Finnish Translation Research Articles

The Finnish Clinical Outcome in Routine Evaluation Outcome Measure: psychometric exploration in clinical and non-clinical samples

The Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation Outcome Measure (CORE-OM) is a 34-item self-report measure designed to monitor changes in psychiatric patients. It has been translated into 25 languages, including Finnish. This is the first psychometric exploration of Finnish CORE-OM data. The aim of the study is to examine acceptability, internal consistency and convergent validity of the Finnish CORE-OM scores. Translation of the CORE-OM from English to Finnish was undertaken according to recommended protocols. Psychometric exploration was conducted in two samples: psychiatric patients (N = 201) and non-clinical participants (N = 209). Participation was voluntary and involved completion of all scales. Convergent validity was tested in terms of the mean score differences between clinical and non-clinical samples and correlations against the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90). Among the clinical sample, all domains showed good or acceptable internal reliability. In the non-clinical sample, the alphas of domains were good or acceptable, with only the alphas of the Risk domain registering as low. There were no marked gender or age effects. CORE-OM scores correlated strongly with both the BDI and SCL-90, particularly in patients’ data. Some possible effects of Finnish language were found. The Finnish translation of the CORE-OM is psychometrically sound and can be recommended for use in Finnish mental health and clinical settings. However, further investigation in larger and different samples will clarify the generalizability its psychometric properties. Clinical services are encouraged to contribute to the creation of a collaborative Finnish CORE practice research network.

Probing GATA factor function in mouse Leydig cells via testicular injection of adenoviral vectors.

Testicular Leydig cells produce androgens essential for proper male reproductive development and fertility. Here, we describe a new Leydig cell ablation model based on Cre/Lox recombination of mouse Gata4 and Gata6, two genes implicated in the transcriptional regulation of steroidogenesis. The testicular interstitium of adult Gata4flox/flox ; Gata6flox/flox mice was injected with adenoviral vectors encoding Cre + GFP (Ad-Cre-IRES-GFP) or GFP alone (Ad-GFP). The vectors efficiently and selectively transduced Leydig cells, as evidenced by GFP reporter expression. Three days after Ad-Cre-IRES-GFP injection, expression of androgen biosynthetic genes (Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1 and Hsd17b3) was reduced, whereas expression of another Leydig cell marker, Insl3, was unchanged. Six days after Ad-Cre-IRES-GFP treatment, the testicular interstitium was devoid of Leydig cells, and there was a concomitant loss of all Leydig cell markers. Chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, mitochondrial swelling, and other ultrastructural changes were evident in the degenerating Leydig cells. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry demonstrated reduced levels of androstenedione and testosterone in testes from mice injected with Ad-Cre-IRES-GFP. Late effects of treatment included testicular atrophy, infertility and the accumulation of lymphoid cells in the testicular interstitium. We conclude that adenoviral-mediated gene delivery is an expeditious way to probe Leydig cell function in vivo Our findings reinforce the notion that GATA factors are key regulators of steroidogenesis and testicular somatic cell survival.Free Finnish abstract: A Finnish translation of this abstract is freely available at http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/154/4/455/suppl/DC2.

Factors affecting the cognitive profile of 11-year-old children born very preterm.

BackgroundPreterm birth is a risk for cognitive development. This study assessed the cognitive profile of children born very preterm at the age of 11 years as well as the associated risk factors.MethodsA total of 128 children born very preterm were included. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed at term age. Cognitive development was assessed using the full-scale intelligence quotient (IQ) and four domains of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, fourth edition (WISC-IV), Finnish translation. The results were compared with test norms.ResultsMost study children performed at average (51%) or low average (21%) levels in the full-scale IQ assessment. The correlation between 5- and 11-year full-scale IQ was 0.73 (P<0.001). Compared with the normative data, children born very preterm performed poorer in all domains of the cognitive profile. The only significant risk factor for poor general cognition was major brain pathology. When considering all four domains of WISC-IV, low paternal education, male gender, and low birth weight z score were also found to be significant risk factors.ConclusionsLess than one-third of the children born very preterm performed below the low average cognitive level at 11 years of age. Specific neonatal and sociodemographic risk factors were identified as affecting the cognitive profile.

Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD): interexaminer reliability of the Finnish version of Axis I clinical diagnoses.

