Finite Element Simulation Results Research Articles

Design and Optimization of External Rotor Consequent Pole Permanent Magnet Motor with Low Iron Loss and Low Torque Ripple

To reduce the iron loss and torque ripple of an external rotor consequent pole (ERCP) motor used in an electric vehicle air-conditioning compressor, the magnetic pole structure of the motor was improved, and an unequal piecewise consequent pole (CP) structure was designed. The performance of the motor is optimized by reducing the harmonic content in the air gap flux density and reducing the iron saturation degree of the motor. The designed CP structure can significantly reduce the iron loss and torque ripple of the motor. Based on the Taguchi method, the optimal size parameters of the unequal piecewise CP structure are determined, and the final optimization design scheme is obtained. The results of finite element simulation and high-precision iron loss model show the following: compared with the original motor, the iron loss and torque ripple of the motor with the final optimized design scheme are significantly reduced.

Bandgap accuracy and characteristics of fluid-filled periodic pipelines utilizing precise parameters transfer matrix method

The phononic crystal theory provides a novel approach for effectively controlling the bending vibrations in fluid-filled pipelines. This paper innovatively proposes the precise parameters transfer matrix method to investigate the band calculation accuracy and bandgap characteristics of fluid-filled periodic pipelines with various beam types. Firstly, the differential equations for bending vibration of fluid-filled pipelines are established based on deformation and force analysis. The parameters of the system state are precisely represented by the structural form of multiplying the constitutive matrix with the derivative matrix. Combined with Bloch's theorem, the novel precise parameters transfer matrix method for calculating the band structure is proposed. Secondly, the validity of this method is verified through a comparison with finite element simulation results. A detailed analysis is provided regarding the mechanism of bandgap formation and the effect of fluid filling on the band structure. Then, the influence of shear deformation, moment of inertia, and their coupling on the band calculation accuracy for fluid-filled periodic pipelines is studied based on various beam theories. Finally, it delves into the bandgap characteristics of fluid-filled periodic pipelines under different material parameters, structural parameters, and excitation conditions. This research offers valuable insights for the structural design and vibration damping application in fluid-filled periodic pipelines, providing theoretical support for accurately determining their bandgaps.

Evaluation of residual load-bearing capacity for corroded steel strands via MMM technique

The quantitative evaluation of the residual load-carrying capacity of corroded cables is critical to the safe service of bridge structures. In this study, the locally corroded steel strands with different corrosion degrees were obtained through electrochemical experiments and the metal magnetic memory (MMM) signals were collected by the TSC-9 M-12 tester. The tensile failure tests of corroded steel strands were conducted by the WAW-1000 tensile testing machine. The distribution laws of the normal component Hz signals for steel strands in different corrosion cases were detailed and a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic dipole model of corroded steel strands was developed considering the end effects. The linear relationships between the magnetic characteristic quantity Hn and the corrosion cross-section loss rate As were revealed and verified by the theoretical and finite element simulation results. Based on the above relationships, a quantitative linear relationship between the residual load-carrying capacity F and the corrosion cross-section loss rate As of the corroded steel strand was proposed. The relative errors of the residual load-carrying capacity F calculated by the proposed quantitative method were overall within 20%. This study provides a basis for evaluating the residual load-carrying capacity of corroded cables using the MMM technique.

Efficient Neutral H2O2 Electrosynthesis from Favorable Reaction Microenvironments via Porous Carbon Carrier Engineering

