Fine Aggregate In Concrete Research Articles

Upcycling of End-of-Life-Vehicle (ELV) plastics as a replacement for natural fine aggregate in concrete

End-of-life vehicle (ELV) plastics pose technical challenges in conventional recycling due to their diverse polymer compositions. Consequently, landfilling remains the prevailing disposal method. This study explores an innovative approach by upcycling ELV plastics as a substitute for natural sand in concrete. The study investigates the physical, mechanical and economic performance of ELV plastic-containing concrete. Plastic aggregates were prepared from real-world ELV plastics, featuring particle sizes below 4.75 mm, with over 90 % falling within the range of 1.18–4.75 mm. The research involves replacing natural sand with ELV plastics at varying volumes (0 %, 15 %, 25 %, 35 %, and 40 %) and examines the effect of sand replacement on various concrete properties. The results suggest that as the replacement ratio increases, the workability, density, and strength of concrete decrease. However, the 28-day compressive strength of concrete at the maximum replacement rate of 40 % was found to be 39 MPa, which suffices for certain non-structural strength applications, such as traffic routes, shared-use paths, local streets and curbs. In addition, compared to previous studies using mixed commodity plastics, ELV plastics lead to significantly lower strength reductions at high replacement ratios. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis reveals a distinctive rough and fibrous aggregate morphology, which enhances physical binding and provides bridging effects within the concrete matrix, potentially mitigating strength loss. Moreover, the economic analysis highlights a significant potential to commercialize ELV plastics for concrete applications. This study demonstrates that ELV plastics can be effectively used at high replacement rates (up to 40 % by volume) in non-structural applications.

Study On Partial Replacement of Powdered Waste Plastic with Fine Aggregates in Concrete

Using powdered waste plastic as a partial replacement for fine aggregates in concrete is a concept that has gained attention in recent years as a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to waste management. Incorporating waste plastic into concrete can have several potential benefits, but it also comes with certain challenges. The objective is to develop a suitable composition for a concrete mixture by replacing fine particles with pulverised and granular plastic. To attain the desired strength, the design incorporates a combination of pulverised and granular plastic in concrete, taking into account specific properties such as density, workability, flexural strength, compressive strength, and tensile strength. The restricted movement of aggregates caused by the plastic's resistance could explain the impact of the plastic on the concrete's workability. Moreover, the dried density is reduced, resulting in the formation of a lightweight concrete. The inclusion of waste plastic material in concrete results in a reduction of compressive strength compared to traditional concrete.

Preparation and performance study of anti mud polycarboxylic acid slump retaining agent

Anti-mud polycarboxylic acid slump retaining agent was prepared by copolymerization of ethylene glycol monovinyl polyethylene glycol ether, diethyl 4-vinylphenyl phosphate, 2-methyl-2-(4-vinylphenyl) propionic acid, unsaturated carboxylic acid (or unsaturated carboxylic anhydride) and unsaturated carboxylic ester under the action of initiator and molecular weight regulator. The effect of the slump retaining agent on the workability of fine aggregate concrete with different mud contents was tested, and the sensitivity of the slump retaining agent to the mud content of machine-made sand was evaluated. At the same time, the viscosity reduction performance of the slump retaining agent was evaluated by using the emptying time of the inverted slump cone and the flow time of V-funnel and L-box. The experimental results show that the synthesized anti-mud polycarboxylic acid slump retaining agent has favourable effects of anti-mud and viscosity reduction.

