Finisher Phase Research Articles

Ammonia (Nh3) Excrete Production And Performance Of Broker Chickens With The Addition Of Turmeric Rhyme (Curcuma Longa) Flour To Drinking Water

Ammonia is a gas resulting from the decomposition of protein residues in broiler chicken excreta. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a tropical plant that has antibacterial properties from the curcumin content and essential oils found in its rhizomes. The aim of this research was to determine the levels of ammonia excreta and the performance of broiler chickens by adding turmeric rhizome flour to their drinking water. There were 32 broiler chickens used. The feed used is starter and finisher phase feed. There were four treatments with four replications, namely treatment K0 (control), K1 (drinking water + 0.5 g/L amoxitin), K2 (drinking water + 16 g/L turmeric rhizome flour), K3 (drinking water + 20 g/L turmeric rhizome flour). The data obtained were analyzed for variance using a completely randomized design. Turmeric flour was given for three consecutive days before carrying out weekly performance measurements at the same time interval for four weeks. The parameters observed were performance (drinking water consumption, feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion, and final body weight), as well as ammonia production of broiler chickens. The results showed that giving turmeric rhizome flour had no significant effect of p>0.05 on the performance and ammonia production of broiler chickens with the best performance and lowest ammonia production in treatment K2 (drinking water + 16 g/L turmeric rhizome flour), namely drinking water consumption (197 .54±7.58 mL/e/d), feed consumption (83.57±5.14 g/e/d), feed conversion (1.65±0.14), body weight gain (51.08± 5.61 g/e/d), final body weight (1229.75±107.07 g/e) and ammonia production (33.20±7.54 mM). It can be concluded that the addition of 16 g/L turmeric rhizome flour (K2) to drinking water tends to produce better performance and less ammonia production

BOLTON’S ANALYSIS OF FILIPINOS WITH DIFFERENT MALOCCLUSION GROUPS

Background: The orthodontic ‘‘finishing’’ phase is recognized for the multitude of details necessary to achieve an excellent result. In some cases, the finishing phase is very difficult, requiring the production of complicated biomechanical forces to reach a satisfactory orthodontic solution. A high percentage of these finishing-phase difficulties arise because of tooth size imbalances that could have been detected and considered during initial diagnosis and treatment planning. Many difficulties encountered during the finishing phase of orthodontic treatment arise due to lack of intermaxillary tooth-size matching. Bolton ratio is one of the most useful calculations for precise orthodontic diagnosis as it shows if there is a correct ratio between dental proportions.

Aerial parts of Angelica sinensis supplementation for improved broiler growth and intestinal health

This research examined the impact of incorporating Angelica sinensis's aerial components (APA), commonly referred to as "female ginseng", into broilers' diet. Two hundred eighty-eight 1-day-old Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to the 4 experimental groups with 6 replications and 12 birds/replicate. The 4 groups were fed the diets included 4 concentrations of APA (0 %, 1 %, 2 %, and 3%, respectively). The study spanned 42 days, categorized as the starter phase (1-21 days) and the finisher phase (22-42 days). Notably, broilers fed with 3% APA demonstrated a pronounced surge in feed consumption and weight gain during the 22-42 days and over the full 42-day period (P<0.05). Furthermore, when examining the broilers' intestinal structure, there was a notable increase in the villus height and villi ratio across the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, with a decrease in crypt depth upon 3% APA inclusion (P<0.05). On a molecular note, certain genes connected to the intestinal mechanical barrier, such as Zona Occludens 1 and Claudin-2, saw significant elevation in the jejunum (P<0.05). The jejunum also displayed heightened levels of antimicrobial peptides like lysozyme, mucin 2, sIgA, IgG, and IgM, showcasing an enhanced chemical and immune barrier(P<0.05). Delving into the 16SrDNA sequencing of intestinal content, a higher microbial diversity was evident with a surge in beneficial bacteria, particularly Firmicutes, advocating a resilient and balanced microecosystem. The findings imply that a 3% APA dietary addition bolsters growth metrics and fortifies the intestinal barrier's structural and functional integrity in broilers.