The efficient electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e‐ ORR) in neutral media is undoubtedly a practical route, but the limited comprehension of electrocatalysts has hindered the system advancement. Herein, we present the design of model catalysts comprising mesoporous carbon spheres‐supported Pd nanoparticles for H2O2 electrosynthesis at near‐zero overpotential with approximately 95% selectivity in a neutral electrolyte. Impressively, the optimized Pd/MCS‐8 electrocatalyst in a flow cell device achieves an exceptional H2O2 yield of 15.77 mol gcatalyst‐1 h‐1, generating a neutral H2O2 solution with an accumulated concentration of 6.43 wt.%, a level sufficiently high for medical disinfection. Finite element simulation and experimental results suggest that mesoporous carbon carriers promote O2 enrichment and localized pH elevation, establishing a favorable microenvironment for 2e‐ ORR in neutral media. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the robust interaction between Pd nanoparticles and the carbon carriers optimized the adsorption of OOH* at the carbon edge, ensuring high active 2e‐ process. These findings offer new insights into carbon‐loaded electrocatalysts for efficient 2e‐ ORR in neutral media, emphasizing the role of carrier engineering in constructing favorable microenvironments and synergizing active sites.

Electromagnetic Characterization of Permanent Magnet Eddy Current Structures Based on Backplane Distance Adjustment

To address the problem of problematic spray design inside mining anchor-digging equipment, a switching seal using a permanent magnet eddy current drive is initially presented here. The layer model of the permanent magnet eddy current structure is established, the subdomain analysis model is introduced, the permanent magnet eddy current structure is divided into six regions along the axial direction, and the boundary equations are established at the interfaces of each region. The vector magnetic potential equations in each region are deduced, along with the electromagnetic torque and axial force equations. The computational results are compared and analyzed with the results of finite element simulation, verifying the accuracy of the theoretical model. The design of experiments is used to verify the feasibility of the switching seal using the permanent magnet eddy current structure.

Sandwich-structured SrTiO3/PEI composite films with high-temperature energy storage performance

Dielectric capacitors are widely used in aerospace and power systems due to their non-polluting, high power density and fast charge/discharge rates. Polyetherimide (PEI) exhibits excellent temperature tolerance, high withstand voltage and low dielectric loss. However, its relatively low dielectric constant restricts its energy storage density. In this paper, a sandwich-structured composite film with the outer layer of pure PEI and the middle layer of strontium titanate (SrTiO3)/PEI is prepared by the solution casting method. At room temperature, the composite film with 5 vol% two-dimensional (2D) SrTiO3 plates achieves an outstanding energy storage density of 19.46 J cm−3 and an ultra-high energy storage efficiency of 97.05% under an electric field of 630 MV m−1. Furthermore, this composite film exhibits a maximum energy storage density of 10.34 J cm−3 and an energy storage efficiency of 88.13% at 150 °C. Combined with finite element simulation results, it confirms that the synergistic effect of 2D SrTiO3 plates and sandwich-structured can effectively hinder the development of electric trees. This work presents a sophisticated approach to design and preparation of dielectric composites suitable for the applications of high-temperature energy storage.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Verification of Hot Roll Bonding of 7000 Series Aluminum Alloy Laminated Materials

In the present study, the hot roll bonding process of 7000 series aluminum alloy laminated materials was numerically simulated and investigated using the finite element method, and the process parameters were experimentally verified by properties testing and microstructure analysis after hot roll bonding. In the roll bonding process of aluminum alloy laminated materials, the effects of the intermediate layer, pass reduction ratio, rolling speed and thickness ratio of component layers were studied. The results of finite element simulations showed that the addition of a 701 intermediate layer in the hot roll bonding process could effectively coordinate the deformation of the 705 layer and 706 layer and prevented the warping of the laminated material during hot rolling. It is recommended to use a multi-pass rolling process with small deformation and high speed, and the recommended rolling reduction ratio is 20%~30%, the hot rolling speed is 1.5~2.5 m/s and the thickness ratio of the 705 layer and 706 layer is about 1:5. Based on the above numerical results, five-layer and seven-layer 7000 series aluminum alloy laminated materials were prepared by the hot roll bonding process. The results showed that metallurgical bonding was realized between each component layer, and no delamination was observed from the tensile fracture between the interfaces of component layers. The tensile strength of the prepared laminated materials decreased with the increase in the thickness ratio of the 705 layer, and the bonding strengths of the laminated materials were in the range of 88–99 MPa. The experimental results verified the rationality of the process parameters recommended by the numerical simulations in terms of warping and delamination prevention.

