Fingerprint Research Articles

Unraveling the Enigma of Dental Caries through Conventional Analysis using Finger Print Forensics among the Students of Nadiad City, Gujarat

Introduction: There is growing interest in identifying genetic predispositions to dental caries using non-invasive tools. Dermatoglyphics, examining dermal ridge patterns on the hands and feet, is linked to genetic foundations. Galton’s theory asserts fingerprint constancy. In dentistry, dermatoglyphics gains attention for its correlation with students pathologies. This study evaluates the association of dental caries in students with dermatoglyphics. Materials and Methods: The research at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dharmsinh Desai University, involved 50 subjects (28 females and 22 males) with normal fingerprints. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institute’s Ethics Committee. Fingerprints were recorded using the conventional method, employing ink, paper, roller, glass slab and sponging pad. The prints were examined, classified and analysed through the Cummins method, categorising them into whorls, loops and arches. The dental caries were assessed through the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) scores of the participants. The DMFT score was tested for association and difference according to the type of fingerprint pattern. Results: Females commonly exhibit loop patterns, while males show an equal distribution between loops and whorls. The connection between fingerprint patterns and DMFT scores is notable. A Chi-square test for left-side patterns (Chi-square = 27.74, P = 0.002) reveals a strong association, linking specific patterns to distinct DMFT scores. Similarly, for right-side patterns (Chi-square = 11.349, P = 0.045), there is significance, emphasising the relationship between fingerprint types and dental caries. Conclusion: The study examined the connection between fingerprint patterns and dental caries in children, discovering a positive correlation. Specific patterns such as arch, loop and whorl were linked to caries presence or absence, suggesting their potential as an early detection tool, although accuracy might vary based on genetic factors.

Correlation Between the Stature and Hand Print Impressions in Chennai Population

Correlation Between the Stature and Hand Print Impressions in Chennai Population

Pharmaceutical Standardization of Sharpunkha Kshar (Lavana): A Miraculous Hepatoprotective Drug

This study is ensuring the standard operative process (SOP) of Sharpunkha Kshar (Lavana) (alkaline extract of Tephrosia purpuria Linn.), as per classical text. It has hepato-protective effect. Many researches have been done on Sharpunkha extract but, no one work has been done on standardization of Sharpunkha Kshar (Lavana) yet. It was 1st mentioned by Acharya Bhavprakash in Gulma chikitsa prakaran by the name of Sharpunkha Lavana. During standardization of Sharpunkha Kshar (Lavana) raw drug authentication was done by microscopic and physico chemical analysis. lupeol, rutin, quercetin, rotenone and beta sitosterol biomarkers were screened in raw Sharpunkha panchang powder in HPTLC finger printing. Kshara was prepared by two different methods with 4 times (SPK-4) 6 times (SPK-6) water following standard protocols. Average 46.44% yield was obtained after drying of fresh Sharpunkha panchang. After burning of dry Sharpunkha average 5.03% ash was achieved. Average 16.3% Kshar yield in batch SK-4 and 16.6% Kshar yield in SK-6 was obtained. One more batch from residual ash was also prepared, 6.64% Kshar was obtained in it. Organoleptic, physico-chemical parameters were also done for both batch of Sharpunkha Kshar (Lavana). pH (12.65 & 13.35 in SK-4, SK-6 respective) carbonate, bicarbonates, Na (0.56 & 0.52%), and K (35.26, 35.41%) respectively present in batch SK-4 & SK-6.

Luminescent carbon dots encapsulating in Eu3+ doped gahnite spinel nanocomposite for boosting thermal sensing, advanced level III detection and intelligent anti-counterfeiting applications