Effects of supplementing &lt;i&gt;Masakwa&lt;/i&gt; creamy white sorghum with selected synthetic enzymes on the performance and cost benefit of broiler chickens

An experiment was conducted at the Poultry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi to investigate the growth performance and cost benefit of broiler chickens fed Masakwa creamy white sorghum supplemented with three selected synthetic enzymes: Natuzyme, Maxigrain and Phytase. Five experimental diets were formula ted for the broiler chickens at both the starter ( 23% CP ) and finisher ( 20% CP ) phases labeled as Diets 1: maize control, Diet 2: sorghum without enzyme, Diet 3: sorghum supplemented with Natuzyme, Diet 4: sorghum supplemented with Maxigrain and Diet 5: sorghum supplemented with Phytase. Three hundred (300) broiler unsexed “Marshal” chicks were randomly allotted to the dietary treatments with four replications each and 15 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum throughout the experimental period of eight weeks. Results showed that at the starter phase, daily feed intake (49.23-60.26g), daily weight gain (23.11-32.28g) and feed conversion ratio(1.87-2.13g); at the finisher (101.11-146.29g; 30.01-69.07g and 2.12-3.37), and the overall phases (75.17-103.22g; 26.57-50.68g and 2.00-2.75) were significantly (P&lt;0.05) different across the treatments. The best performance was obtained on maize diet closely followed by enzyme supplemented sorghum based diets, while the least was observed in unsupplemented sorghum diet. Based on the cost benefit analysis, Diet 1 (maize based diet) had the cheapest feed cost while the highest value was on Diet 2 (unsupplemented sorghum diet) for all the phases. It can therefore be concluded that Masakwa sorghum supplemented with different enzymes can be used in broiler chicken diets for better performance in comparism with the unsupplemented sorghum diet. It is economical to supplement Masakwa sorghum variety with any of the synthetic enzyme because the feed cost ₦/kg gain is lower than the values on unsupplemented sorghum diet.

Analysis of the antioxidant activity of toons sinensis extract and their biological effects on broilers.

Plant extracts are rich in a variety of nutrients and contain a large number of bioactive compounds, and compared with traditional feed additives, they have advantages such as wide sources, natural safety and rich nutrition. This study employed in vitro antioxidant and animal experiments to comprehensively evaluate the use of Toona sinensis extract (TSE) in broiler production. 508 1-day-old Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to the 7 experimental groups with 6 replications and 12 birds/replicate. Two groups received Vitamin C (VC) 300 g/t and Vitamin E 500 g/t, and five dose groups of TSE received 0, 300, 600, 900, and 1,200 g/t of TSE in their feed. The study spanned 42 days, with a starter phase (1-21 days) and a finisher phase (22-42 days). The results showed that compared to ascorbic acid, TSE had the scavenging ability of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radical, with IC50 values of 0.6658 mg/mL and 33.1298 mg/mL, respectively. Compared to TSE 0 group, broilers fed with 1,200 g/t TSE showed significant weight gain during the starter phase and increased the feed-to-weight gain ratio during both the starter and finisher phases. Additionally, broilers receiving 1,200 g/t TSE had enhanced dry matter and organic matter utilization. Concerning meat quality, broilers in the 1,200 g/t TSE group demonstrated increased cooked meat yield, and pH value, as well as higher antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) in serum. In addition, there was no significant difference in ileal microflora due to TSE supplementation. In summary, this study confirms the positive impact of a dietary inclusion of 1,200 g/t TSE on broiler growth, meat quality, and serum antioxidants.

Sustainable pig diets: partial grain replacement with former food products and its impact on meat quality.

This study investigated the effects of salty and sugary former foodstuff products (FFPs) on the quality traits and meat composition of 36 male castrated pigs (Swiss Large White breed) as well as sensory characteristics of the loins. The animals were fed three different diets for both the growing (G) and finishing (F) phases: (1) a standard diet (ST), 0% FFPs; (2) a diet with 30% of sugary FFPs (e.g., chocolate, biscuits, cakes) as a replacement for traditional ingredients (SU); and (3) a diet with 30% of salty FFPs (e.g., bread, pasta, and breadsticks) as a replacement for traditional ingredients (SA). For a comprehensive assessment of meat quality, protein and fat content in the LD were analyzed. AA and FA profile were determined both in the LD and backfat. Meat quality traits such as pH and temperature, thawing, cooking and drip losses, and shear force have been evaluated. Then, pork loins have been assessed for sensory attributes by a trained sensory panel. The SA diet decreased 20:5 n-3 levels (P < 0.001) in the muscle and 22:5 n-3 levels (P < 0.05) in both muscle and backfat but increased (P < 0.05) the ratio of mono-unsaturated to saturated fatty acids compared to the ST group. Both the SU and SA diets elevated (P < 0.001) the n-6:n-3 fatty acids ratio compared to the ST diet. Dietary treatments did not affect other meat quality traits. Regarding sensory attributes, the loin from pigs fed with SU and SA diets were sweeter (P < 0.001). Loins of SA pigs were more tender (P < 0.001), had a more intense pork aroma (P < 0.001) and had more flavor (P < 0.01) compared to ST loins. Overall, the use of FFPs affected the fatty acid profile of pork while improving the sensory quality of the loins, with no negative effects observed on the technological and nutritional quality of the meat.