Recently, updated diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD) were published to assess TMD in a standardised way in clinical and research settings. The DC/TMD protocol has been translated into Finnish using specific cultural equivalency procedures. To assess the interexaminer reliability using the Finnish translations of the DC/TMD-FIN Axis I clinical diagnostic assessment instruments. Reliability assessment data were collected during a 1-day DC/TMD Examiner Training Course at the University of Turku, Finland, in collaboration with the International DC/TMD Training and Calibration Center in Malmö University. Clinical TMD examinations according to the Finnish pre-final version of the DC/TMD Axis I assessment protocol were performed by four experienced TMD specialists on altogether 16 models. Kappa coefficient, overall percentage agreement (%A) as well as positive (PA) and negative (NA) agreements were used to define the reliability. Myofascial pain with referral, headache attributed to TMD and disc displacement (DD) without reduction without limited opening showed excellent kappa values (range 0·87-1·00). Fair-to-good reliability was observed for diagnoses of myalgia (k = 0·67), arthralgia (k = 0·71) and DD with reduction (k = 0·64). The PA was high for all pain-related diagnoses and DD without reduction without limited opening (medians ≥83%), and acceptable for DD with reduction (median 67%). The NA was high (medians ≥87%) for all DC/TMD diagnoses, except for myalgia which showed acceptable NA (median 75%). The %A was high for all assessed diagnoses (medians >85%). The findings of this study showed DC/TMD-FIN Axis I to demonstrate sufficiently high reliability for pain-related TMD diagnoses.

Psychometric properties of the Finnish version of the Young Person’s Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (YP-CORE) questionnaire

Background: An increasing need exists for suitable measures to evaluate treatment outcome in adolescents. YP-CORE is a pan-theoretical brief questionnaire developed for this purpose, but it lacks studies in different cultures or languages.Aims: To explore the acceptability, factor structure, reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change of the Finnish translation of YP-CORE.Methods: The study was conducted at the Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital. A Finnish translation was prepared by a team of professionals and adolescents. A clinical sample of 104 patients was asked to complete the form together with BDI-21 and BAI, and 92 of them filled the forms again after a 3-month treatment. Analysis included acceptability, confirmatory factor analysis, internal and test–re-test reliability, concurrent validity, influence of gender and age, and criteria for reliable change.Results: YP-CORE was well accepted, and the rate of missing values was low. Internal consistency (α = 0.83–.92) and test–re-test reliability were good (r = 0.69), and the results of CFA supported a one-factor model. YP-CORE showed good concurrent validity against two widely used symptom-specific measures (r = 0.62–0.87). Gender had a moderately strong effect on the scores (d = 0.67), but the effect of age was not as evident. The measure was sensitive to change, showing a larger effect size (d = 0.55) than in the BDI-21 and BAI (d = 0.31–0.50).Conclusions: The results show that the translation of YP-CORE into Finnish has been successful, the YP-CORE has good psychometric properties, and the measure could be taken into wider use in clinical settings for outcome measurement in adolescents.

«Ключевые слова», авторский стиль и перевод

ABSTRACTOne of the ways to detect characteristics of a writer’s style is to compare frequency lists of works in question with those from a control corpus. The popular software package WordSmith Tools has a utility called Keywords, which compares frequency lists using the log-likelihood coefficient. However, WordSmith Tools can only process unlemmatized lists, and this limits the use of the program. In this paper, the keywords are searched for in lemmatized frequency lists with the help of the software package R. The focus of the research was on works by Michail Bulgakov and their translations into Finnish. The control data were literary works by Russian authors of the same period and their translations into Finnish. The study demonstrates that the comparison of lemmatized word lists can yield more interesting results than that of unlemmatized data. The analysis of the keywords acquired from Bulgakov’s works reveals some interesting features of the writer’s style, e.g. his fancy for verbs of speech. Comparing this list with the keywords of the Finnish translations of the same works shows that translators preserve only lexical features of the style. Grammatical peculiarities of the original texts reflected in frequencies of prepositions, conjunctions, particles, etc. could not be traced in translations.