Shear performance of tapered box girders with corrugated steel webs in extradosed cable-stayed bridges under cable forces

The integration of box girders with corrugated steel webs (CSWs) and an extradosed cable-stayed design gives rise to an innovative and distinctive bridge design, recognized as the extradosed cable-stayed bridge with CSWs. The synergistic integration of the technical benefits facilitates expanding the maximum span and enhancing the adaptability of this structural configuration. Subjected to cable forces, the main bridge superstructure featuring a box girder with CSWs experiences vertical shear, substantial axial force, and bending moments. Shear buckling on the CSWs emerges as a prominent issue influencing design considerations. In response to heightened internal forces near support, the main girder is typically configured with variable height. The Resal effect in the tapered girder leads to additional shear stresses from axial forces and bending moments, consequently modifying the effective shear stress on the CSWs. Therefore, traditional basic calculation assumptions that solely account for the vertical component of cable forces in shear stress calculations are frequently inaccurate. This study presents a modified theoretical method for calculating shear stress in tapered box girders with CSWs subjected to cable forces by considering the Resal effect. The proposed modified method incorporates not only the vertical shear but also considers bending moments and axial forces. The finite element simulation and experimental results showcase its remarkable accuracy, concurrently validating the presence of the Resal effect in tapered box girders with CSWs under cable forces. Additionally, this study quantitatively analyzes the shear force redistribution phenomenon induced by vertical shear, axial force, and bending moments considering the Resal effect. This reveals the shear performance of tapered box girders with CSWs under cable forces. The study is expected to provide a strategy and theoretical guideline for rapidly and efficiently obtaining the shear stresses of tapered box girders with CSWs in extradosed cable-stayed bridges under cable forces.

Thermal fatigue life prediction of brake disks based on coupled thermal simulation

The thermal-mechanical performance of friction pairs of the foundation brake gear is an important guarantee for the safe operation of high-speed trains. The thermal stress of brake disks under high temperature is the primary cause of thermal fatigue damage. In this article, the brake bench tests were carried out under braking speed of 350km/h and a thermo-mechanical-wear coupled model was established to simulate tests. By analyzing the results of bench test and finite element simulation, it shows the top temperature of brake disk was over 600°Cand the friction surfaces of brake friction pair show obvious wear. Combining the FE simulation and test results of the thermal fatigue sample, the thermal fatigue characteristics of brake disk material were studied. Based on the residual stress results, the propagation life of brake disk thermal fatigue crack was estimated. It shows that when the crack length increases to 10mm, the crack propagation life of brake disk is halved, and continues to decrease as the crack grows.

Structural design and experimental research of a micro-feed tool holder based on topology optimization

Abstract. In the present study, a new configuration for a micro-feed tool rest driven by piezoelectric ceramics with a rigid–flexible phase is designed. The flexible driving part of the micro-feed tool rest is optimized using the topology optimization method, which not only improves the driving stiffness, resolution and structural stability but also increases the maximum displacement. The structural stiffness achieved in finite element simulation analysis is 16.28 N µm−1, and the first natural frequency reaches 2521 Hz. A prototype of a piezoelectrically driven micro-feed tool holder and a testing platform are constructed, and the structural stiffness of the prototype is determined to be 15.53 N µm−1 via analysis and testing, resulting in an error of 4.8 % compared with the finite element simulation results. The first-order natural frequency is 2636 Hz given a resolution of 12 nm and a maximum output displacement of 12.983 µm. Compared with the double-parallel flexible hinge, the maximum stroke of the micro-feed tool holder increases by about 5.4 µm and the resolution is improved by about 50 %. The new micro-feed tool holder developed in this paper features a cross-plate-type flexible mobile guiding mechanism. Combining stiffness, maximum travel and displacement resolution, it is applicable to precision and ultra-precision machining.

