present the most important activities undertaken by the NationalFirefighting and Rescue System (NFRS) to help war refugees from Ukraine in 2022. The scale ofactions taken in the wake of the situation at that time was described on the example of the activityof the State Fire Service (SFS) and Volunteer Fire Brigades (VFB) participating in activities aimedat minimising the refugee crisis. In addition, thanks to the diagnostic survey carried out amongthe local community (residents of border towns), it was possible to diagnose the level of senseof security of those who, while providing help, experienced the effects of the military crisis inUkraine.Despite the fact that the presented conflict does not meet the formal prerequisites for armedconflict, as according to Article 1 of the Third Hague Convention of 1907, the initiation of armedaction must be supported by a prior formal act of war declaration, the paper assumes that thisarmed conflict will be called a war (Schindler, Toman, 1988). The conducted research focused on an analysis of reports and statements on the type, scope and sizeof tasks imposed on the National Firefighting and Rescue System units and the role of the fire servicein the process of combating the migrant crisis. Analyses were performed of activities carried out bythe National Firefighting and Rescue System units in the first seven months of the conflict, i.e. fromFebruary 24, 2022 to October 11, 2022. It should be added that the activities implemented by theguards have not been completed and on various levels are being continued until now.The paper makes use of the available literature and legal acts, and a special analysis was carriedout based on statistical data obtained from the National Headquarters of the State Fire Service ofPoland and the Border Guard Headquarters. The assessment of the role played by the NFRS in theprocess of combating the migration crisis in Poland, in the face of Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022,also made use of data obtained from a diagnostic survey of the target research group of 181 peoplewho are active witnesses of the actions taken, often shoulder to shoulder with SFS and VFB.The above methods allowed a detailed presentation of the range of activities of the selectedNational Firefighting and Rescue System units in combating the migration threat and showed thewide spectrum of their involvement, effectiveness, efficiency and rapidity. The results showed newresearch areas that would be worth paying more attention to in future research processes.

Pre-emptive emergency service-Preventive missions and promotion of health literacy at the intersections with emergency medical services

In the Emergency Medical Service Acts of the Federal States, the statements in these Acts have so far essentially been limited to the implementation of measures to maintain the health of emergency patients and to transport them to asuitable hospital. Preventive fire protection, on the other hand, is regulated in the Fire Brigade Acts or by statutory ordinances. Increasing numbers of emergency service missions and alack of facilities for alternative care justify the need for apreventive emergency service. This includes all measures that take place before an event occurs in order to prevent emergencies from occurring. As aresult, the risk of an emergency event leading to the emergency call 112 should be reduced or delayed. The preventive rescue service should also help to improve the outcome of medical care for patients. Furthermore, it should be made possible to provide those seeking help with asuitable form of care at an early stage.

THE USE OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES IN THE OPERATIONS OF THE STATE FIRE DEPARTMENT AND THE POLICE

The aim of the study is to analyze the degree of use of various unmanned aerial vehicles in the activities of the fire brigade and the Police. It is also a presentation of the applicable aviation regulations in the field of air operations and a proposal to develop the use of drones in these services. The research problem was expressed in the form of the following question: How are unmanned aerial vehicle systems currently used in the fire brigade and the Police and what are the nearest development opportunities in this regard?In addition to the aviation regulations, the paper also presents the categories of flights, the required qualifications and training of pilots / operators, the analysis of the use of UAVs in the fire brigade and the Police, and proposed directions for the development of their use. Based on the above, conclusions were drawn.

The Scenarios to Improve Job Competence of Fire Safety Managers

This study attempted to design a scenario to improve a fire safety manager's actual fire response-ability based on elements that may occur in actual fire situations. The scenario was linked with revised educational subjects, starting with fire recognition, propagation, occupant evacuation guidance, use of fire extinguishers and indoor (outdoor) fire hydrants considering combustion characteristics, and protection safety. Finally, it covered fire brigade induction and police handover. The scenario demonstrates the procedures to respond to fire from the fire safety manager's perspective and includes seven stages. These are fire outbreaks, fire situation propagation, initial fire extinguishing, evacuation guidance, firefighting facility operation and action, protective measures and first aid, fire brigade guidance, and collaboration. The study concluded that it would be helpful to improve the fire safety manager's decision-making ability to respond to critical situations and prepare for recurring diverse situations by developing scenarios by utilizing fire safety manager instructional and practical training.