Data analytics-based evaluation of blood indices and adaptation of medicated and non-medicated broiler chickens under humid tropical conditions.

The growth performance and blood indices of medicated and non-medicated broiler chickens have been the subject of this research coupled with a paucity of comparative information on what can actually happen to broiler chickens if not medicated when reared under humid tropical conditions. One hundred unsexed day-old broilers were randomly and equally allotted into two treatment groups of TM (medicated) and TN (non-medicated) in a completely randomized design each treatment with five replicates having ten birds each. The birds were reared on deep litter system for 56 d which was divided into two phases of 28 d each (starter and finisher), during which data were collected with respect to daily feed intake, final body weight, body weight gained (BWG), mortality rate while blood analysis was carried out on 28th and 56th d for starter and finisher phases, respectively. Non-medicated group served as control. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE), were later calculated. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance statistically. There was no significant difference between the medicated and non-medicated broilers for daily feed intake, final body weight, and BWG and also for the blood parameters investigated at starter phase. However, at finisher phase, no significant difference was observed in the daily feed intake of Tm and Tn but there was significant (P < 0.05) difference in the final body weight, BWG, FCR, FCE, and mortality rate between the two groups. Birds on Tm attained higher weight significantly (P < 0.05) than those on TN. BWG, FCR, and FCE followed the same trend and also the mortality rate. White blood cells count of TN was higher significantly (P < 0.05) than TM while TM birds recorded higher packed cell volume, red blood counts, and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) significantly (P < 0.05) than TM birds. Effect of medication was much noticeable at finisher phase as it improved the growth rate though mortality rate was close to that of TN group. These results suggest that broilers can be produced free of medication with good feeding without loss of birds while the growth rate can be enhanced with the use of prebiotics and prebiotics.

Low dietary oyster mushroom spent substrate limitedly ameliorates detrimental effects of feeding combined marula seed cake and mucuna seed meal as soya bean replacements in broiler chickens

This study investigated ameliorative effects of dietary oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) spent substrate (OMSS) in broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with combined marula seed cake (MSC) and mucuna seed meal (MSM) replacing soya bean meal (SBM). In a completely randomised design (CRD), 400 day-old Ross 308 chicks were randomly allocated to 5 iso-nitrogenous-energetic diets (control with 100% SBM, control with 60% MSC and 40% MSM replacing SBM (MSC + MSM), MSC + MSM with 1.25% OMSS, MSC + MSM with 2.5% OMSS, and MSC + MSM with 5% OMSS) each with 8 replicate pens of 10 during starter, grower and finisher phases. Dietary MSC + MSM decreased (P < 0.001) feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion efficiency (FCE); slaughter weight, hot carcass weight (HCW), cold carcass weight (CCW), breast weight, and back lengths (P < 0.001); serum SDMA and alanine transaminase (P < 0.05). In contrast, it increased the weights of the thigh (P < 0.001), wing (P < 0.01), liver (P < 0.001), proventriculus (P < 0.001), gizzard (P < 0.001), duodenum (P < 0.001), jejunum (P < 0.001), ileum (P < 0.001), and caecum (P < 0.01) and serum alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05) and cholesterol (P < 0.01). Further, it increased meat redness and decreased its hue angle at 45 min post-slaughter (P < 0.01) whilst it decreased its pH (P < 0.01) and increased its shear force (P < 0.05) at 24 h post-slaughter. Compared to higher levels, low (1.25%) dietary OMSS improved, though limitedly, FI, BWG, and FCE at grower and finisher phases only (P < 0.001) whilst it reversed MSC plus MSM-induced deleterious effects on slaughter weight, HCW, and CCW (P < 0.001) and increases in gizzard weight (P < 0.001) and meat shear force at 24 h post-slaughter (P < 0.05). Otherwise, OMSS generally decreased (P < 0.05) serum SDMA and alanine transaminase whilst it abrogated and augmented increases in serum alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05) and cholesterol (P < 0.01), respectively, and reversed the increase and decrease in meat redness (P < 0.01) and hue angle (P < 0.05), respectively. In conclusion, dietary replacement of SBM with combined MSC plus MSM induced deleterious effects in broiler chickens that were limitedly abrogated by low (1.25%) inclusion level of OMSS.