Elucidating the in-process interfacial friction regime and thermal responses during inertia friction welding of dissimilar superalloys

Inertia friction welding (IFW) is a robust joining technique, particularly for hybrid structures composed of similar or dissimilar alloys. The highly transient thermal responses during friction heating produce variations in heat generation and temperature distribution, which are crucial for designing and controlling the IFW process. This study establishes a finite element (FE) model of the IFW process for dissimilar superalloys and investigates the transition of the interfacial friction regime and its impact on the transient thermal responses. The in-process state variables, including the frictional stress and heat flux, along with their spatial distributions at the welding interface, are obtained through FE simulations. The predicted results indicate that the transient transition of the friction regime produces 2 C friction zones accompanied by a shear friction zone. To capture the transient evolution of the friction regime, a novel phenomenological formula is developed. This model accurately predicts the shrinkage and disappearance of the 2 C friction zones and the enhancement of the shear friction zone from the initial 0.42 R0–0.87 R0 (where R0 is the workpiece radius) to the entire interface during the IFW process. The variations in interfacial heat flux, frictional stress, and temperature caused by the transition of the friction regime are comprehensively analyzed. Our results reveal that the transition from the Coulomb friction regime to shear friction regime at the interface is beneficial for temperature homogenization at the welding interface. The FE simulation results are validated against published experimental measurements, which confirms the accuracy and reliability of the FE model.

A spatial 3-DOF piezoelectric robot and its speed-up trajectory based on improved stick-slip principle

Piezoelectric robots have been proven to be suitable for high-precision, cross-scale micro-nano manipulation due to their nanometre resolution and high flexibility. To make up for the limited stroke of micro-nano positioning platforms, a spatial three-degrees-of-freedom (3-DOF) piezoelectric robot is proposed in this study to enable three-dimensional micro-nano manipulation of objects. The robot utilizes the deformation of the piezoelectric stack as the source of displacement. It is comprised of a parallel compliant mechanism and a guided compliant mechanism in series, resulting in a compact robot body. The robot is capable of linear displacement in x-, y- and z-axes. The stiffness of the guided compliant mechanism is calculated using theoretical modeling and compared with the finite element simulation results, with a deviation of less than 5.6% verifying the accuracy of the model. The robot operates using two motion principles: the direct drive principle, which has a resolution of 16, 15, and 11 nm in x-, y- and z-axes, and a motion space of 13×11×7 μm3; and the improved stick-slip principle, which has a theoretical infinite stroke and a maximum speed of 4.2 and 3.9 mm/s in x- and y-axes. The speed of the improved stick-slip principle is 42% higher than that of the traditional stick-slip principle in x- and y-axes. The robot has a spatial 3-DOF, nanometre resolution, millimeter speed, and can carry more than 500 g.

Three-dimensional mechanical characteristics analysis of double-shoulder tool joint under complex loads

Taking a new type of special threaded drill pipe joint as the research object, a 3D nonlinear finite element model of the double-shoulder tool joint (DSJ) including the engage and retract groove structure is established by considering the factors of structural asymmetry and contact of each engaging surface. ABAQUS/Explicit finite element method (FEM) is used to study the stress and contact pressure distribution characteristics of the critical structure of DSJ under complex loads. The accuracy of the finite element model was verified by combining with the physical test, and the connection strength and sealing performance of DSJ are evaluated. The results show that the stress concentration occurs at the key structure of DSJ under the make-up torque. The geometry size and structural discontinuity at the transition fillet of the double-shoulder structure have a significant effect on the stress and contact pressure distribution on the shoulder. Under axial tension, the stress level and stress concentration area of the whole joint and the key structure change, especially in the thread section. The sealing performance on the shoulder decreases significant, while that of the thread section increases slightly. The test results are consistent with the finite element simulation results, and this joint shows good mechanical properties, which can meet the design requirements of drilling tool manufacturers and provide data support for its optimal design and application.

