Fine Glass Fibers Research Articles

Investigating the influence of sugarcane bagasse ash volume variation in glass fiber reinforced with epoxy resin matrix composite material

Composites were manufactured from glass fiber, bagasse fly ash, and epoxy matrix and examined their mechanical and physical properties. The percentages of bagasse fine ash, glass fiber, and matrix were designed at 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% with 30% glass fiber and conducted density, flexural strength, hardness, absorption of water, and swelling properties of thickness. Composites were prepared by manual layering. ASTM standards were followed in preparing the samples. According to the results, the bagasse fine ash percentage variation was significant in the composite but had no linear effects on its hardness and flexural strength. A 20% bagasse fine ash composite had the highest flexural strength and hardness at 27.65 MPa and 52.86 HRA, respectively, which are significantly (>0.002) higher than composites of 30% bagasse fine ash, along with the highest density. This study measured water absorption and swelling of composite samples immersed in distilled water for 192 h. As the bagasse ash content increases, these values were linearly increased until saturation occurs.

CaO-B2O3-SiO2 glass fibers for wound healing

It was reported by Jung and Day in 2011 that a cotton-like glass fiber pad made of borate glass 13-93B3 demonstrated a remarkable wound healing effect. It was approved for sale as a novel wound dressing in the management of acute and chronic wounds in 2016. However, the detailed mechanism of its wound healing effect has not been reported. In the present study, glass fibers of different composition in the system CaO-B2O3-SiO2 were prepared and their in vitro properties investigated to determine the role of the constituent components in wound healing. Fine glass fibers that were 0.6–2.0 μm in diameter were obtained by a melt blown method. However, these fibers were accompanied by small glass beads because of the low viscosity of the glass melts. 13-93B3 glass released an appreciable amount of borate and calcium ions into simulated body fluid (SBF). The amounts of these released ions decreased with partial replacement of the B2O3 in 13-93B3 with SiO2. The addition of large amounts of the borate and calcium ions into the culture medium decreased the viability of the L929 fibroblasts. Partial replacement of the B2O3 in 13-93B3 with SiO2 induced the formation of an apatite-like phase amenable to the adsorption of biological components on its surface in SBF. The wound healing effect of these glass fibers of different composition is worth examining in future animal experiments.

Fabrication of Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxide Thin Membrane for All-Solid-State Alkaline Fuel Cell Using Glass Paper as a Support

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are promising solid electrolytes for all solid-state alkaline fuel cells (AFCs) because of inorganic clay-like materials. However, LDHs were usually obtained as powder, and the formation of thin membranes as a separator of a fuel cell is rather difficult. In this study, a glass paper, non-woven fabric of fine glass fibers with more than 90% porosity, was used as a support for Mg-Al LDH powder, and self-standing, thin membranes for all solid-state AFCs were fabricated. Crystals of Mg-Al LDH were deposited in the inside of the glass paper by repeated immersion in Mg-Al LDH-dispersed solution and drying. Thickness of the obtained Mg-Al LDH thin membrane was about 150 µm, and LDH layer showed c-axis orientation because of the plate-like structure. The H2-O2 fuel cell using the Mg-Al LDH thin membrane as an electrolyte showed open circuit voltage of more than 0.9 V, indicating that the Mg-Al LDH thin membrane is dense and has high gas barrier property. The H2-O2 fuel cell using the Mg-Al LDH thin membrane showed higher power density compared with that using pelletized Mg-Al LDH powder as the electrolyte. The glass paper is proved to be very effective support for making thin Mg-Al LDH electrolyte membrane.

An Method to Improve Fatigue Life of Fiber Reinforced Composite

This presentation introduces technique and some applications where fine fibers were previously added into matrix of fiber reinforced composites. The fatigue life was dramatically increased 10-100 times by the addition of fine fibers into the matrix in contrast to the static case. Those effects in improvement of mechanical properties of the textile carbon fiber composite were explained by the prevention of interfacial crack propagation with large resistance between carbon fiber bundles in Mode-II and modified matrix around the texture points where comparatively large strain energy would be released, if the epoxy matrix was adequately modified with the fine glass fibers.