Mechanical and environmental performance of structural concrete with coal gangue fine aggregate

Using coal gangue sand as fine aggregate is a feasible solution for the sustainable development of construction engineering. The mechanical and environmental properties of the gangue fine aggregate concrete-filled steel tube (GFACFST) and reinforced gangue fine aggregate concrete (RGFAC) with different gangue fine aggregate replacement ratios (rGFA) were investigated experimentally and numerically. The results showed that the GFACFST and RGFAC with various rGFA showed similar failure modes. The stiffness of the stubs decreases with the increase in rGFA. The ultimate strength of the GFACFST and RGFAC decreases by 3.8 % and 12.4 % respectively when rGFA is 100 %. The ductility of GFACFST shows an ascending tendency with the increase in rGFA, resulting from the increase in the confining effect of the steel tube on the core concrete. The stress-strain constitutive model of gangue fine aggregate concrete is proposed for numerical modeling. A design method for the bearing capacity of GFACFST and RGFAC is proposed by considering various gangue fine aggregate replacement ratios of which results differ from the tested and simulated values in the range of ±5 % and ±11 %. The life cycle assessment analysis shows that the environmental impact of GFACFST is less than that of RGFAC at the same axial compressive strength. The improvement of the mechanical-environmental performance efficiency by increasing cross-section diameter is more significant than that by increasing steel ratio.

Early mechanical performance of glass fibre-reinforced manufactured sand concrete

The use of manufactured sand as fine aggregate in concrete has been widely adopted in engineering to alleviate the shortage of natural river sand supply. However, there are many factors that affect the properties of manufactured sand concrete (such as the early shrinkage cracking phenomenon is more common than that in natural-sand concrete). In this study, glass fibre was added to manufactured sand concrete to improve its mechanical properties and determine the optimum content of manufactured sand and glass fibre. This study investigated the effects of the replacement rate of manufactured sand and glass fibre dosage on the compressive strength, flexural strength, and shrinkage of concrete. The results show that the optimal replacement ratio of the manufactured sand and ideal glass fibre dosage ranged 60%–80 % and 0.2%–0.3 %, respectively. Concrete exhibited significant improvements in various properties, including 22.97 %, 42.6 %, 7.1 %, and 34.7 % increase in the maximum compressive strength, peak strain, elastic modulus, and flexural strength, respectively. Concrete shrinkage was reduced by 16.1 %. Moreover, a reliable compressive constitutive model for concrete was established, demonstrating high accuracy in predicting the stress-strain relationship of glass-fibre concrete with manufactured sand. The combined utilization of manufactured sand and glass fibres proved to be effective in enhancing the mechanical strength and crack resistance of concrete.

Experimental study on partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete by waste tyre rubber and cement by fly ash

Waste tyre disposal is one of the biggest environmental problems the world is currently experiencing. Because of its non-bio degradable character, it is very difficult to dispose them without making much harm to the environment. So, there is a big need of finding out a new way to dispose the tyre waste safely. Use of tyre rubber in place of fine aggregate in construction field was one of the alternatives put forth. An investigation in the compressive strength of concrete having shredded tyres in place of sand was conducted through an experimental program. For this investigation, several cubes, beams, and cylinders of M30 grade were cast. The fine aggregate in concreter mix were replaced with 20%,25%,30% of tyre rubber. As we all know that, that, there are numerous thermal power plants across the world, each plant produces different kinds of waste materials like fly ash, its disposal also needs some serious supervision. Due to the presence of some chemical’s like calcium oxide, fly ash can be used as a cementing material. This experiment studies the characteristics of tyre rubber induced concrete and check the feasibility of replacing cement with 25% of fly ash in that rubberized concrete mix.

An Experimental Investigation of Glass Cullet as a Material to Partially Replace Fine Aggregate in Concrete

The concrete industry is a major user of natural resources, which puts its sustainability in jeopardy. Considering this, this work explores how to partially replace fine aggregates in concrete production with waste glass cullets, thus addressing economic problems. With an emphasis on the M-20 mix, several weight percentages of leftover glass cullet—0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%—were used in place of fine aggregates. To assess the effectiveness of the replacement, these outcomes were then compared to those of traditional concrete. The results of this investigation validate the feasibility ofadding leftover glass cullet to replace some of the fine aggregates, up to 30% of the total weight, in the 0-1.18 mm particle size range. This not only highlights the possibility for resource optimization and waste minimization in construction procedures, but it also provides a workable answer to the sustainability issues facing the concrete sector. Stakeholders can transition to a more economically and environmentally viable paradigm in the manufacture of concrete by adopting such creative ideas. Furthermore, this study adds to the expanding corpus of studies supporting environmentally friendly building methods. It opens the door for more widespread adoption of environmentally friendly practices and promotes a more robust and environmentally friendly built environment by showcasing the viability and advantages of using waste materials in the concrete production process.