Fire Brigade Drone Selection for Response to Stubble Fires: The Case of Giresun

Dünya’da her gün bilinçsizce oluşturulan anız yangınları, geniş ölçekli yangınlara dönüşebilmektedir. Bu yangınların kontrolden çıkması sonucunda çok büyük miktarlarda tarım ve orman arazisi zarar görmektedir. Yangınların çıkış anından itibaren itfaiye birimlerinin yangına bir an önce müdahale etmesi elzemdir. Bazı yangınların gerçekleştiği alan itibariyle kara yolunun olmaması, havadan müdahale birimlerinin de başka illerde konuşlu olması durumunda yangına çok uzun süreler müdahale edilememektedir. Bu durumda gelişen teknolojiden yararlanarak, yangın ihbarı geldiği andan itibaren itfaiye birimlerinin sürü itfaiye dronlarını yangın bölgelerine yönlendirmesi, yangının genişlemesini engellemek adına hayati derecede önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, Giresun ilindeki yangınlara müdahale için sıvı taşıma amacı ile üretilmiş benzer özelliklere sahip olan beş itfaiye dronun arasından optimum seçimin yapılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu değerlendirme yapılırken tank kapasitesi, püskürtme hızı, uçuş hızı, tam kapasiteli havada kalma süresi, optimum atış irtifası ve birim fiyatı olmak üzere altı kriter ele alınmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada Çok Kriterli Karar Verme (ÇKKV) yöntemlerinden Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHS, Analytic Hierarchy Process-AHP) ile kriterler ağırlıklandırılmış ardından COPRAS yöntemi ile dronlar değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma; Türkiye’de ÇKKV ile drone seçimi ve yangın müdahalesi için drone seçimi konusu üzerine yapılmış ilk uygulama özelliğini taşımaktadır. Bununla birlikte çözüm yaklaşımı sunulan problem için AHP ve COPRAS kullanılması, ele alınan probleme uygulanan yöntem açısından literatüre katkı sağlamaktadır.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Fire Alarm Systems

In this paper, through the methods of Topsis evaluation method, rank and ratio comprehensive evaluation method, and entropy weight method, a relevant model is established to quantitatively evaluate each type of fire detector components, alarm signal authenticity, and the comprehensive management level of fire brigade, and to propose an improvement plan.

Legal regulation of an emergency lane creation during a traffic accident: international experience

The article is devoted to the analysis of the experience of such countries as Germany, India, Austria, the USA, Belgium, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Canada in the field of legal regulation of the creation of an emergency lane on roads during traffic accidents.
 Emergency and rescue services, ambulance, fire protection, police are important components of providing emergency assistance during a traffic accident.
 The efficiency of emergency services, which must reach the scene of a traffic accident in a short period of time, in addition to subjective factors (the driver's psychological unreadiness/unwillingness to give priority to the vehicle), is significantly affected by the flaws of the road transport infrastructure, but the most - by a large number of vehicles causing numerous traffic jams. The problem of an emergency lane creation during traffic accidents is extremely relevant to rescuing victims.
 It is proved that the emergency lanes on the roads almost double the probability of avoiding fatal consequences caused by traffic accidents.
 By definition, the emergency lane is a free lane on the road intended for vehicles with priority. Such vehicles include: ambulances, firetrucks, police vehicles, tow trucks.
 Since the procedure and specifics of the emergency lane creation in foreign countries are fixed in legislation provided by the Traffic Rules or other normative legal acts, drivers may be sentenced to the following types of punishment for non-compliance: fine, penalty points, deprivation of a driver's license, imprisonment.
 Global experience suggests that the issues with the emergency lane creation and compliance monitoring should be regulated by the state bodies. Such approach contributes to the strict compliance with the traffic rules and therefore to the efficient and timely work of emergency and rescue services, ambulances, fire brigades, traffic police, etc.

Analysis of Non-Compulsory Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccination among Polish Soldiers.