Quantitative shear stress imaging in high throughput in-line Si wafer inspection

Defect inspection methods are basic steps in electronic chip manufacturing and power device production processes in the semiconductor industry. Based on stress induced photoelastic anisotropy, in-line polarized stress imaging (PSI) and quantitative determination of the local shear stress component are possible in single crystalline silicon wafers. Hereafter, such polarization stress images are compared and validated quantitatively with results of finite element simulations based on different 3D elastic models. Uniquely, high resolution at high throughputs is achieved for 300 mm wafer size in the present quantitative stress imaging study.

Artificial neural networks for inverse design of a semi-auxetic metamaterial

This study introduces an artificial neural network approach for the inverse design of a novel semi-auxetic mechanical metamaterial to achieve a specified stress-strain curve and/or Poisson's ratio-strain curve. To accomplish this, after presenting the metamaterial and assessing its characteristics, 1500 structures of the same metamaterial with various parameters are generated using a parametric model. The metamaterials are then gone through a compression test simulation using Finite Element (FE) analysis; accordingly, each metamaterial's stress-strain and Poisson's ratio curves are derived. The results of FE simulations are validated using mesh convergence check and experimental compression tests on a 3D printed specimen of the proposed metamaterial. In the next step, 80 % of the data are randomly selected to be used as training data for the artificial neural networks (ANN), while the remaining 20 % is employed to evaluate the performance of the ANNs using different metrics. The capability of the ANNs to predict the design parameters of the proposed metamaterial is assessed by providing different kinds of inputs, including the stress-strain curve, Poisson's ratio curve, and both. The observations reveal that the ANNs achieve more accurate results when both the stress-strain and Poisson's ratio-strain curves are provided as the inputs. The presented ANN in this study serves as a robust tool for precisely designing the parameters of the proposed metamaterial, allowing for the attainment of the desired stress-strain and/or Poisson's ratio-strain behavior. It is shown that the proposed metamaterial owns potential applications in crawling soft robotics, automotive, and construction industries.

Experimental and numerical investigation on the elastic properties of luffa–cenosphere‐reinforced epoxy hybrid composite

AbstractEstimating the elastic characteristics of natural fiber‐reinforced polymer composites such as luffa fiber reinforced with epoxy is challenging. The structure of luffa cylindrica is complex, like a three‐dimensional natural fibrous mat, netting‐like structure. The multiscale modeling of such structures is the challenge to be addressed. The prime objective of this work is to determine the specific elastic properties of luffa–cenosphere‐reinforced epoxy (LCE) composite, considering the effect of filler volume fractions. Furthermore, multiscale modeling techniques, such as representative volume elements (RVEs) of finite element techniques with chopped, unidirectional, plain, and twill weaving fiber arrangements, were employed. The longitudinal modulus, transverse modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio were predicted through these modeling approaches. However, experimental and analytical methodologies, including the rule of mixture and Halpin–Tsai, were considered to validate the finite element analysis results. The elastic characteristics of LCE composite were therefore shown to be enhanced by increasing filler volume fraction. However, the cenosphere's 20% volume fraction has the highest elastic properties as determined by analytical, experimental, and computational models. Analytical and finite element simulation results were compared with the experimental results, and based on the findings, the most suitable (unidirectional, chopped, plain, and twill weaving) RVE was identified for finite element modeling of LCE composite for the evaluation of elastic properties. Results from practical approaches and the RVE twill weaving model showed good agreement, with less than 1% error, compared to the other analytical and finite element methods.Highlights NFCs are gaining ground in polymer composites. Overcoming challenges in modeling of luffa fiber inside epoxy matrix. The study uses multiscale modeling with diverse fiber arrangements. Experimental and analytical methods used to confirm FEA results. Increased cenosphere volume fraction boosts LCE composite properties.