Machine Learning Models for Mechanical and Micro Structural Properties of Recycled Fine Aggregate Concrete Using Different Mixing Approaches

Machine Learning Models for Mechanical and Micro Structural Properties of Recycled Fine Aggregate Concrete Using Different Mixing Approaches

Suitability of Crushed Sandcrete Block (CSB) as a Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate in Concrete Structures

In concrete structures, debris generated from construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings is often referred to as construction and demolition waste. These waste materials may be very important to recycle for several reasons for instance, recycling materials such as glass, metal, concrete, and wood waste can lessen our reliance on virgin resources, preserve natural resources, and lessen the negative environmental effects of resource exploitation. The suitability of crushed sandcrete block (CSB) for use as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete was examined. The physical and mechanical properties of the crushed sandcrete block and river sand were determined and compared. The specific gravity of the crushed sandcrete block was found to be 2.58 while that for river sand was 2.66. The concrete with compressive strength of 25N/mm2 at 28 days’ hydration period was calculated for the normal mixture as the control. The percentage mix of the fine aggregate was substituted with CSB in different mix proportions of 0:1(0%), 1:3(25%), 1:2(33.3%), 1:1(50%), 2:1(66.7%), 3:1(75%) and 1:0(100%) of crushed sandcrete block and river sand by weight as fine aggregate. The concrete cubes were cured, and compressive strength tests were carried out at 7, 14, and 28 days. It was observed that the 28-day density and compressive strength for concrete cubes with crushed sandcrete block alone as fine aggregate (i.e. 100%) were found to be 2420kg/m³ and 22N/mm² respectively compared to the 0:1(0%) proportion which was found to be 2485kg/m³ and 26N/mm² respectively. It was observed that the density and compressive strength reduced with the increasing addition of CSB in all the proportions.

Sustainable Utilization of Marble Dust and Rice Husk Ash as a Partial Substitute for Fine Aggregate in Concrete

A sustainable method for partially substituting fine aggregate in concrete with marble dust and rice husk ash is described. This approach focuses on the utilization of these materials to minimize environmental impact while maintaining the integrity of the concrete structure. In this study, the fine aggregate was partially substituted with marble dust and rice husk ash. Additionally, sisal fiber was incorporated as secondary reinforcement for concrete at percentages of cement by weight. Concrete has good compressive strength but is weak in tension and bending. Thus, sisal fibers were added to enhance the mechanical properties. Sisal fibers were included at 0.1% and 0.2% of cement weight for varying percentages of mineral admixture substitution. 30% of cement was replaced with mineral admixtures, with replacement levels of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30% of marble dust and rice husk ash. The slump cone and compaction factor tests were performed on fresh concrete mixes to determine workability. Standard cubes, cylinders, and prisms were cast to evaluate the compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths of the hardened concrete. The results show that the replacement of cement with marble dust and rice husk ash with sisal fiber as an additional reinforcing material shows considerable improvement in tensile and flexural strength. The material properties and test results are presented graphically.

A Comparative Study Between Conventional Concrete and Concrete Made from Plastic Waste by Using SolidWorks Software