Effect of waste foundry sand and glass fiber on mechanical properties and fire resistance of high-strength concrete

Owning to the ever-raise amount of waste materials of industrial by-products, solid waste management is creating the major worry for the globe. This paper carried out the outcomes of an experimental investigation on mechanical properties and fire resistance of concrete with the application of waste foundry sand and glass fiber. Waste foundry sand is a by-product of ferrous and nonferrous metal casting industries, it utilized as partial replacement of fine aggregate (natural sand) and glass fiber as an addition to the voluminous portion of concrete. In this empirical interrogation waste foundry sand and glass fiber have been utilized in five different mix proportions of concrete MP-1 (0% WFS and 0% GF), MP-2 (40% WFS and 0.5% GF), MP-3 (50% WFS and 0.5% GF), MP-4 (40% WFS and 1% GF), MP-5 (50% WFS and 1% GF) in M 35 grade of concrete. The specimen cast and cured 7, 14, and 28 days and the following tests have conducted (compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and fire resistance). Hence, it indicates that the admirable mix proportion is MP-4 (40% WFS and 1% GF). Owning to it increases compressive strength by12.5%, split tensile strength by 18.57%, and flexural strength by 8.33% at the age of 28 days. Conversely, compressive strength decreases in other mix proportions as compared to control concrete at the age of 28 days. The consequence of the fire resistance test illustrates that MP-4(40% WFS and 1% GF) works elegantly as compare to MP-1 (0% WFS and 0% GF) against the high-temperature of fire.

Акустическое тестирование в технологии производства строительной керамики с упрочняющими добавками

The behavior of the sound spectrum of free oscillations of cylindrical ceramic samples for a light yellow face brick at the different firing conditions and hardening by additives of fine glass fiber wastes is interpreted. Correlation of frequencies and relaxation time of sound harmonics with internal defects and compressive and flexural strength is revealed. The proposed testing technique reduces the costs of industrial scaling of such technology of the ceramics hardening.

Effect of addition of fine sub-micron sized and thick glass fibers into epoxy matrix on fatigue life of plain-woven textile carbon fiber composite

This study investigated the mechanism of the effect of addition of fine sub-micron sized (close to nano-sized) and thick (11μm) glass fibers into epoxy matrix on the fatigue life of plain-woven textile carbon fiber composite. Static bending strength and fatigue life of the coupon shaped composite with the modified matrix were investigated by three-point static and cyclic loading test. The resistance of interlaminar delamination was characterized with double cantilever beam of Mode-I fracture test and ENF (end notch flexure) of Mode-II fracture test. The effect of the size of the added glass fibers on those mechanical properties was discussed. To explain the effect of the modification on the observed interfacial strength around the intertwining point of the reinforcing textile cloth, model specimens were prepared where an embedded carbon fiber bundle was put between other two carbon fiber bundles oriented to the perpendicular direction in the modified resin. Test results in current study showed that the addition of glass fibers with fine size was rather effective to dramatically improve the fatigue life. The fatigue life was dramatically increased 10-100 times by the addition of nano-sized glass fibers into the matrix in contrast to the static case. Fracture toughness in Mode-II was also improved by the modification of the matrix, while that in Mode-I was improved slightly. Macroscopic crack propagation in fatigue was totally prevented when the matrix was modified with fine glass fibers of 500nm in diameter. Those effects in improvement of mechanical properties of the textile carbon fiber composite were explained by the prevention of interfacial crack propagation with large resistance between carbon fiber bundles in Mode-II and modified matrix around the texture points where comparatively large strain energy would be released, if the epoxy matrix was adequately modified with the fine glass fibers.

Analisis Link Budget Penyambungan Serat Optik Menggunakan Optical Time Domain Reflectometer AQ7275

An optical fiber is a high-speed telecommunication transmission medium. Principally, an optical fiber is made of a very fine glass fiber material, which is able to transmit light waves using light reflection method on the surface of the fiber optics core. An underground installation of the fiber optics makes this device robust from external interferences. However, the fiber optic cable performance should always be checked to maintain performance during data transmission process. One way to test fiber optics cable performance is by using an Optical Time - Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) device. This device sends a light wave from one point of the fiber optics cable. The light wave then returns when reaching the other point of the fiber optic cable while carrying some measurement parameters especially the physical length and attenuation of a fiber optic cable. The evaluation of the fiber optics cable performance requires the preparation, installation, and configuration of the OTDR. In this paper, we conducted evaluation on the performances of fiber optics cable. The data generated by the performed evaluation indicated an occurring attenuation on the fiber optics cable along 64.402 km of its lengths.