Wiring surface loss of a superconducting transmon qubit

Quantum processors using superconducting qubits suffer from dielectric loss leading to noise and dissipation. Qubits are usually designed as large capacitor pads connected to a non-linear Josephson junction (or SQUID) by a superconducting thin metal wiring. Here, we report on finite-element simulation and experimental results confirming that more than 50% of surface loss in transmon qubits can originate from Josephson junctions wiring and can limit qubit relaxation time. We experimentally extracted dielectric loss tangents of qubit elements and showed that dominant surface loss of wiring can occur for real qubits designs. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate up to 20% improvement in qubit quality factor by wiring design optimization.

Buckling Defect Optimization of Constrained Ring Rolling of Thin-Walled Conical Rings with Inner High Ribs Combining Response Surface Method with FEM

A buckling defect will appear on the outer surface of the deformed ring during the constrained ring rolling (CRR) of an aluminum alloy thin-wall conical ring with inner high ribs (AATWCRIHR) if the geometrical dimension of the ribs does not match the wall thickness. To avoid the buckling defect, a quantitative method for characterizing the degree of the buckling defect is proposed using the area of the buckling profile. Then, an orthogonal experimental scheme was designed, taking the width of the middle rib, thickness of wall, and height of the middle rib as the design variables and defining the area of the buckling profile as the optimization objective. Subsequently, a quadratic polynomial response surface model was established by combining the optimization algorithm with the finite element method (FEM), and the geometrical dimension of the middle ribs of the deformed AATWCRIHR is optimized. Moreover, the optimal parameter combination to minimize the area of the buckling profile is obtained and verified using FE simulation. The results show that the AATWCRIHR after optimization does not generate the buckling defect during constrained ring rolling, and it is proven that the quantitative buckling defect representation method and the optimization design method based on the response surface model and the finite element simulation results are feasible for the constrained ring-rolling process of the AATWCRIHR.

A Study on the Reliability Evaluation of a 3D Packaging Storage Module under Temperature Cycling Ultimate Stress Conditions.

Based on the theory of reliability enhancement testing technology, this study used a variety of testing combinations and finite element simulations to analyze the stress-strain properties of 3D packaging storage modules and then evaluated its operating and destruction limits during temperature cycling tests (-65 °C~+150 °C) for the purpose of identifying the weak points and failure mechanisms affecting its reliability. As a result of temperature cycling ultimate stress, 3D packaging storage devices can suffer from thermal fatigue failure in the case of abrupt temperature changes. The cracks caused by the accumulation of plastic and creep strains can be considered the main factors. Crack formation is accelerated by the CTE difference between the epoxy resin and solder joints. Moreover, the finite element simulation results were essentially the same as the testing results, with a deviation occurring within 10%.

Prestressing method to inhibit crack initiation and expansion in a large-sized diamond film during polishing

A piece of diamond film (Ø 125 mm) was polished based on prefabricated stress. The diamond film was glued to a metal workpiece at high temperatures. The difference in the thermal expansion coefficients between the diamond film and the workpiece was exploited to prefabricate stress in the middle of the two materials. This prefabricated stress had a compressive effect on the diamond film, offset the stress generated in the grinding and polishing process, and prevented the diamond film from cracking. The feasibility of the prestressing method was verified by a combination of experiments and finite element simulations. The prestressing method was used to bond the diamond film to a 10 mm-thick brass fixture at 20, 50, 70, and 90 °C. It was found that when the temperature of the bonded diamond film reached 90 °C, the increase in the prefabricated stress was −410.71 MPa. The finite element simulation results were found to be consistent with the experimental data. The diamond film was cooled down to room temperature after bonding at high temperatures to simulate the prefabricated stress generation process. The diamond film with the prefabricated stress was again heated to the bonding temperature to simulate the stress change caused by the frictional heat generated during the polishing process. The stress of the bonded sample increased when it was cooled down to room temperature. The stress on the diamond surface became smaller during the polishing process, and the stress almost disappeared with the rise in bonding temperature, verifying the viability of the prestressing method.