Performance and Physiological Response of Japanese Quails to Administration of Parquetina nigrescens

The purpose of the study was to investigate the response of Japanese quails to the administration of Parquetina nigrescence leaf extract (PNLE). The study was carried out at the Poultry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria. Two hundred (200) day-old quails were purchased from a commercial hatchery. Parquetina nigrescens leaves were harvested around Babcock University, Ilishan,Remo, Ogun State Nigeria. Six hundred grams of the leaf was cut into smaller pieces and soaked into 1 litre of water for 72 hours, it was then filtered with a muslin cloth and the filtrate was given to the birds according to the treatments. The birds were randomly distributed into five treatments; each treatment replicated four times with 10 birds per replicate. Treatment 1 (T1); without PNLE served as the control, T2, T3, T4, T5 received PNLE at 0.20, 0.40, 0.60 and 0.80 ml/liter of water respectively. Data on phytochemicals, growth performance, and basic physiological responses were collected and subjected to analysis of variance using statistical analytical system. According to the results obtained, all the parameters for growth were not significantly influenced (p&gt;0.05) by the administration of PNLE with the exception of feed conversion ratio (FCR) and final live weight at the finisher phase. The best FCR (3.18) was recorded in T3 at the starter phase while T5 had the best final live weight and FCR at the finisher phase. There was significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in the oxygen concentration and pulse rates of the Japanese quails. It can be concluded from the study that the administration of Parquetina nigrescens up to 0.80ml is safe for Japanese quails for optimum performance.

Blood profile as a health indicator in broiler chickens fed diets of different particle sizes supplemented with multienzyme

Abstract This study evaluated the health effects of feeding diets of different feed particle sizes supplemented with multienzyme to broiler chickens. Cobb500 (n = 450) broiler chicks (as hatched) were randomly distributed to nine treatments, with each treatment consisting of five replicates of ten birds. The experiment was arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial (three feed particle sizes [3, 4, and 5 mm] and three multienzyme supplementations [0, 1, and 2 g/kg]). The blood indices of the chickens were evaluated. The data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and means were compared using the Tukey Test at a 5 % probability level. The correlation between the growth performance and blood indices was also calculated. Birds fed the 3 mm particle sizes had decreased (p &lt; 0.05) red blood cell (RBC) and lymphocyte counts with increased multienzyme at the starter phase, while the other haematological indicators increased as the multienzyme supplementation increased. Feeding the 4 mm particle size yielded similar (p &lt; 0.05) total protein, triglyceride, and uric acid for all multienzyme inclusions. An increase in the multienzyme inclusion increased (p &lt; 0.05) the RBC of birds fed the 5 mm particles with a decreased (p &lt; 0.05) white blood cell (WBC) and eosinophil counts. At the finisher phase, serum albumin increased (p &lt; 0.05) while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased (p &lt; 0.05), with increased multienzyme inclusion in birds fed the diet of 3 mm particles. Birds fed 4 mm particles had increased (p &lt; 0.05) ALP and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) with increased multienzyme, while those fed the 5 mm particle size had increased (p &lt; 0.05) albumin, aspartate transaminase (AST) as multienzyme supplementation increased. The correlation between growth performance and blood indices showed that feed intake (FI) has a significant (p &lt; 0.05) impact on the blood profile of broiler chickens. The study concluded that other growth performance indicators, except the feed intake, have no impact on the blood profile of broilers. Feed particle sizes impact feed intake in broiler chickens which consequently impacts their blood composition. Therefore, the size of broiler feed particles has an impact on the health and well-being of the birds.

Trehalose Supplementation Effects on Growth, Intestinal Morphology, Gut Bacteria, and Footpad Dermatitis of Broiler Chickens Reared at High Density.