Repair of Flexuously Impact Damaged CFRTP Applying an Inserting Method with Tiny Melted Sheet of PP Resin Modified with Fine Glass Fibers

The purpose of this study is to reveal the effects of the modification of the sheet of Polypropylene (PP) with fine glass fibers for repair of the Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermo Plastics (CFRTP) on the recover ratio of degraded mechanical properties of damaged CFRTP after impact bending. Impact damaged specimen was repaired by inserting tiny melted sheet of PP modified with fine glass fibers to be assimilated with PP matrix around the surface of damaged area. Model specimens having cut reinforcements were prepared for compressive buckling tests to investigate the effect of the modification on mechanical behaviors under compressive stress due to the impact bending. The recovering ratio defined as the ratio of compressive buckling strength of damaged model specimen to that of un-damaged specimen was investigated. The recovering ratio of model specimen after the repair was about 49% when the unmodified PP sheet was used to repair. On the other hand, when the weight content rate of fine glass fibers was 2.0wt%, about 73% of recovering ratio was successfully obtained. The appropriate condition of the weight content rate was shown for repairing the damaged part of the CFRTP used in this study.

A feasible approach toward bioactive glass nanofibers with tunable protein release kinetics for bone scaffolds

A range of fine bioactive glass (BG) fibers with different hydrolysis degree were synthesized via a sol–gel and electrospinning approach. Due to the increased water/TEOS ratio (X ratio) from 2 to 8, the SiOSi network integrity of BG fibers was dramatically enhanced. With a designed protein loading method using simulated body fluid (SBF)/bovine serum albumin (BSA) mixture solution, the tunable protein releasing was successfully achieved. The varied hydrolysis degree of BG fibers was found to induce distinctive releasing behavior. The protein release kinetics intends to present a more controlled and sustained manner with the decreased X ratio from 8 to 2, and such phenomenon is mainly attributed to the ‘anchoring’ effect of the crystalline apatite mineral layers formed at the fiber surface. This study has therefore offered another way of thinking in the investigation of feasible multifunctionalization strategies for bioactive glasses, and thus provided an impetus to the current research for future advanced BG scaffold materials.

Investigation of restrained shrinkage cracking in partially fixed shotcrete linings

This study investigates shrinkage of accelerated shotcrete (sprayed concrete), especially in the case of shotcrete sprayed on drains, a part of a tunnel lining not continuously bonded to the rock. One of the goals is to find methods of avoiding shotcrete shrinkage cracks in such drain structures. If cracks yet develop the crack distribution is of great importance, i.e. several fine cracks instead of one wide. By using both steel and glass fibres this may be achieved. A newly developed test set-up for shrinking, end-restrained shotcrete slabs is also presented and evaluated. The performed tests show that the addition of very fine glass fibres could be a solution to the cracking problem. The newly developed test equipment using concrete interacting with an instrumented granite slab represents a realistic way of testing restrained shrinkage. The on-going research focuses on the optimization of the glass fibre addition and the understanding of the interaction between shrinkage and creep of shotcrete.

SH02 HAROLD H. HOPKINS – BROUGHT LIGHT TO DARKNESS

There is no doubt endoscopy and minimal invasive surgery has revolutionised the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of a multitude of surgical disorders. Some of the most important milestones in the development of endoscopy and minimal invasive surgery have been attributed to the work of Harold H. Hopkins.Harold H. Hopkins, born on December 6, 1918, was a renowned physicist for his contribution in optical science. The first notable invention of Hopkins was the zoom lens. However, his first notable contribution to medicine started when he met Hugh Gainsborough, a gastroenterologist dissatisfied with the instruments for performing gastroscopy. The development of the ‘fiberscope’, consisting of a bundle of very fine glass fibres that eventuated as the flexible fiberoptic endoscopes in use today.In 1959, the invention of the “rod‐lens” system represented a significant development in endoscopy from the conventional lens system used at the time by using glass rods that occupy most of the telescope tube, hence reducing the glass/air interfaces. The result was brighter images and smaller diameter of the telescope. Nevertheless, it was not until 1965 when the idea was recognised by Professor George Berci, a young Australian surgeon at the time, who introduced the system to Karl Storz in Germany and manufactured the first prototype. The subsequent range of rigid endoscopes produced became worldwide standards for their excellent image quality.Hopkins died on October 22, 1994, but his legacy in development of optical systems revolutionised the development and application of endoscopy and minimal invasive surgery.