Production of conventional concrete leads to several negative impacts on the environment while the plastic waste concrete can effectively overcome the environmental issues and having better performance than conventional concrete. Therefore, this research presents the works in producing new concrete by replacing the fine aggregates in concrete by using a mixture of soft and hard plastic waste with different ratios density. In addition, this research also aims to evaluate the mechanical and physical properties of different ratios of fine aggregate plastic waste in producing a concrete. At the end of this research, a comparison is made between the optimum composition of plastic waste concrete and conventional concrete. This study is conducted by using SolidWorks software version 2021. The tests conducted include compressive strength test, drop test, and failure analysis. The results from the compressive strength test revealed that a force at 100kN with 20% plastic waste (Sample B) showed the highest stress (18.91 MPa). Meanwhile, from the drop height of 2.0m, the impact strength of Sample B showed the highest result with a value of 7.830 x106 N/m2. However, failure analysis results revealed that Sample B has more cracking than Sample A. From the study carried out, it can be summarised that an optimum replacement of 20% plastic waste as fine aggregates in a concrete gives the best performance is the most suitable option to be used as a replacement concrete in lightweight construction.

A Study on the Substitution of Rice Husk Ash with Natural Sand of Cement Concrete

Researchers from all around the world are currently investigating the feasibility of utilizing agricultural and/or industrial wastes as a resource for the building sector. In addition to saving money, recycling these materials could aid in making the planet a cleaner, greener place to live. Fibrous waste products such as sugar cane bagasse and ethanol vapour are produced during the sugar refining process.. In this study, fine aggregate in concrete was replaced with rice husk ash at the volumetric percentages of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Testing was done on both fresh concrete, using methods like the slump cone test, and on hardened concrete, using methods like the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural test. The slump value of the samples was found to decrease when the rice husk ash level enhanced. Up to 20% substitution of rice husk ash with fine aggregates resulted in an improvement in mechanical characteristics.

Assessing the potential of recycled fine aggregate from freeze-thawed parent concrete for structural concrete

Recycled fine aggregate (RFA) generated from waste concrete, especially in harsh environment, can be considered as an alternative to natural sand. The yield rate, gradation and properties of RFA from natural aggregate concrete with the target strength of C40 as parent concrete (PC) every 200 freeze–thaw (FT) cycles are investigated. To more accurately evaluate the application potential of RFA, the mechanical properties and durability of recycled fine aggregate concrete (RFAC) is further studied. The results showed that as the FT cycles of PC increased, the yield rate of RFA decreases and the grading curve of RFA meets the requirements of Class II aggregate. The limit FT cycles of PC in Class II and III RFA are 148 and 450, respectively. For the compressive strength of RFAC that meets the design requirements, the FT cycles of PC are no more than 530. Based on 50 years of RFAC in Class D and Class E environments, the limit FT cycles of PC are 663 and 200, respectively. The limit FT cycles of PC are 221 based on 50 years of RFAC service in cold regions. Through the FT cycles of PC, the Class of RFA and the mechanical and durability of RFAC can be directly predicted. This provides a theoretical and data support for improving the utilization rate of waste concrete in FT environment.

Experimental Study on Flexural Fatigue Resistance of Recycled Fine Aggregate Concrete Incorporating Calcium Sulfate Whiskers

In order to study the flexural fatigue resistance of calcium sulfate whisker-modified recycled fine aggregate concrete (RFAC), flexural fatigue cyclic loading tests at different stress levels (0.6, 0.7, and 0.9) considering a calcium sulfate whisker (CSW) admixture as the main influencing factor were designed. Furthermore, the fatigue life was analyzed, and fatigue equations were established using the three-parameter Weibull distribution function theory. In addition, the micro-morphology of CSW-modified recycled fine aggregate concrete was observed and analyzed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and the strengthening and toughening mechanisms of CSW on recycled fine aggregate concrete were further explored. The test results demonstrate that the inclusion of recycled fine aggregate reduces the fatigue life of concrete, while the incorporation of CSW can effectively improve the fatigue life of the recycled fine aggregate concrete, where 1% of CSW modification can extend the fatigue life of recycled fine aggregate concrete by 56.5%. Furthermore, the fatigue life of concrete under cyclic loading decreases rapidly as the maximum stress level increases. Fatigue life equations were established with double logarithmic curves, and P-S-N curves considering different survival probabilities (p = 0.5, 0.95) were derived. Microscopic analyses demonstrate that the CSW has a “bridging” effect at micro-seams in the concrete matrix, delaying the generation and enlargement of micro-cracks in the concrete matrix, thus resulting in improved mechanical properties and flexural fatigue resistance of the recycled fine aggregate concrete.