This study aimed to measure the effects of trehalose (Tre) supplementation on the growth, intestinal morphology, gut bacteria, and footpad dermatitis (FPD) of broiler chickens reared at different stocking densities (SD). Four hundred newly hatched Ross 308 male chicks were randomly allocated to four groups of eight, following a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design using two SDs (normal, 11; high, 14 birds/m2) and two diets: basal with and without 0.5% Tre. Tre supplementation was provided during the starter/grower phase, but not the finisher phase. Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance. We observed no significant effects of SD or Tre, individually or combined, on body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the starter/grower period. However, high SD decreased both BWG (P < 0.001) and FI (P < 0.05), and increased FCR (P < 0.001), during the finisher period. Whereas Tre reduced FCR (P < 0.05) as a main effect, no combined effect was observed on FCR. Over the total period, high SD negatively affected BWG and FCR (P < 0.001), and Tre significantly reduced FCR, with its effect unaffected by SD. No significant effects of SD or Tre were observed on jejunal morphology. The ileal abundance of Clostridium perfringens (P > 0.05) was not affected by high SD but was significantly reduced by Tre. Neither high SD nor Tre altered Lactobacillus spp. counts; however, high SD increased FPD lesion scores, whereas Tre had no effect. The study showed that Tre supplementation during the starter/grower period improved FCR during the finisher period, possibly by decreasing the abundance of C. perfringens in broiler chickens.

Growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens fed diet containing bird eye pepper of varying proportion and sieve size.

This study investigated the potency of bird eye pepper (BEP) of varying proportion and sieve size on growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens. Two hundred and forty-six 2-wk-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to six treatment groups (basal diet (B) inclusive×2) in a 2×3 factorial arrangement each replicated four times (10 × 10 × 10 × 11) in a completely randomized design. Diets containing BEP of varying proportion (0, 150, and 300g) and sieve size (0.05 and 0.1mm) were offered in two phases, starter (14d) and finisher (17d). Postfeeding, 48 birds (two per replicate) were sacrificed to further evaluate performance and assess the quality of meat produced. Result obtained indicates chicks fed 150g BEP consumed less feed compared to 300g BEP. Also, 0 and 150g BEP groups had better (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) than 300g BEP, while 0.05mm BEP diet improved (P < 0.05) FCR as against 0.1mm BEP. Interaction of proportion and sieve size effects of BEP increased (P < 0.05) the final weight of the birds and suppressed (P < 0.05) feed intake for all groups as against 300g (0.1mm) BEP (1,576.00g/bird; 964.20g/bird). Feeding 150 and 300g BEP diets lowered (P < 0.05) superoxide dismutase (SOD) production compared to 0g BEP, while 150g BEP diet increased (P < 0.05) catalase production over 0g BEP. Interactive effect of proportion and sieve size of BEP reduced (P < 0.05) SOD production in 150g (0.05 and 0.1mm) BEP and 300g (0.05mm) BEP groups, followed by 300g (0.1mm) BEP group that had lower (P < 0.05) SOD than both basal groups. Birds fed B + 150g (0.05mm) BEP diet produced more (P < 0.05) catalase compared to both basal groups. Meat pH for 150 and 300g BEP groups was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced than 0g BEP. The Hue angle corresponds with a high value (P < 0.05) to 0g BEP, while 300g BEP showed a low value. This study has shown BEP at low concentration (150g) screened with 0.05 and 0.1mm sieves enhanced chick welfare, while a higher concentration (300g) screened at 0.05mm improved overall growth performance (endogenous antioxidant profile) at finisher phase. Broiler chickens, farmers, and meat processors will benefit from diet containing BEP screened through 0.05mm sieve.

Dietary olive‑garlic extract oil supplementation: influence on performance and haematological indices of broilers

Abstract The use of antibiotic growth promoters in broiler production has been the norm in developing countries, however, the increased rate of antibiotic resistance in humans has resulted in the search for alternatives without negative residual effects. This study investigated the effect of dietary olive garlic extract oil (OGEO) supplementation on the performance and haematological indices of broilers. The experiment lasted for 42 days and broilers were fed varying levels of OGEO‑supplemented diets at the starter (0–21 days) and finisher (22–42 days) phases using two hundred and forty unsexed Ross broilers. Four experimental diets were formulated for the two phases and the diets were designated as diet 1(control (without OGEO)) while diets 2, 3, and 4 were supplemented with OGEO at 1 % (10 g/kg diet) 3 % (30 g/kg diet) and 5 % (50 g/kg diet). Each had four replicates containing fifteen birds per replicate. Performance was measured weekly and haematological indices were determined on days 21 and 42. Data collected were analysed in a one‑way analysis of variance (SAS, 2000) and significant differences were determined using Tukey’s test. Body weight (BW) increased linearly (L) (p = 0.003) and quadratically (Q) (p = 0.006) with dietary supplementation of OGEO at 1 % for broilers on day 21. Similarly, at day 42, BW increased (L, p = 0.006; Q, p = 0.029) for the broiler on the same treatment. Mortality reduced (Q, p = 0.035) for broilers fed 1 % OGEO‑supplemented diet at day 42. At day 21, Packed cell volume (PCV, 47.33 %) (Q, p = 0.033) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV, 130.83pg) (Q, p = 0.008) increased for broilers fed 1 % and 3 % OGEO supplemented diet respectively. Supplementation of OGEO at 3 % increased (Q, p = 0.036) PCV (37.33 %) and haemoglobin (Q, p = 0.021) (137.30 g/L) at day 42. In conclusion, the supplementation of OGEO in the diet of broilers at 1 % resulted in improved WG and reduced mortality. The PCV and haemoglobin of broilers can be increased with the supplementation of OGEO up to 3 % in the diet of broilers; it is thus a suitable alternative to antibiotics for improved performance and immunity.