The COVID-19 pandemic posed many challenges in epidemiology, health care, and vaccinology. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies had to develop effective vaccines as soon as possible in order to halt the spread of infection outbreaks and enable the start of the National Vaccination Program. Firstly, medical services and security services (the army, fire brigade, and police), i.e., those most involved in the fight against the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, were included in the aforementioned program. The presented publication analyzes the amount and type of vaccination against COVID-19 and influenza among Polish soldiers. Influenza, like COVID-19, is a viral disease that can vary in its course (from mild to acute and life-threatening). Both coronaviruses and influenza viruses are characterized by high genetic variability, resulting in the need for repeated vaccination during each autumn and winter season. Acquired data comes from the Central Register of Vaccination of Professional Soldiers. The collected material was statistically processed. The average level of the phenomenon was presented as a time series using a chronological average. In the analyzed period (December 2020-December 2021), the lowest vaccinations against COVID-19 were performed in December 2020, which is due to the schedule of the National Vaccination Program in Poland. In contrast, the highest number of vaccinations were administered between April and June 2021, or approximately 70.5% of all vaccines administered. In the case of influenza, there is a clear increase in the number of vaccinations during the autumn and winter seasons, which coincides with peaks in disease during these periods. Between August 2020 and January 2021, there is a noticeable increase in the number of flu injections given, nearly 50% compared to the previous period, which may be related to the simultaneous persistence of the COVID-19 pandemic and greater attention to one's own health. Non-mandatory vaccination is an important point in the vaccination schedule for soldiers. Numerous public campaigns combating misinformation and raising awareness of the need for immunization will help convince even more people, not only among soldiers but also the civilian population, to vaccinate.

Changes in the microstructure of selected structural alloy steel grades identified after their simulated exposure to fire temperature

Results of research on changes in microstructure of selected steel grades used in construction, observed in cooled state after prior exposure to fire temperature are presented in this paper. The following steel grades have been analyzed in detail: S355J2+N, X20Cr13, X6CrNiTi18–10 and X2CrNiMoN22–5–3. These grades are considered to be representative for classic low alloy structural steel of ferritic-pearlitic structure, and several special grades of stainless steel varying in microstructure: martensitic, austenitic and mixed, austenitic-ferritic of duplex type. Analysis of post-fire susceptibility to initiation and unconstrained propagation of brittle failure was the basic purpose of this research. This property seems to be the key one in the context of potential post-fire continued service of these steels when subjected to load. The presented results seem to correlate well with the results of toughness test conducted on the same steels (presented in [6]). The scenarios of sample heating and long term keeping up in the high temperature, and in particular the temperature levels assumed by the authors have been intentionally selected to enable or exclude the chance of expected structural changes occurring in the material subjected to experiment. The varied effective cooling modes have been designed to simulate the slow cooling in the open air or alternatively, rapid cooling during firefighting action conducted by fire brigade.

Using machine learning algorithm to predict the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder among firefighters in Changsha.

Firefighters are prone to suffer from psychological trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the workplace, and have a poor prognosis after PTSD. Reliable models for predicting PTSD allow for effective identification and intervention for patients with early PTSD. By collecting the psychological traits, psychological states and work situations of firefighters, this study aims to develop a machine learning algorithm with the aim of effectively and accurately identifying the onset of PTSD in firefighters, as well as detecting some important predictors of PTSD onset. This study conducted a cross-sectional survey through convenient sampling of firefighters from 20 fire brigades in Changsha, which were evenly distributed across 6 districts and Changsha County, with a total of 628 firefighters. We used the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) to process data sets and used grid search to finish the parameter tuning. The predictive capability of several commonly used machine learning models was compared by 5-fold cross-validation and using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC), accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. The random forest model achieved good performance in predicting PTSD with an average AUC score at 0.790. The mean accuracy of the model was 90.1%, with an F1 score of 0.945. The three most important predictors were perseverance, forced thinking, and reflective deep thinking, with weights of 0.165, 0.158, and 0.152, respectively. The next most important predictors were employment time, psychological power, and optimism. PTSD onset prediction model for Changsha firefighters constructed by random forest has strong predictive ability, and both psychological characteristics and work situation can be used as predictors of PTSD onset risk for firefighters. In the next step of the study, validation using other large datasets is needed to ensure that the predictive models can be used in clinical setting.

Economic Evaluation of a Mobile Stroke Unit Service in Germany.