Wavelength-shifting-fibre-based neutron image detector with a fibre-optic taper to increase the spatial resolution

The effective pixel size of a two-dimensional wavelength-shifting-fibre (WLS-fibre)-based neutron image detector was improved from 0.5 to 0.16 mm by including a fibre-optic taper (FOT) between the scintillator screen and the WLS fibre. The WLS-fibre-based detector consisted of a thin ZnS/ 6LiF screen, a FOT and WLS ribbons crossed in the x and y directions. The demonstrator detector had 16 fibre channels in each direction, and the light signals in each fibre were read out individually. The FOT was constructed from fine glass fibres with a taper ratio of 3.1 and served as an image magnifier. The prototype detector equipped with the FOT exhibited a spatial resolution of 0.3 mm, compared to the spatial resolution of 0.8 mm of the original detector without the FOT.

Facile route to fabricate large-scale silver microtubes

Large-scale uniform Ag microtubes with high length diameter ratios have been first successfully synthesized by a facile approach, using low-cost super fine glass fibers as templates. The samples were characterized by SEM and XRD. The investigations showed that calcining or adding of PEG-1000 and alcohol could greatly improve the mechanical strength of the sample. Especially the products exhibited favorable catalytic properties during the degradation of Rhodamine B by NaBH 4.

Removal of Two Types of Root Canal Filling Material Using Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser Irradiation

The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser in removing two types of endodontic obturation material from the root canal in vitro. Recently, a fine flexible glass fiber made of quartz has been developed to transmit the laser beam more effectively and permit its concentration in a specific area. This has increased the potential usefulness of the Nd:YAG laser in root canal treatment. The time required for removing the root canal obturation material (Gutta-percha cones and, Sealapex or AH26) by means of either Nd:YAG laser irradiation or a conventional method (Gates Glidden drills and K files) was measured. Contact microradiography was used to assess the radiopacity of the root canals before and after the removal of obturation material. The surfaces of the root canal after removal of the obturation materials were also observed by scanning electron microscopy. Although none of the methods used in this study resulted in complete removal of debris from the root canal wall, the time required for the removal of any of the root canal obturation materials using laser ablation was significantly shorter than that required using the conventional method (p < 0.05). It appeared that some orifices of the dentinal tubules were blocked with melted dentin following laser irradiation. Nd:YAG laser irradiation is an effective tool for the removal of root canal obturation materials, and may offer advantages over the conventional method.

AGM separator for 36 V batteries

The requirements of the environment, saving resources, and comfortableness for automobiles are constantly increasing year after year. There is a trend to reduce the fuel cost and exhaust gas by changing the power source to high voltage, shutting the engine off during stopping and replacing the hydraulics parts and compressor, etc. which are driven by the out-put of the engine, with electrically actuated parts. A valve-regulated lead-acid battery is considered to be promising as a power supply suitable for this 42V electrical power system from the viewpoint of reliability and price, and is being actively studied. The 36V-VRLA battery applied to the 42V power supply system of the automobile demands higher out-put characteristics and longer life than a conventional automobile battery. Distances between electrodes are less than in a conventional battery and the pressure to assemble the electrodes will be higher than in the conventional battery. Mechanical short-circuit caused by physical force and chemical short-circuits caused by dendrite growth in this design of the battery could cause problems. We solved the problems by adding organic fibers for preventing the mechanical short-circuit and inorganic filler to restrain the chemical short-circuit to the AGM separator. This new AGM separator has twice the performance preventing mechanical short-circuits and five times for preventing chemical short-circuits in comparison with the separator in the past mixed with the fine glass fibers and coarse glass fibers. This AGM separator can restrain mechanical short-circuits and chemical short-circuits even if the thickness of the separator is decreased. This developed AGM separator should be of wide application because it can be applied to the VRLA battery demanded for the high out-put performance.