Lipid regulation by early administration of irradiated chitosan and glutathione in heat-stressed broilers

This research was conducted to determine the effect of irradiated chitosan and glutathione on lipid regulation of broiler and its impact on free radical compounds. One hundred broiler starter phase as the objects of research. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with experimental protocols method, consisting of nine treatments and three replications. Each replication consist of five broilers, namely P0 = without giving chitosan and glutathione, PA1 = given 100 ppm chitosan from the age of 4-35 days, PA2 = 450 ppm chitosan from the age of 4-35 days, PA3 = 100 ppm chitosan + 150 ppm glutathione from the age of 4-35 days, PA4 = 100 ppm chitosan + 150 ppm glutathione from the age of 4-35 days, PB1 = 300 ppm chitosan from the age of 20-35 days, PB2 = 450 chitosan ppm since the age of 20-35 days, PB3 = 100 ppm chitosan + 150 ppm glutathione since the age of 20-35 days and PA4 = 100 ppm chitosan + 150 ppm glutathione since the age of 20-35 days. Parameters observed in this study, namely regulators and broiler lipid transport (Apo A1, Apo A2, Apo B, Apo C, HDL, LDL), plasma lipids (triglycerides, total cholesterol, NEFA), The results showed that the administration of irradiated chitosan and glutathione had a significant effect (P<0.05) on regulators and broiler lipid transport by fed 450 ppm of irradiated chitosan with 150 ppm of glutathione. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the administration of irradiated chitosan accompanied by glutathione induction in broiler rations can affect lipid regulation and biochemical aspects and performance as a result of this regulation. Giving chitosan as much as 450 ppm with 150 ppm induced glutathione since the early age of the finisher phase (20 days) was able to regulate lipid biosynthesis optimally with the best final body weight.

Effects of supplemental methionine sources in finishing pig diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, cutting yields, and meat quality.

Supplemental methionine (Met) is widely used within the swine industry; however, data are limited regarding the effect of Met sources on carcass cutability and meat quality. The objective was to determine the effects of L-Met (LM, 99%), DL-Met (DLM, 99%), or calcium salt of DL-Met hydroxyl analog (MHA, 84%) in finishing pig diets on carcass characteristics and meat quality. At 9 weeks of age, pigs (N = 240) were allocated to 60 single-sex pens for a four-phase finishing trial that lasted 104 d. Pigs were fed a common grower diet until day 56 where pens were randomly allotted to one of the three experimental diets. For the remaining 7wk of the finisher phase, pigs (BW = 79.9 ± 0.80kg) were fed diets containing LM, DLM, or MHA, with the supplemental Met source providing 25% of standardized ileal digestible (SID) Met + cysteine (Cys) requirement based on 65% bioefficacy for MHA in comparison with LM or DLM. One pig per pen was slaughtered at the study conclusion (on day 104), and the left sides of carcasses were fabricated into subprimal cuts to determine carcass-cutting yields. Loin quality including proximate composition and shear force were measured. Hot carcass weight was not different (P = 0.34) between treatments (LM 104.5kg; DLM 103.0kg; MHA 101.5kg), moreover, loin eye area was not different (P = 0.98) between treatments (LM 52.65 cm²; DLM 52.49 cm²; MHA 52.81 cm²). Boneless carcass-cutting yield was not different (P = 0.56) between treatments (LM 54.97kg; DLM 54.82kg; MHA 54.52kg). Loin pH was not different (P = 0.24) between treatments (LM 5.45; DLM 5.48; MHA 5.45). However, drip loss tended to be reduced (P = 0.11) by the DLM treatment (5.58%) compared with LM (7.03%) and MHA (6.68%) treatments. Shear force was not different (P = 0.85) between treatments (LM 3.03kg; DLM 3.06kg; MHA 3.10kg). However, cook loss tended to be reduced (P = 0.06) by the DLM treatment (16.20%) compared with LM (18.18%) and MHA (18.50%) treatments. These data suggest that only minimal differences in carcass cutability and meat quality can be attributed to Met source in finishing pig diets when using 65% bioefficacy for MHA relative to L-Met or DL-Met.

