Finger Numbers Research Articles

A Broadband and Scalable Lossy Substrate Model for RF Noise Simulation and Analysis in Nanoscale MOSFETs With Various Pad Structures

An enhanced lossy substrate model is developed with important features of broadband accuracy and scalability. The broadband accuracy is justified by a good match with open pad S -parameters measured up to 110 GHz and MOSFETs' S- and Y-parameters over 40 GHz. The proven model can accurately simulate four noise parameters ( NFmin, Rn, Re( Yopt), and Im( Yopt) ) and power spectral density of current noises ( Sid and Sig). The scalability has been validated over nanoscale MOSFETs with different finger numbers and adopting various pad structures (lossy, normal, and small pads). This scalable lossy substrate model attributed to two substrate RLC networks under the pads and transmission lines (TMLs) can consistently predict the abnormally strong finger number dependence and nonlinear frequency dependence of noise figure (NFmin) revealed in devices with lossy pads. The enhanced model is useful in guiding pad and TML layouts for effective reduction of extrinsic noises and low noise design. Using a normal pad structure, the NFmin can be effectively suppressed to approach the intrinsic performance, which is nearly independent of finger numbers.

Investigation of diode geometry and metal line pattern for robust ESD protection applications

The effect of different diode geometries and metal patterns on the failure current It2 is investigated experimentally. The devices considered are N+/P well LOCOS diodes having different lengths, widths, finger numbers, and metal connections. The results provide useful insights into optimizing the diode for robust electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection applications.

An Exploratory Study on Contingent Verbal Feedback for Accuracy of Intonation in Musical Performance

The effect of contingent verbal feedback on accuracy of intonation of eight students in a course on string methods was compared. Analysis indicated that performed intonation was significantly better when using finger numbers than when referring to the pitch name.

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON CONTINGENT VERBAL FEEDBACK FOR ACCURACY OF INTONATION IN MUSICAL PERFORMANCE

The effect of contingent verbal feedback on accuracy of intonation of eight students in a course on string methods was compared. Analysis indicated that performed intonation was significantly better when using finger numbers than when referring to the pitch name.

Visual-Kinetic Communication in Europe Before 1600: A Survey of Sign Lexicons and Finger Alphabets Prior to the Rise of Deaf Education

Visual-kinetic communication systems - ancient finger numbers, medieval and Renaissance finger alphabets, conventionalized 'coverbal' gesture systems for oratory and the theater, the Roman pantomime, monastic sign lexicons, and the elusive possibility of natural sign languages - have all received the scholarly attention that has turned up the few surviving primary texts from the period before 1600. The extant documentation indicates that many visual-kinetic systems were sporadically in use among the general (i.e., hearing) population to a degree almost unimaginable to post-Renaissance societies such as ours that popularly associate 'gesture languages' with the deaf. In detail, however, the texts are often difficult to interpret, not only because of their scarcity and generally highly allusive nature, but also because of modern historians' often unproductive or misproductive approaches to them. This survey is meant to provide an overview of the textual evidence and a foundation for both sign language linguists and historians of the deaf education to analyze and interpret more accurately and usefully the extant evidence for visual-kinetic communication systems before the rise of Deaf Education.

CAD models for multilayered substrate interdigital capacitors

Conformal mapping-based models are given for interdigital capacitors on substrates with a thin superstrate and/or covering dielectric film. The models are useful for a wide range of dielectric constants and layer thicknesses. Capacitors with finger numbers n/spl ges/2 are discussed. The finger widths and spacing between them may be different. The results are compared with the available data and some examples are given to demonstrate the potential of the models.

Finger Numbers in the Greco-Roman World and the Early Middle Ages

N THE ANCIENT WORLD, people often indicated numbers for themselves and others by using specific finger gestures. Further, arithmetical computations were commonly carried out by finger manipulations more complex than merely counting on one's fingers. Although ancient writers (see Appendix A) and archaeological evidence both attest to the use of finger numbers and finger reckoning, it is puzzling that none of the extant ancient sources offers any reason for the continued use of finger numbers long after writing had become common. Modem writers of the history of mathematics, however, have not hesitated to leap into the gap. A frequently resurrected theory suggests that this ancient finger number system was used to bridge language barriers between foreign merchants and their customers.1 Although finger symbols might have aided such commerce, we contend that this explanation is too simplistic and does not fit either ancient literary or archaeological evidence.

Design of mobile phone IIDT-type SAW filters with block-like distribution of transducers

Wide band low-loss SAW filters employing interdigitated interdigital transducers (IIDT's) and suitable for cellular radio applications are presented. After an investigation of the many design parameters that have to be taken into account, a new block-like distribution of transducers within the IIDT structure is studied in detail. This distribution leads to almost identical impedances at the filter input and output. An automatic optimization algorithm is also described. In particular, the finger numbers and the withdrawal weighting functions employed to increase the stopband rejection have been optimized by this algorithm. Filters fabricated on 36/spl deg/ rot Y, X-LiTaO/sub 3/ exhibit fractional bandwidths of up to 5.2% with passband ripples smaller than 1 dB at a center frequency of 500 MHz. The minimum insertion loss and the stopband rejection obtained were 1.8 and 23 dB, respectively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>