Lower global disability and higher quality of life among ischemic stroke patients was found to be associated with the dispatch of mobile stroke units (MSUs) among patients eligible for recanalizing treatments in the Berlin_Prehospital Or Usual Delivery of stroke care (B_PROUD) study. The current study assessed the cost-utility and cost-effectiveness of additional MSU dispatch using data from this prospective, controlled, intervention study. Outcomes considered in the economic evaluation included quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) derived from the 3-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-3L) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores for functional outcomes 3-months after stroke. Costs were prospectively collected during the study by the MSU provider (Berlin Fire Brigade) and the B_PROUD research team. We focus our results on the societal perspective. As we aimed to determine the economic consequences of the intervention beyond the study's follow-up period, both care costs and QALYs were extrapolated over 5 years. The additional MSU dispatch resulted in an incremental €40,984 per QALY. The best-case scenario and the worst-case scenario yielded additional costs of, respectively, €24,470.76 and €61,690.88 per QALY. In the cost-effectiveness analysis, MSU dispatch resulted in incremental costs of €81,491 per survival without disability. The best-case scenario and the worst-case scenario yielded additional costs of, respectively, €44,455.30 and €116,491.15 per survival without disability. Among patients eligible for recanalizing treatments in ischemic stroke, MSU dispatch was associated with both higher QALYs and higher costs and is cost-effective when considering internationally accepted thresholds ranging from an additional €40,000 to €80,000 per QALY. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:942-951.

Electronics Management System with Location-based Fire, Flood and Shock Alert on Mobile Device

When a fire takes place where it can't be easily noticed (e.g., underground parking, big industries, malls, warehouses,hospitals, etc.), it takes a lot of time to get the location detected because of which heavy damages occur due to thisdelay it becomes difficult to put-off the fire by the fire brigade team. The same is the case with damages due to flooding.Hence, if early action is taken, heavy damages can be controlled and human lives can be saved. Our device-electronicsmanagement system with fire, flood, and shock alert on the phone can detect fire, flood, and shock up to a certain leveland send the alert of Google maps-based location (through SMS) to the concerned authorities so that they can quicklyreach the spot without any delays. The device also protects people from getting electric shocks and fluctuations from themain supply. The ultimate objective is to reduce the response time taken by the concerned authorities, which will reducethe intensity of the damage.

Udział duchowieństwa katolickiego w życiu politycznym i społecznym Polski w latach 1918–1939 na przykładzie diecezji włocławskiej

When Poland regained its independence, the catholic clergy actively took part in shaping social and political life of the country. They called for unity, harmony and the need to build a country based on catholic teaching of the Church. The clergy from Włocławek sympathized with the National Democracy – that was the party which had a great deal of support from all bishops of Włocławek. Polish Christian Democratic Party had also a lot of supporters in those days, the Party existed under this name until 1937, when it united with the National Worker’s Party forming Labour Party. You could say that the clergy were in favor of social solidarity, whose realization was a corporate system, which should be understood as an authentic socio-economic autonomy, created with the help of the country but the initiative itself came from society. An important external factor, which ordered priests to engage in political affairs, was the social radicalism among the urban and rural population. A peasant movement played a significant role here. The clergy relatively favorable referred to the polish parties such as “Piast” and “Stronnictwo Ludowe”. The priests worked for many organizations, associations, trade unions or school. A great deal of efforts had to be put into the functioning of agricultural circles or fire brigades. The priests were also involved in the activities of local government, the development of cooperative movement. They performed various functions in educational and cultural organizations. Those working in industrial factories were involved in trade union movement, whose ideology was based on principles of Christian ethic and the existing social order.