Peter Rabbit in the Garden of Terror: Patronizing the Reader in Picturebook Translation

This study set out to compare Beatrix Potter’s classic picturebook The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1902) and its Finnish translation from 1967. The analysis showed that the Finnish translator has added various elements which make the story considerably more frightening for child readers; the translator has, for instance, described Peter’s adversary, Mr. McGregor, as a bogeyman and added descriptions of how afraid Peter supposedly was at different stages of the story. The reason behind these modifications could well be that the translator interpreted the tale as a moral lesson aimed to frighten children. This, indeed, was a common interpretation of the story even among children’s literature scholars before the discovery of Potter’s personal journal, which brought about a new interpretation of the author as a covert rebel who encouraged her young readers to socially nonconformist behavior. However, the Finnish translation does not offer its readers the possibility to interpret Potter’s message in this fashion. The study concludes that the process of translating for children can, at its worst, add an air of patronage to the story.

Editor's Introduction

Editor's Introduction Hazel Sheeky Bird (bio) It is, perhaps, a given that the Lion and the Unicorn (L&U) would mark the centenary of the First World War with a special edition because it has been in the consciousness of many children's literature scholars for a number of years, including co-editor Jacquilyn Weeks and myself. Indeed, Stacy Gillis and Esther MacCallum-Stewart opened their introduction to the 2007 L&U special edition on Children's Culture and the First World War by noting the centenary's approach. Likewise, major international projects such as the Leverhulme International Research Network, which hosted conferences in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia between 2011and 2013, drew together a significant body of work, demonstrating the variety and complexity of current scholarship on children's literature and culture of the First World War.1 Writing about Britain in the 1920s and 1930s, Dan Todman observes that the First World War was "a cornerstone of British culture" (17). The articles in this special edition remind us that it was, and perhaps continues to be, a cornerstone of not just British culture, but also the cultures of many nations, and for many different reasons. This is often because writing for children about the First World War was, and frequently still is, embedded in discourses of national identity, either alone or in contradistinction to that of other nations and, as Peter Hunt observes of Western children's literature about the war, "local historical differences make generalizations difficult to sustain" (319). Consequently, it behooves us to try, as far as our linguistic skills will allow, to situate our knowledge of any particular nation's writing on and of the First World War within and against that of other nations. Many of the essays in this special edition are concerned with the ways in which national politics and culture directly shaped the way that the war was presented to young readers. Taking a comparative approach, Laura Leden's contribution examines issues of politics and gender in Nordic translations of L. M. Montgomery's Rilla of Ingleside (1921). Whereas Montgomery's original novel presents women as heroic figures on the home front, and [End Page v] depicts the First World War patriotically, Leden sets out the changes that are evident in Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, Danish, and German translations of the source text. By examining censorship and purifaction in the texts, Leden highlights how discourses pertaining to nationality, pacifism, female heroism, and cultural didactic norms resulted in very different adaptions of the novel, differences that reveal each country's experience of the war, as either an ally, an occupier, or an occupied nation. In her piece, Lindsay Myers points to the relationship between Italian national identity myths and the presentation of the war in Lia Levi's historical novel, Cecelia va alla guerra, first published in 2000 and yet to be translated into English. Pointing to the reawakening of a national rhetoric in the late 1990s, Myers argues that Levi's book refigures the conflict as a war between the Austrians and the Italians, with the end of the war being parochially marked by Italian Unification rather than a European armistice. What Myers' contribution reminds us of, then, is that the act of commemoration is far from universal. Moreover, while we might expect young readers today to be presented with novels that encourage them to question the "truths" of the First World War, and to recognize and interrogate its continued cultural legacies, this, unfortunately, is not always the case. Rather than highlighting a unified national voice, Anthony Pavlik's contribution points to a multiplicity of voices in American boys' series fiction of the war. Looking closely at two series in the years leading up to America's entry into the war in 1917, Pavlik argues that some American children's literature spoke back to British propaganda that aimed to draw America into the war and resisted crude depictions of German combatants. In doing so, the books reveal the conflicting and shifting ideologies that characterized diverse American attitudes in the years leading up to 1917. While Pavlik notes the presence of resistance to British propaganda in American series fiction for boys...