Experimental study on synergistic treatment of dredged sludge with cement-waste concrete fine aggregate

Traditional disposal of dredged sludge with high moisture content and construction waste, causes a huge waste of resources and environmental pollution. This study used cement-waste concrete fine aggregate to synergistically treat dredged sludge (called double mixing stabilized clay, DMSC) to solve these problems. The effects of recycled fine aggregate and cement contents on the compressive, shear, and consolidation properties of DMSC were compared and analyzed through the unconfined compression test, direct shear test, and consolidation test. The consolidation mechanism of DMSC was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests. The test results showed that the incorporation of waste concrete fine aggregate improved the mechanical properties of cement solidified sludge, and the optimal aggregate dosage was 15%. Under the optimal fine aggregate content, the maximum increase of UCS and shear strength can reach more than 20 kPa. However, cement content was the main factor affecting the mechanical properties of DMSC. An equation was established to predict the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of DMSC with different ratios and curing ages. Based on the correlation among UCS, cohesion, and structural yield strength, cohesion and structural yield strength of DMSC can be predicted. It was found that the waste concrete fine aggregate enhanced the mechanical properties of DMSC by improving pore structure, promoting hydration reaction, and enhancing spatial skeleton. It was proved that the synergistic treatment of DMSC improved its mechanical properties and can contribute to resource conservation and environmental protection.

Formation of the strength of fine-grained concrete based on modified slag Portland cement

The object of research is fine-grained concrete on slag portland cement. Owing to the significant content of metallurgical industry waste in its composition, slag portland cement belongs to ecologically acceptable products. However, the insufficient rate of formation of its structure and, as a result, the main quality indicator, which is compressive strength, limits the field of use of slag portland cement. Therefore, in the studies, the goal was to increase the speed of formation of the strength of fine-grained concrete made on slag portland cement. The studies of the influence of modification of slag portland cement with water, activated by the use of the hydrophobic hydration mechanism, established the factors affecting the speed of formation and the value of compressive strength of fine-grained concrete made on slag portland cement. It has been proven that these factors include the type and amount of applied water nanomodifiers, as well as the type and amount of fine concrete aggregate. The analysis of the study results confirmed that the introduction of water activated by the mechanism of hydrophobic hydration into concrete in ultra-small doses significantly increases the rate of formation of concrete strength. Given this, the strength of the resulting modified fine-grained concrete based on slag portland cement at the age of 2 days exceeds the strength of the similar concrete without additives by 60 %, and at the age of 210 days – by 25 %. This allows us to assert the effectiveness of the identified mechanism of modification of slag portland cement. Thus, there are reasons to assert the possibility of targeted regulation of the processes of forming a strong structure of fine-grained concrete based on slag portland cement by using water activated by the mechanism of hydrophobic hydration

Risk assessment of reactive local sand use in aggregate mixtures for structural concrete

Potential use of marginal fine aggregate in concrete is hindered by prescriptive quality requirements for concrete constituents. Experimental tests were performed on eleven mixtures of coarse and fine aggregates of variable susceptibility to alkali silica reaction (ASR). The miniature concrete prism test was applied for evaluation of ASR-induced expansion and associated changes of elastic properties were evaluated using the resonance modulus testing. Substitution of nonreactive sand with sands of moderate reactivity resulted in a relative increase in concrete expansion by 19–112% and substantial reduction of its elastic properties during the exposure to accelerated ASR environment. The Kolmogorov-Avrami-Mehl-Johnson model, modified to incorporate separately the effects of moderate reactivity of coarse and fine aggregate fractions, successfully described the kinetics of ASR-induced expansion. Beneficial effects of blastfurnace slag used for partial replacement of Portland clinker in blended cements were captured for aggregate combinations.