Probabilistic urban cascading multi-hazard risk assessment methodology for ground shaking and post-earthquake fires

A probabilistic methodology is presented for assessing cascading multi-hazard risk for ground shaking and post-earthquake fires at a regional scale. The proposed methodology focuses on direct economic losses to buildings caused by the combined effect of ground shaking and post-earthquake fires and evaluates the exceedance probability of the regional shaking–fire losses in a predefined future time period by comprehensively considering the effects of various uncertain factors on the losses via Monte Carlo simulations. Probabilistic seismic risk assessments are extended by integrating post-earthquake fire models with seismic activity models, ground motion prediction equations, and seismic fragility functions. The fire models include post-earthquake ignition models, a weather model, a physics-based urban fire spread model, and a fire brigade response model. This integrated modeling enables the incorporation of the following uncertain factors with causal relationships into the assessments: earthquake occurrence, ground motion intensity distribution, damage to buildings resulting from ground shaking, post-earthquake ignition occurrence and occupant firefighting, weather condition, fire brigade response time including time to detection, and damage to buildings resulting from post-earthquake urban fire spread. To demonstrate the methodology, a realistic case study is conducted for a historical urban area with closely spaced wooden buildings in Kyoto, Japan, focusing on possible large earthquakes along major active faults. Contrary to conventional single-hazard approaches, the results highlight the impact of multi-hazard consideration on risk assessments. This indicates that the methodology can be a useful tool for more appropriately understanding earthquake risk and promoting risk-informed decision-making in urban communities for risk reduction.

Vybrané problémy hasičských jednotiek pri zdolávaní požiarov elektromobilov

The article deals with the topic of electric cars. In the introductory part, the development of the number of electric powered assenger vehicles within the European Union and the Slovak Republic is analyzed. The main part of the article is the assessment of the available material and technical equipment of fire brigades in responding to an electric car fire. These unforeseen circumstances are a new challenge for fire brigades, characterized by the difficulty of response activities. The firefighting equipment and gear of the firefighting units are designed to be a safe and effective way of extinguishing electric vehicle fires. The article points to new means available to firefighting units in the event of these fires.

Trajanje razgovora kod pogrešno ostvarene veze na telefonskoj centrali 194

Introduction: Time is an essential category in the Emergency Department. The phone call duration, with the person who's calling, should be optimal in order to make sound decisions. If the phone call is due to a wrong number it should be made as shorter as possible. Objective: We aimed to show how long the conversations with the caller lasted, for calls that were qualified as having the wrong connection. Method. We used the electronic phone call database (194/94) for 2009. The data were put in a spreadsheet (Excel table) where they were sorted and researched. Out of the total of 739.742 calls we singled out 93.393, which makes 12.62%, and they were classified as the wrong connection. Due to the great variability in the upper scale of the values we cut the base for 5% of the shortest and longest calls. After the database cut 84.053 calls remained. The phone call duration was measured from the moment the receiver was picked up to the moment the line was disconnected. Results. Analyzing 84.053 wrong connections we came up with these results: minimal phone call duration was 6 seconds and maximal 194 seconds, with mean value of 30.28 seconds. Discussion. The number of wrong connections is huge in Emergency Departments all around the world (fire brigades, police, medical emergency) but there are no valid data on the time spent on those calls. Conclusion. Phone calls with wrong connection last too long. Therefore, operators and callers should be well educated.

Research on Fire Alarm System Based on Entropy Power Method and Topsis Superiority and Inferiority Solution Distance Method

According to the statistics of China Fire and Rescue Bureau, in 2021, 748,000 fires were reported to the national fire and rescue teams, with 1,987 deaths, 2,225 injuries and direct property losses of 6.75 billion yuan. The loss of these innocent lives and the loss of a large amount of property make us think while deploring: is there a more effective, scientific and accurate way to prevent the great harm caused by the occurrence of fire. The fire alarm system studied in this paper can be used to reduce the hazards. Firstly, the number of real fires is given 430 times by using three indicators of fire occurrence: address, machine number and loop. After selecting the high-frequency parts in the loop, machine number and component type respectively and finding their corresponding false alarm rate and failure rate, the evaluation weights are obtained using the entropy weight method. A comprehensive evaluation model based on the entropy weight method is established to score each major component. Two most reliable components of the fire alarm system are obtained: the intelligent photoelectric probe and the manual alarm button. Next, the normalized management level of each fire brigade needs to be analyzed. First, the five important parameters of normalized average coverage rate, normalized component reliability, normalized component failure rate, normalized jurisdictional fire frequency (times/hour), and normalized false alarm rate are derived for each fire brigade. The comprehensive score index of each brigade was derived and ranked by the Topsis superiority and inferiority solution distance method, and it was concluded that M brigade, L brigade, and F brigade were the three jurisdictions with the lowest comprehensive management level.