Slow axonal transport of neurofilament protein in cultured neurons.

We have investigated the axonal transport of neurofilament protein in cultured neurons by constricting single axons with fine glass fibers. We observed a rapid accumulation of anterogradely and retrogradely transported membranous organelles on both sides of the constrictions and a more gradual accumulation of neurofilament protein proximal to the constrictions. Neurofilament protein accumulation was dependent on the presence of metabolic substrates and was blocked by iodoacetate, which is an inhibitor of glycolysis. These data indicate that neurofilament protein moves anterogradely in these axons by a mechanism that is directly or indirectly dependent on nucleoside triphosphates. The average transport rate was estimated to be at least 130 micrometer/h (3.1 mm/d), and approximately 90% of the accumulated neurofilament protein remained in the axon after detergent extraction, suggesting that it was present in a polymerized form. Electron microscopy demonstrated that there were an abnormally large number of neurofilament polymers proximal to the constrictions. These data suggest that the neurofilament proteins were transported either as assembled polymers or in a nonpolymeric form that assembled locally at the site of accumulation. This study represents the first demonstration of the axonal transport of neurofilament protein in cultured neurons.

Photonic band gap guidance in optical fibers

A fundamentally different type of optical waveguide structure is demonstrated, in which light is confined to the vicinity of a low-index region by a two-dimensional photonic band gap crystal. The waveguide consists of an extra air hole in an otherwise regular honeycomb pattern of holes running down the length of a fine silica glass fiber. Optical fibers based on this waveguide mechanism support guided modes with extraordinary properties.

The Synthesis and Characterisation of Fibres Structurally Related to the Mineral Erionite

The fibrous zeolite erionite has been identified as the most probable reason for the high levels of human mesotheliomas reported from villages in Cappadocia, Turkey (Barris, 1978). Inhalation studies in rats have confirmed it as a potent carcinogen and this taken together with the epidemiological studies suggests that erionite fibres are more potent, on a fibre for fibre basis, than similarly sized fibres of crocidolite. We have synthesised chemically homogeneous fibres structurally related to erionite in an effort to understand more of the underlying properties that make this mineral so biologically active. Fibres with controlled morphology, based on aluminium phosphate, have been prepared by growing them with an organic template under hydrothermal conditions in the laboratory. Such fibres have the same size and the same zeolite pore structure, as erionite. We also report a new method of growing mesoporous films of silica on the surface of fine glass fibres by mixing them with the gel precursor in the synthesis and using the glass as a substrate for nucleation and growth. Aluminium phosphate fibre samples with a range of compositions have been prepared with various amounts of silicon, which replaces phosphorous and also iron and cobalt, to replace some of the aluminium. Fibre size distributions have been determined by SEM, chemical compositions by EDX and crystal structures by XRD. The size distributions of the fibres show a major proportion are within the WHO range for potentially biologically active fibres.

A simple fluorescence method for the study of the internalization of particles in cultured cells: Application to asbestos and glass fibres

A model for the study of internalization of particles in mammalian cells was applied to asbestos and glass fibres. Briefly, a fluorescent fluid-phase endocytic marker, Lucifer Yellow CH (LY), was allowed to be incorporated into the lysosomal compartment of Syrian hamster embryo cells. Mineral fibres that were internalized by the cells subsequently became ‘fluorescent’, presumably when the fibre-containing endosome fused with the LY-containing lysosomes. This method was compared with differential interference contrast (DIC) optics. Approximately three times as many of the cell-associated fibres were determined to be internalized by the fluorescence method compared with DIC optics. Both fine and coarse glass fibres were internalized as effectively as asbestos fibres. The relative frequency of internalized (i.e. fluorescent) fibres increased until 4 hr after exposure compared with the total number of cell-associated fibres. The frequency of internalized fibres compared with the number of cell-associated fibres was constant over the range of fibre levels studied. A surface modification (octadecyldimethylchlorosilane-derivatization) of amosite fibres that decreased the carcinogenicity of the fibres, decreased slightly the number of internalized fibres relative to the number of cell-associated fibres, but this was not statistically significant. Cytoskeleton-interfering agents significantly decreased the relative number of internalized fibres.