The Effect of Steam Curing on the Early Compressive Strength of Glass Powder Concrete

<p class="Abstract">Glass bottle waste is non-biodegradable and concerns about its impact on the environment. One alternative is to use recycled glass bottle waste in a form of glass powder as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. This study compared the glass powder concrete containing 20% glass powder as a partial replacement for fine aggregate treated by steam curing to the normal concrete treated by immersion curing. To obtain a higher early strength, the glass powder concrete will be treated with steam curing method for total duration of 9 hours. The test results showed that glass powder concrete treated with steam curing experienced a significant increase of 40.7% in compressive strength at 1 day of age with a compressive strength of 7.84 MPa compared to normal concrete of 5.56 MPa, an increase of 57.0% at 3 days of age with a compressive strength of 16.88 MPa compared to normal concrete of 10.75 MPa, and an increase of 14.0% at 7 days of age with a compressive strength of 23.86 MPa compared to normal concrete of 20.94 MPa. The results of this study indicated that steam curing has the effect of increasing the early compressive strength of concrete at the age of 1, 3 and 7 days. In addition, the use of 20% glass powder as a partial replacement for fine aggregate can contribute to the utilization of non-biodegradable glass bottle waste.</p>

Application of Coffee Husk Ash as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Concrete

The task of turning agricultural waste into practical construction and building materials has been placed before civil engineers. Coffee husk is produced in vast amounts due to the global commerce of coffee beans, which are incinerated into ash when used as fuel, producing coffee husk ash (CHA). Even though many researchers have worked on the utilization of CHA in concrete, they have been used as partial cement replacement but not as a replacement of aggregates. The experimental study of the performance of concrete on fine aggregate replaced partially with CHA is represented in this paper. The fine aggregate is replaced by 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by weight of CHA. The performance of the partially replaced fine aggregate with CHA is reviewed by considering the compressive strength and workability of fresh concrete and the splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, durability under acid and alkaline media, thermal conductivity, and rapid chloride permeability test of hardened concrete. The results indicate that the partial replacement of fine aggregate with 4% of CHA (CHA04) in concrete provides a positive impact to all the selected performance parameters. The compressive strength, flexural strength, and splitting tensile of the CHA04 mix were 43.4 MPa, 3.7 MPa, and 2.44 MPa, respectively, which were 28.4%, 19.35%, and 1.66%, respectively, greater than normal concrete mix (CHA00). Even the study of acid and alkaline attack on the CHA04 mix showed lesser strength reduction as compared to other mixes. The RCPT showed less chloride permeability, and the thermal conductivity is higher for CHA04, indicating lesser voids compared to other mixes. With the help of this investigation, it can be said that fine aggregate replacement with 4% CHA has the best strength and durability properties compared to regular concrete.

Utilization of glass powder and precious slag balls as a partial replacement of cement and fine aggregates

Cement manufacture on a large scale affects the environment negatively and depletes natural resources. Waste glass is disposed off in landfills after it becomes waste, which is unsustainable because glass does not disintegrate in the environment. Use of waste glass powder in concrete as a partialreplacement of cement can be a practical policy in reducing cement usage. Concrete’s most frequently used aggregates are crushed stone, rock, etc. and their excavation has a higher negative influence on the environment and causes an ecological imbalance. Thus, a suitable alternative material must be used in place of the natural stone aggregate. Precious Slag (PS) Ball is a novel environmentally friendly material that can be created by rapid cooling of slag which generated from steel making process by means of Slag Atomizing Technology (SAT). This study aims to examine the combined effect of two industrial wastes, namely glass powder (GP) and precious slag (PS) balls, as substitute materials for cement and fine aggregate on the performance of concrete. In this study, both cement and fine aggregates in concrete has been substituted for glass powder and PS Balls respectively to varying degrees (0%, 10%,15%, 20%,25%). Together with tests to analyze mechanical properties, durability tests were also conducted. The outcome demonstrates that glass powder and PS Balls can serve as an acceptable substitute for cement and fine aggregate respectively with 20% substitution dosage being the optimum for both glass powder and PS Balls.