Interlingual translation of the International Financial Reporting Standards as institutional work

The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) have been widely adopted well beyond English-speaking jurisdictions. Using the Finnish translation of the IFRS as a primary object of investigation, this article analyses the way in which the standards are translated into another language. Drawing on interviews with translators and translation review committee members and on an analysis of archival materials, it provides an empirically grounded understanding of practical problems of linguistic equivalence, and the institutional work required to maintain the IFRS as a global, translingual institution. Accordingly, the article highlights the constructed and negotiated nature of the linguistic equivalence between the IFRS and their translations. As translation lies at the interface between transnational standard-setting and local implementation, examining the IFRS translation offers further insight into the complex institutional interactions and practices that support transnational regulation. The article identifies the commonalities and discrepancies between the translation policies of the EU and the IFRS Foundation, and analyses the translation as a contested area of expertise involving multiple, recurrently changing constituents.

Venäläisen modernistisen runouden suomalainen käännöshistoria, 1918–1930

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The Finland-Swedish and Finnish Translation History of Russian Modernist Poetry, 1918–1930&#x0D; This article examines the arrival of Russian modernist and avant-garde poetry in Finland in the 1920s by mapping its translation history. The material employed in the article consists of translations into Swedish and Finnish that were published in anthologies or in journals (such as Ultra, Nuori Voima, Quosego, and Tulenkantajat), translation bibliographies, and translators’ personal archives.&#x0D; The article shows that Finland-Swedish translations are considerably earlier than the Finnish ones, which are also very few. Moreover, some of the Finland-Swedish translations are early also in comparison with translations into other European languages. This concerns the anthology Sånger i rött och svart (1924, “Songs in Red and Black”) in particular, which introduced poets that have never been translated into Finnish or that have been translated only decades later. The anthology also introduces poetry that has not been translated into European languages.&#x0D; The article further demonstrates the significance and influence of individual translators in mediating Russian literature into Finland and Scandinavia. The controversial translator Rafael Lindqvist’s position is particularly important, since his early translations of radical Russian avant-garde poetry were published also in Sweden. Furthermore, mostly due to Edith Södergran’s efforts, the ego-futurist Igor Severyanin was translated into Swedish earlier than Blok, Mayakovsky and Esenin, i.e. the poets who were usually the first ones to be translated elsewhere in Europe.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Authenticity, Boundaries, and Hybridity: Translating “Migrant and Minority Literature” from Swedish into Finnish

This article analyzes the representation of linguistic variation in the Finnish translations of four Swedish coming-of-age stories depicting migrant or minority perspectives: Mikael Niemi’s 2000 Popular Music from Vittula, Jonas Hassen Khemiri’s 2003 Ett öga rött, Marjaneh Bakhtiari’s 2005 Kalla det vad fan du vill, and Susanna Alakoski’s 2006 Svinalängorna. Through an analysis of speech and thought representation techniques and focalization, the article explores the role played by literature and translation in the materialization of dialects and sociolects as bounded entities. The paper argues that linguistic and social hybridity, on which the reception of minority and migrant literatures often focuses, is accompanied by the reification of new varieties conceived as authentic expressions of migrant and minority experience. Literature and translation are active agents in such processes, which are largely based on cultural, discursive, and cognitive constraints that condition the interpretation of each text.

Changing Norms in Translated Finnish Fiction: A Study of Non-standard Varieties

The article deals with Finnish translations of varieties of spoken language in fiction from the late 19th century to the beginning of the 2000s. It presents the central findings of a comprehensive study on the changes and developments of translational norms in Finnish literature. The study is based on a corpus consisting of 200 literary works (the original and its translations are counted as one work), representing various genres: literary fiction, young-adult fiction, as well as genre fiction (romance and crime). During this 100-year period, the use of colloquial variants in translations has strongly increased, influenced by the changing literary and linguistic norms of original Finnish literature. The norms of different literary genres, however, vary, and rich, non-standard variation can be found in translated works from different periods.

A study of the psychometric properties of 12-item World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 in a large population of people with chronic musculoskeletal pain

Objective: To assess the validity of the Finnish translation of the 12-item World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0). Design: Cross-sectional cohort survey study. Setting: Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine outpatient university clinic. Subjects: The 501 consecutive patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Main measures: Exploratory factor analysis and a graded response model using item response theory analysis were used to assess the constructs and discrimination ability of WHODAS 2.0. Results: The exploratory factor analysis revealed two retained factors with eigenvalues 5.15 and 1.04. Discrimination ability of all items was high or perfect, varying from 1.2 to 2.5. The difficulty levels of seven out of 12 items were shifted towards the elevated disability level. As a result, the entire test characteristic curve showed a shift towards higher levels of disability, placing it at the point of disability level of +1 (where 0 indicates the average level of disability within the sample). Conclusions: The present data indicate that the Finnish translation of the 12-item WHODAS 2.0 is a valid instrument for measuring restrictions of activity and participation among patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT) for Adults with Psychotic Disorders: A Feasibility Study in Finland.

Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT) is a psychosocial treatment designed to improve social functioning in schizophrenia by improving social cognition. Positive results have been reported from several studies, mainly from the USA, but more studies are needed to determine the feasibility of SCIT in different cultural contexts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the Finnish translation of SCIT in Finland. This was an uncontrolled, within-group study. Thirty-three patients with psychotic disorders participated in SCIT groups and also received the standard services provided at their respective care facilities. We measured participant attendance, attrition and responses on feedback surveys. Participants also completed measures of emotion perception, Theory of Mind (ToM), attributional bias and metacognitive overconfidence both before and after SCIT. The attendance rate was high, attrition was low, and the patients expressed satisfaction with SCIT. Preliminary efficacy analyses showed a statistically significant pre to posttest improvement in emotion perception and ToM, but not attributional bias or overconfidence. SCIT is feasible and well accepted and may remediate social cognitive dysfunction in people with psychotic disorders in Finland.

Vasili Šukšinin omaperäinen sanasto suomentajan jäljiltä

This article explores Finnish translations of Vasily Shukshin’s idiosyncratic prose that largely relies on dialogue and teems with dialectal expressions. Our aim is to test the common assumption that texts containing regionalisms or informal vocabulary often become flattened, i.e. less colorful and expressive in translation. Evidence of such flattening would offer corroboration for the translation universal known as standardization. To test the hypothesis, we compiled a monolingual corpus of ca. 672,000 words, consisting of 138 texts by Shukshin. The lexemes typical of Shukshin were identified with the help of MyStem, software for morphological analysis. The program’s lemmatizer indicated 21,295 words as unrecognizable; these words are thus very probably infrequent in Russian texts in general and typical of Shukshin’s writing. For this article, we further delimited the material to six short stories that appear both in our corpus and in the bilingual ParRus corpus compiled by Mikhail Mikhailov, with approximately 200 idiosyncratic lexemes. The frequencies of these lexemes were compared to information derived from relevant frequency counts. While the methodology needs to be refined and the corpus expanded, the initial analysis does provide some evidence of conventionalization, particularly in the Finnish translation of a story depicting a child’s language usage.

Vertaistuesta virtaa opetukseen

While translation research has frequently listed what competences translation teachers should possess, little attention has been paid to how teachers can acquire such competences and develop them further. To address this gap, the present article first charts the competences required and outlines the forms of support available for developing teaching skills, focusing on peer mentoring and virtual/blended professional communities. The article then introduces an interactive wiki database of teaching methods for Finnish translation teachers and analyses it conceptually, as an example of a blended community for peer mentoring. The analysis explores how the database contributes to sharing tacit knowledge, to what extent the benefits and risks of a blended community apply to the database, and what its future looks like. The results indicate that the database shares many characteristics of peer mentoring and a blended community. As such, the database is less susceptible to issues of trust or free-riders than a purely virtual community, but its future may also be contingent on opportunities for real-life workshops and the members’ interest in them. At the moment, however, the future looks promising.

… sukkajalka, kalppinokka, tuuliturpa …

... sukkajalka, kalppinokka, tuuliturpa… Nils-Aslak Valkeapaa’s Poetics of Reindeer In the translations of Nils Aslak Valkeapaa’s collection of poems Beaivi, Ahcažan (1988) the long poem number 272 has been left untranslated. Even in the Finnish translation of Aurinko, isani (1992), the poem appears in its original language, Northern Sami. In the academic literature this decision is often seen as an act of identity politics. Since the poem contains a lot of vocabulary pertaining to the central source of livelihood of the Sami people, namely reindeer herding, the decision not to translate the poem has been understood to highlight the fact that the language which the colonist dismisses is so rich that the vocabulary of other languages is not able to express the world the poem depicts. In this article, I suggest that the poem can be analysed from another point of view, outside of identity politics, and when analysed in that way, it becomes meaningful also to those readers who do not understand the Sami language. When the semantic meaning of the poem is no longer taken as its primary meaning, the materiality of the poem is brought to light and the poem reveals its semiotic-material side. Left untranslated, the poem 272 of the collection Aurinko, isani leads the reader to see language and the world as well as nature and culture, as one. It detaches itself from the semantic level of words and through the materiality of its language it facilitates the understanding of the naturecultures of the Sami community.