Antiviral efficacies of neem (Azadirachta indica J.) and scent (Ocimum sanctum L.) leaf meals against Newcastle and infectious bursal disease in broiler chickens

The effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) and scent (Ocimum santum) leaf meals fed singly or in combination on the growth response, haemato-biochemical parameters and their antiviral potencies in broiler chickens were investigated. Two hundred 1-day old Ross 308 unsexed broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 5 treatments, consisting of 5 replicates with 8 birds each. Treatments 1 and 2 were basal diets with no leaf meals, treatments 3, 4 and 5 had the basal diets plus 3% neem leaf meal (NLM), 3% scent leaf meal (SLM) and the blend of 2% NLM + 2% SLM, respectively. Birds in treatments 2-5 were unvaccinated against Newcastle disease and Infectious bursal disease while birds in treatment 1 were vaccinated. On days 21 and 42, blood samples were randomly collected from 2 birds per replicate for haemato-biochemical assay, haemagglutination inhibition and agar gel precipitation tests. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p&lt;0.05. At the starter phase, an improved feed conversion ratio (p&lt;0.05) was recorded in birds fed the blend at the starter (1.83) and finisher (1.92) phases and the overall performance (1.88) compared to other treatment groups. The least platelet counts (11.08 ×104/µL) were recorded in birds placed on the blend of 2% neem leaf meal + 2% scent leaf meal while the 3% scent leaf meal group recorded the lowest lymphocyte counts (53.60%). At the finisher phase, lymphocyte counts of birds that received the blend of 2% neem leaf meal + 2% scent leaf meal (63.00%) were higher than the other treatments. In conclusion, birds fed diets supplemented with 3% neem and 3% scent leaf meals singly had haemagglutination inhibition titre values and conferred immunity above the protective threshold against Newcastle disease and produced antibodies against Infectious bursal disease. Birds fed the blend of 2% neem + 2% scent leaf meal diets had improved overall performance.

Exploring the impact of turkey age on gut morphological parameters and nutrient utilisation

This study was carried out to determine the influence of turkey age on gut morphology and nutrient utilisation. Data on the gut morphology and nutrient utilisation were collected at the different age intervals of turkeys' growth: the starter (day-old - 8 weeks), grower (9 - 16 weeks), and finisher (17 - 24 weeks) phases. Nicholas turkeys were fed commercial turkey diets ad libitum for the eight weeks of each phase: starter, grower, and finisher. The еnеrgy utilisation paramеtеrs such as the efficiency of metabolisable energy used for energy retention (KRE), the efficiency of metabolisable energy used for lipid retention (KREF), the efficiency of metabolisable energy used for protein retention (KREP) were determined. Rеsults indicatе a significant incrеasе in NEP and REP ovеr timе, undеrscoring thе increasing еnеrgy dеmands associatеd with growth, protein and fat deposition. Results of the gut morphological paramеtеrs, еncompassing villus and crypt dimеnsions, muscular wall thicknеss, еpithеlial charactеristics, goblеt cеll sizеs, and thе ratio of villus hеight to crypt dеpth. Thеre was significant incrеasе (p&lt;0.05) in villus hеight, crypt dеpth, and еpithеlial thicknеss ovеr thе agе intеrvals, suggеsting an increase in thе absorptivе surfacе arеa and barriеr function of thе gut. The ratio of villus height to crypt dеpth furthеr indicatеs a maturation of thе gastrointеstinal tract. This study highlights the pivotal role of gut dеvеlopmеnt in shaping thе nutriеnt utilisation of turkеys.

Effect of an Alliaceae Encapsulated Extract on Growth Performance, Gut Health, and Intestinal Microbiota in Broiler Chickens Challenged with Eimeria spp.