The exceptional optical properties of carbon dots (CDs) position them as a highly promising category of multifunctional carbon-based nanomaterials. When hydrothermally prepared CDs are incorporated into europium-doped zinc aluminate ZnAl2O4 nanophosphors (ZAO:Eu3+ NPs) synthesized via ultrasonication method, the resulting CDs@ZAO:Eu3+ nanocomposite (NCs) exhibits a broad excitation band, with a prominent peak at approximately 393 nm, perfectly matching the emission wavelength range (500–750 nm) of near-ultraviolet (n-UV) LED chips. Significantly, the CDs (5 wt %)@ZAO:Eu3+ NCs exhibit a remarkable 12.5 folds enhancement in photoluminescence (PL) intensity compared to ZAO:Eu3+ alone, thanks to the Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between CDs and Eu3+ ions. This enhancement in luminescence could stem from the CDs capturing electrons and facilitating energy transfer to the luminescent Eu3+ ions. Utilizing CDs to enhance fluorescence presents a straightforward and eco-friendly approach for boosting luminescence properties. Impressively, even under elevated temperatures reaching 420 K, the thermal stability of CDs (5 wt %)@ZAO:Eu3+ NCs remains outstanding, retaining 90 % of its initial luminescence intensity. This highlights its exceptional thermal stability, characterized by a high activation energy of 0.27 eV. With an impressive internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of 87.01 %, the optimized composite also achieves remarkable colour purity (CP), reaching 99.5 %. The relative sensitivity was 1.36 %, at 300 K. Thus, CDs@ZAO:Eu3+ is a promising material for non-contact optical thermometry applications. Utilizing the optimized NCs through a simple powder dusting technique effectively develops latent fingerprints (LFPs) on various surfaces, revealing fingerprints (FPs) under 365 nm UV light. Additionally, the study investigates diverse pore parameters including number, position, size, shape, and inter-spacing. Furthermore, optimized NCs are utilized to create a transparent anti-counterfeiting (AC) ink, offering effective AC features through its red emission under 365 nm UV light.

Unraveling the role of non-planarity of free base porphyrins in intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions with phenols

Three different types of meso‑substituted freebase porphyrins (H2TTP, H2TMP and H2DDMP) with varied number and nature of electron donating groups (-CH3 and –OCH3) were synthesized. The molecular interactions of the porphyrins with different phenol derivative were explored using single crystal X-ray, NMR and their affinity by varied spectroscopic techniques. All three freebase porphyrins undergo strong intermolecular interactions with 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) and crystallized in a triclinic crystal system with iso-structural behaviour. The crystal lattices are stabilized through intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions (N–H∙∙∙O and C–H∙∙∙O) and electrostatic interactions. Increases in the non-planarity of freebase porphyrins enhance the reactivity which results in the formation of picrate anions with 1:2 adduct formation by proton transfer process. The role of weak intermolecular interactions was analysed and quantified through Hirshfeld surface and finger print analysis. DFT studies revealed that the electron-donating effect of the methoxy group plays a major role in decreasing HOMO-LUMO gap and in-plane co-operation through the decrease in the dihedral angles. The electron density at bond critical points follows the order H2TTP.2TNP>H2TMP.2TNP>H2DDMP.2TNP. Absorption and emission studies showed that dramatic changes in the Soret and Q-band pattern and the binding constants were altered with different phenols of varied pKa. The stabilization of molecular adducts were analyzed in correlation with 1H- NMR study to reveal the involvement of the hydrogen bonding.

A Study of Dermatoglyphics Patterns in Relation to the Levels of Perceived Stress

Background:: Dermatoglyphics is the study of dermal ridge configuration on the skin of the fingers and palms, which can be used to diagnose chromosomal disorders and individual identification. Stress is characterizedby feeling overwhelmed with mental or emotional pressure and evokes a biological response when any intrinsic or extrinsic stimulus is applied. Stress can cause acute effects and disorders that can trigger structural changes like atrophy and decrement in weight in different brain parts with long-term effects on the nervous system. Materials and Methods:: In this cross-sectional study, fingerprints of 150 participants of Gulf Medical University with an equal number of students and faculty/ staff were obtained by fingerprint scanner. Participants were classified into low, moderate, and high-stress levels by questionnaire. Collected data were statistically analyzed to find any association between dermatoglyphics and perceived stress levels. Results:: Radial Loop was found to have the highest frequency as a percentage in all three groups. Plain whorl was the pattern with the second-highest percentage of occurrences. A notable observation was the lack of plain arch and low frequency of accidental whorl in the high-stress group. Conclusion:: The findings contribute to our understanding of the potential of dermatoglyphics as an indicator of perceived stress, opening up avenues for further research in utilizing these patterns as a non-invasive tool for assessing stress levels.