Preliminary Finnish measures of eating competence suggest association with health-promoting eating patterns and related psychobehavioral factors in 10-17 year old adolescents.

Eating competence is an attitudinal and behavioral concept, based on The Satter Eating Competence Model. In adults, it has been shown to be associated with a higher quality of diet. Eating competence or its association with the quality of diet has not been studied in adolescents. The aim of the current study was to explore the utility of using a preliminary Finnish translation of the ecSI 2.0 for evaluating presumed eating competence and its association with food selection, meal patterns and related psychobehavioral factors in 10–17 year old adolescents. Altogether 976 10–17 years old Finnish adolescents filled in the study questionnaire. When exploring the construct validity of ecSI 2.0, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated acceptable model fit and all four components of the ecSI 2.0 (eating attitudes, food acceptance, internal regulation of food intake, management of eating context) correlated with each other and were internally consistent. Over half (58%) of the adolescents scored 32 or higher and were thus classified as presumably eating competent (pEC). Eating competence was associated with greater meal frequency, more frequent consumption of vegetables and fruits, and more health-promoting family eating patterns. In addition the pEC, adolescents more often perceived their body size as appropriate, had less often tried to lose weight and had a higher self-esteem and a stronger sense of coherence than the not pEC ones. Family eating patterns and self-esteem were the main underlying factors of eating competence. In conclusion, this preliminary study suggests eating competence could be a useful concept to characterize eating patterns and related behaviors and attitudes in adolescents. However, these preliminary findings need to be confirmed in further studies with an instrument fully validated for this age group.

Transcultural adaption and psychometric properties of the STarT Back Screening Tool among Finnish low back pain patients.

The STarT Back Screening Tool (SBST) is a 9-item questionnaire designed for screening low back pain (LBP) patients into three prognostic groups for stratified care. The stratified care approach has proven to be clinically more beneficial and cost-effective than the current best physiotherapy practice. The objective of this study was to translate, culturally adapt and study psychometric properties of the SBST among Finnish LBP patients. The SBST was translated into Finnish using appropriate translation guidelines. A total of 116 patients were recruited from outpatient clinics. They were asked to fill out two questionnaires within 1-7 days. The first questionnaire set included the SBST, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire (ÖMPSQ) and intensities of back and leg pain (10-cm Visual Analogue Scale). The second questionnaire form included the SBST and a question about persistence of symptoms. Some linguistic and cultural differences emerged during the translation process with item 1 ("spread down my legs"), item 2 ("neck and shoulder pain"), item 6 ("worrying thoughts") and item 9 ("bothersome"). The test-retest reliability of the SBST total score was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.78) and of the psychosocial subscale good (0.68). Cronbach's alpha for the psychosocial subscale was 0.55. Spearman's correlation coefficient between SBST total score and BDI was 0.38, ODI 0.39, ÖMPSQ 0.45, intensity of leg pain 0.45 and LBP 0.31. Based on analysis of variance, the SBST discriminated low- and medium-risk groups better than medium- and high-risk groups. The Finnish translation of the SBST is linguistically accurate and has been adapted to the Finnish-speaking population. It showed to be a valid and reliable instrument and comparable with the original English version. Therefore, it may be used in clinical work with Finnish LBP patients.

Arki löytyy arkistosta: arkistot ja niiden käyttö käännöstutkimuksessa

To write about past translators, we need to rely on archival material. This article sets out to look at Finnish archives and how they can be used in translation research to produce a microhistory of translators and translations. Archives are first discussed on a more general level and examples are then given to illustrate the different aspects of translators’ lives that become visible through archival study. The examples are from different archives and by different translators and are based on previous research of the present author. The aim is, thus, to give an overview of the aspects that a microhistory of translators and translations might consist of, rather than present an in-depth study of one single translator. The examples have been chosen to shed light on the Finnish translators’ working decisions and practices but also on their friendships, hardships, family matters and joys. The material used consists of letters, notes and manuscripts.