This study analyzed the effects of an Alliaceae encapsulated extract (AE-e) on daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), oocysts per gram of feces (OPG), intestinal lesion (LS), and microbiota composition in broilers challenged with Eimeria spp. A total of 4800 one day Cobb-500 were allotted into 10 treatment groups with 12 replicates of 40 birds in a 2 × 4 + 2 factorial arrangement. The first factor was non-challenged (NC) or challenged (C), the second was four levels of AE-e added in the basal diet, 0 (AE0), 250 (AE250), 500 (AE500), and 750 mg·kg-1 (AE750), plus two ionophore controls, non-challenged (NC-Ion) and challenged (C-Ion). No interactions were observed between factors (NC0, NC250, NC500, NC750, C0, C250, C500, and C750), while C-Ion improved FCR at 21 d. The challenge affected negatively ADG and FCR and promoted enteropathogens in cecum. AE750 improved FCR in the finisher and cumulative phases, while C-Ion had fewer total OPG than C0 and C250. Likewise, at 21d, C250, C500, and C-Ion had fewer LS than C0, while at 28 d, C750 showed lower than C-Ion. In the cecum microbiota, C500 had more Ruminococcus, Firmicutes b, and Intestinimonas than C-Ion. In summary, AE-e showed beneficial results in broilers infected with Eimeria spp.

EFFECT OF FULL FAT PALM KERNEL MEAL BASED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH FULLZYME® ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS

Performance of broiler birds was evaluated in an8-week feeding trial in which full fat palm kernel meal (FFPKM) supplemented with Fullzyme® was fed at graded levels (0, 5, 10 and 15%) during the starter and finisher phases. Four (4) iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated, containing 23% CP for broiler starter (22-24 %CP) and 21% CP for finisher (18-21 %CP) in which FFPKM was supplemented with Fullzyme®. One hundred and twenty (120) 7-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 12 pens (10 birds in each pen). Each of the four (4) diet groups was replicated 3 times and randomly allotted to the broiler pens. Each pen represented a replicate. The respective groups of birds were fed the starter diets for 4-weeks during the finisher phase the birds were reduced to 8 birds per pen (96 birds in total). The dietary treatments for the birds in the finishing phase were replicated thrice and fed for four weeks. The daily feed intake, daily weight gains (g/bird) as well as feed to gain ratio of birds on diet 5% FFPKM were significantly (P&lt;0.05) better than those for birds on the control (0%), 10 and 15% FFPKM diets. The feed cost/kg gain for broiler birds on control diet was notably (P&lt;0.05) inferior to those for birds on 5, 10 and 15% FFPKM diets. The outcomes indicate that the 5% FFPKM dietary treatment supplemented with Fullzyme® gave higher overall l growth performance and can be fed to broiler chickens from starter to finishing without any detrimental impact.&#x0D;

Effects of monensin sodium and live attenuated oocyst vaccine as coccidiosis management programs on productive performance, bone quality and mineral utilisation in broiler chickens

ABSTRACT 1. The following study was conducted to evaluate the influence of coccidiosis vaccine-induced metabolic stress on the utilisation of minerals in broilers. The starter, grower and finisher phase diets, including macro- and micro minerals at the recommended levels for the breed standards, were fed to chickens between 1 and 39 d of age. 2. A total of 486, one-d-old male broilers were randomly distributed into three coccidiosis management programs (CMP) with six replications each. The CMP comprised: monensin sodium (MON), coccidiosis vaccine (VAC), not treated with MON or VAC (CNT). 3. No significant differences between CMP were observed for body weight and weight gain among treatments. When compared to the CNT, the VAC program increased feed intake (P < 0.05) between d 1 to 13 and 14 to 26, while FCR worsened in the latter (P < 0.05) and the former (P = 0.05) periods. 4. For birds in the MON and VAC programs, tibia bone length at d 13 and bone diameter at d 39 were both enhanced (P < 0.05). Meat yield characteristics were comparable among the CMP. 5. Faeces of VAC birds had a lower (P < 0.05) dry matter and ash content than those in CNT program. CMP had no effect on serum or bone mineral concentrations at any point in time. For minerals, Mg, Na, and K faecal excretion was reduced (P < 0.01) as a result of the VAC program at d 13 with a trend at d 26. 6. Compared to the CNT, the VAC program decreased the percentage ratio of drip loss (P = 0.08), water holding capacity (P < 0.01) and cooking loss (P < 0.01) in breast meat. 7. Overall, the results showed that current broiler industry practices are capable of meeting the mineral needs of broilers vaccinated against coccidiosis.