Experimental, computational, and analytical investigation of cooktop thermosyphon heat transport device for its feasibility in indoor solar cooking system

Cooking is a key contributor to worldwide energy usage and subsequent greenhouse gas emissions. Given this, clean and green energy-based cooking technologies are being explored globally. Though many solar cooker designs are being researched, the social acceptance rate is low due to operational, financial, and accessibility aspects. Hence in the present study, an indoor solar cooking system has been proposed, which has a cooktop Thermosyphon heat transport device (THTD) as an integral part. It transports heat from the outdoor receiver to the indoor kitchen through natural circulation (buoyancy-driven flow) of a heat transfer fluid (HTF). For the first time, different aspects of cooktop THTD are explored through experimental, analytical, and computational approaches. Based on the recommendations from a previous study, the flat design of cooktop THTD was constructed and tested with Therminol-VP1 as the HTF for both steady-state and transient performance. The steady-state results predicted by analytical and computational models were in good agreement with the experimental outcome. The HTF flow in the system is unidirectional, except in the cooktop region, where a combination of radial flow maldistribution and localized recirculation loops are seen (from velcoty contours and vectors) due to a larger flow passage. However, such flow anomalies vanish once the flow gap is reduced. Further, the transient tests witnessed a longer time for boiling (41–68 min) one litre of water in the first trial, which was reduced to 18–27 min with subsequent refills. An important observation is the increment in boiling time with increase in hot leg length. The rise in HTF flow rate (due to increased center-line elevation) and subsequent reduction in the bulk average temperature of HTF in the THTD was the reason for it. Further, the cooktop THTD could cook 315 g of rice in 40–45 min against 35–40 min using an electric induction stove, which justifies the proposed system’s efficacy. The study also demonstrated the criticality of thermal contact resistance between the cooktop surface and the surface of the cooking vessel. Hence devising an efficient and practically viable method (other than thermal paste) is essential. Also, due diligence is required while selecting the HTF as viscous fluid leads to a poor transient performance due to reduced flow rate. Hence, the transient behavior (practically the boiling time) of cooktop THTD is a trade-off between the bulk average temperature of the HTF and its flow rate.

Sistem Employee Attendance System Using Rapid Application Development Method Based on Location Based Service

Employee attendance is the main benchmark in assessing employee performance and discipline, as well as providing important data for company management. The use of information technology, such as computers, has helped companies make decisions effectively. However, some companies face obstacles in the employee attendance process, especially in manual or finger print situations, and absence management. By utilizing GPS technology or similar LBS technology to detect employee presence. In this context, mobile technology, especially smartphones, has an important role in providing fast and accurate access to information. The RAD method is used in making application prototypes with repeated iterations, enabling fast development and efficient improvements. The aim of this research is to apply the LBS method to support absenteeism. This application allows employees to take attendance on time via their smartphones, with attendance data directly stored in the company's servers and databases. In addition, the Global Positioning System (GPS) feature allows tracking the location of employees who are on external service. It is hoped that the results of this research can help companies minimize the problem of employee absenteeism, increase the efficiency of work processes, and provide faster and more accurate access to information. The RAD and LBS methods have proven their effectiveness in overcoming absenteeism problems and speeding up work flow. Apart from that, this research also underlines the importance of employee discipline in achieving company goals.

Raspberry Pi Enabled Biometric Attendance System

The precision and ease of use of the BIOMETRIC Attendance System draw many users to it among the many real-time apps available today. The development of an attendance system based on fingerprints was a significant difficulty. This method proposes to use a Raspberry Pi running Linux as the attendance system. The procedure starts with the generation of the database using a fingerprint reader and continues with the system-provided recognition and authentication. The Raspberry Pi platform is used for the entire procedure. The standardized fingerprint authentication approach, which can extract an individual's finger print and compare it to a database, is presented in this study. Additionally, it can give parents and teachers a summary of attendance on a daily and monthly basis. The main goal of the study that follows is to use biometric systems for verifying and authenticating the physical attendance of inmates in any kind of organization. This is made possible by the working principle of biometrics, which is based on control of prominent scalability, flexible properties, and cost reduction for reducing the requirements of biometric systems for numerous computational resources. Key Words: Fingerprint Sensor, Interfacing, Raspberry Pi.

A Review on Enhanced Security in ATM Transaction Using Fingerprint Authentication

The proliferation of automated teller machine (ATM) usage in modern banking has necessitated robust security measures to safeguard transactions against various threats. Traditional methods of authentication, primarily reliant on Personal Identification Numbers (PINS) and magnetic stripe cards, are increasingly vulnerable to fraudulent activities such as card skimming and PIN theft. In response, biometrical authentication, particularly fingerprint recognition, has emerged as a promising solution to enhance ATM security. The fundamental concept revolves around the biometric phenomenon known as “authentication”. Within this project, we present an approach to fingerprint comparison centered on Minutiae Matching Algorithm. In an era where digital transactions are increasingly prevalent, ensuring the security of Automated Teller Machine (ATM) transactions remains paramount.

Fingerprint authentication based on deep convolutional descent inversion tomography

Fingerprint authentication is widely used in various areas. While existing methods effectively extract and match fingerprint features, they encounter difficulties in detecting wet fingers and identifying false minutiae. In this paper, a fast fingerprint inversion and authentication method based on Lamb waves is developed by integrating deep learning and multi-scale fusion. This method speeds up the inversion performance through deep fast inversion tomography (DeepFIT) and uses Mask R-CNN to improve authentication accuracy. DeepFIT utilizes fully connected and convolutional operations to approach the descent gradient, enhancing the efficiency of ultrasonic array reconstruction. This suppresses artifacts and accelerates sub-millimeter-level fingerprint minutia inversion. By identifying the overall morphological relationships of various minutia in fingerprints, meaningful minutia representing individual identities are extracted by the Mask R-CNN method. It segments and matches multi-scale fingerprint features, improving the reliability of authentication results. Results indicate that the proposed method has high accuracy, robustness, and speed, optimizing the entire fingerprint authentication process.

Criminal Identification Web App Utilizes Facial Recognition to Identify and Track Criminals

Criminal record generally contains all the information both personal and criminal with the photograph of the person. In order to recognize Criminal, identification of some sort is required, designated by eyewitnesses. In most cases the resolution or/and quality of the recorded image sections is unsatisfactory and is difficult to recognize the face. Recognition can be achieved in various different ways like DNA, eyes, finger print, etc. One of the ways is face identification. Since facial recognition technology is powered by artificial intelligence, it can provide excellent results in identifying criminals. Even considering that most people, when committing an illicit activity, try to hide their identity: hiding their faces or covering their faces with scarves, masks, etc. In such cases, AI uses deep learning methods to identify the individual. In this project, proposed a CrimeNet an automatic criminal identification system for Police Department to enhance and upgrade the criminal classification into a more effective and efficient approach using Convolutional neural network algorithms.

Easy and Secure Hostel Hub

The main objective of our project is to secure the hostel hub using fingerprint authentication mechanism technology. In olden days, hostel management system was used for managing all the hostel related transaction such as student admission, food supply, food menu, payment, etc. This will not capture the check in and checkout in our system, this needs either Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID card) or Finger Print scanner. These sorts of devices and its software were cost too much to install and utilize it. In this paper, we are going to record the check in and checkout time of hostel student using fingerprint authentication. Our literature survey, confirmed that finger-print authentication is more secure than RFID card authentication, hencefort we used finger-print authentication in our project. In future depending upon the trends and techniques we will be upgrading the “Easy & Secure Hostel Hub“, system

Security Design In Doors And Windows Arduino Based Using Fingerprint And Sms Gateway (Case Study At Pesona Asri Tembalang Housing)

This research discusses security design for Arduino-based doors and windows using fingerprint technology and SMS Gateway. The case study was conducted at Pesona Asri Tembalang Housing. The main goal of this research is to improve household security by combining fingerprint authentication technology and text messaging (SMS) as a safer and more efficient access mechanism.This system development method includes analyzing household security needs, designing an Arduino-based system, integrating fingerprint modules and SMS Gateway, as well as testing and evaluating system performance. The research results show that this system is able to provide a high level of security with accurate fingerprint authentication and direct notification via SMS Gateway when suspicious activity occurs.In conclusion, an Arduino-based door and window security design with fingerprint technology and SMS Gateway is an effective solution for increasing household security. Implementing these systems can help reduce the risk of intrusion and give homeowners better control over access to their property.

A New Wave in Biometric System: Systematic Study incorporated with Artificial Intelligence

Biometric system is a technique used to identify a person using its personal identification methods. The main concept of biometric systems is to provide confidentiality and security to the user. A number of biometric systems are introduced but some systems are widely used and are famous because of their usage and security they provide. Physiological and Behavioral biometrics are the two types of biometric systems. Biometric systems include physiological biometric like face recognition, finger print recognition, ir is recognition and behavioral biometrics like signature recognition and voice recognition. All these recognition systems are discussed in this research paper. Biometric systems work on three levels: Enrollment, Verification, and Identification. Enrollment is the process in which patterns are captured from the user and stored in the database. Verification means to confirm that the sample entered by the user belongs to him or not. When the user wants to access the data then the user must use his/her biometrics that the systematic hacks that the person who wants to access the data is the real owner of the data or not. This process is identification. All three levels are the working levels of the Biometric System. In earlier years, biometrics was used only at ground levels to provide basic security to data but now the tables have turned. It is playing a major role in providing security to our data. Biometrics are not only used in day-to-day life in phone unlocking, phone assistants, attendance systems but also used at advanced levels like in airports, border security, cloud computing etc. In this research paper, we will discuss the future scope of biometric systems and how it could even change the future.

Dermatoglyphic pattern is an Indicator for Assessing the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of Medical Undergraduates in A North Indian Medical College

Introduction: The intelligence quotient (IQ) levels and dermal ridge patterns on the volar surfaces of digits and palms of different individuals may be related because brain developed from 13th to 21st week and during same time-period the dermal groove developed. Neocortex is a higher center for learning and of intelligence, so there is association between Intelligence level and patterns of fingerprints. So, this study was conducted to find out the different dermatoglyphic patterns of fingers and palms and correlate them to the IQ levels of medical undergraduates. Materials and Methods: Fingers and palms prints of both the hands of 150 medical students of 18-24 years were collected with help of ink pad and A4 size of paper. The fingers and palms prints were studied using hand held magnifying lens and their IQ levels assessed using Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices. Results: The most common finger patterns e.g. single whorl in thumb, ulnar loop in index finger and middle finger of both sides and were found on participants having Grade I Intelligence. More males shown higher IQ and belonged to Class A IQ i.e. grade I and Grade II however in lower IQ the males and females were equally distributed and belonged to Class B i.e. Grade III, IV, V. Most common finger patterns i.e. single whorl in thumb and ulnar loop in index on both right and left side were found in the participants having Grade I & II Intelligence. Conclusion: Students with Grade I and II IQ has higher incidence of whorl followed by loop whereas in participants with IQ level of Grade III onwards, loop was the most common pattern followed by whorl. Asymmetry in patterns on both the side of fingerprint was evident in lower IQ levels. Higher values of mean ‘a-b’ ridge count and mean ‘atd’ angle was higher in individuals with low IQ level. So, it can be concluded that the dermatoglyphic pattern and IQ levels are associated.

Exploring innovative applications of Sr2MgSi2O7:Fe3+ luminescent system in surface-triggered fingerprint divergence and cheiloscopy screening

In this study, we employ a cost-effective combustion method to synthesize (1–11 mol %) Fe3+ doped Sr2MgSi2O7 nanophosphors (SMSO NPs) and conduct a comprehensive investigation into their structural and luminescent properties. The impact of iron concentration on the structural and optical characteristics is thoroughly analysed, revealing a tetragonal crystal structure with space group P-421m through Rietveld refinement and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns. Scanning electron microscopy showcases the random dispersion of agglomerated particles with non-uniform dimensionality. Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) assesses the nominal composition of Sr, Mg, Si, Fe, and O, while X-ray Photon Spectroscopy (XPS) confirms the direct incorporation of Fe3+ ions into the SMSO lattice. Photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra exhibit a deep red emission band at 718 nm. The residual luminescence intensity of SMSO:7Fe3+ at 200 °C is 91 %. Under 365 nm UV light, the optimized SMSO:7Fe3+ NPs displays easily identifiable levels I-III fingerprints (FPs) features with good resolution and contrast. The resilient luminescence and nano-regime of the phosphor reveal well-defined type I–V groove patterns in latent lip prints (LLPs) on various non-porous surfaces, unaffected by background interference or colour distraction. This study highlights SMSO:7Fe3+ NPs as a promising option for individualizing and detecting latent fingerprints (LFPs) and lip prints (LPs).

A multiple-image encryption method based on bimodal biometric keys

In this paper, a multiple-image encryption method based on bimodal biometric keys is proposed, which has the advantages of high level of security, high encryption efficiency, high security and good convenience as well as strong robustness of bimodal biometric keys. In the encryption process, each plaintext image is firstly encoded into corresponding QR code and subsequently encrypted by using a compressive encryption method with fingerprint chaotic measurement matrix of each encryption user and a filtering encryption method in discrete cosine transform domain with iris chaotic mask of each encryption user successively, then the encryption complex amplitude is generated with the help of grating modulation technology and matrix splicing technology, thereafter the encryption complex amplitude is finally encrypted into two hologram ciphertexts by using a two-step phase-shift digital holography with fingerprint chaotic phase mask of encryption administrator. In the decrytion process, the decryption administrator first passes the fingerprint authentication and then the decryption complex amplitude is generated, thereafter multiple-image decryption can be achieved through the fingerprint authentication and iris authentication of each decryption user. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed multiple-image encryption method, a series of numerical simulations are performed, and the simulation results show that the proposed method exhibits high feasibility as well as level of security and the bimodal biometric keys possess high security and strong robustness.

Sexual dimorphism of dermatoglyphic features in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of West Bengal: A cross-sectional study

Background: Dermatoglyphics is the study of epidermal ridge patterns on the fingers, palms, and soles. Correlation of dermatoglyphic patterns with many chromosomal abnormalities and genetic predisposing diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, schizophrenia, and bronchial asthma is evidenced by many researchers. Literature on sexual dimorphism of dermatoglyphic patterns revealed it as an important characteristic feature. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study is to study the variance of ridge patterns among male and female patients of Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of West Bengal and determine the sex-specific digital and palmar ridge patterns in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study has been done on 100 male and 100 female Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Digital and palmar prints were taken by the traditional ink method. Digital ridge pattern, pattern intensity index, total finger ridge count (TFRC), absolute finger ridge count (AFRC), and a-b ridge count were studied. The data on these patterns was recorded and statistically analyzed by Chi-square test and Student’s t-test. Results: The frequency of ulnar loop is higher in female diabetics in comparison to male diabetics. Statistically significant increase in mean TFRC and mean AFRC is seen in male diabetics. Conclusion: Our study exhibits that dermatoglyphic pattern significantly differs in male and female diabetics. The knowledge and reference range of dermatoglyphic parameters among male and female diabetics are essential in the use of this study as a screening tool or diagnostic tool in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Sex and stature determination by handprint measurements of a Sri Lankan population

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between sex and height and handprint measurements in a Sri Lankan population. A stadiometer was used to measure height of 226 Sri Lankan subjects aged between 20–30 years. Palmar prints were obtained on paper using fingerprint ink. The palmar and axial tri-radii were identified and a calibrated digital vernier caliper was used for measurements. Also distal phalanx fingerprint measurements were obtained by length from anterior point of each fingerprint to the distal digital crease of relevant fingerprint. Sex and handedness of participants were also recorded. Pearson’s coefficient (R) between various fingerprint measurements and stature was calculated. Several finger prints measurements showed a moderate correlation with the stature (right a, left a, left b, right AT, right AR, right AM, right AR, left AI, left AM, left AR and left AL). Left AL had the highest correlation (R = 0.633). When t-test was applied for determination of correlation between handprint measurements of males and females, there was a statistically significant difference at all handprint measurements and heights. This study showed that there is a correlation between handprint measurements and the stature and sex of Sri Lankan adults.