Substitution Of Fine Aggregate Research Articles

The Effect of Sawdust as Substitution of Fine Aggregate on Compressive Strength of Concrete

The need for concrete is growing as the construction industry grows around the world. This is a problem for the environment because almost all the materials used to make concrete come from excavated mines. The use of waste materials as a substitute for aggregates can be a solution to reduce the impact of environmental damage. This study used sawdust as a substitute for fine aggregate. The sawdust was partially pretreated using 20% lime-water to reduce the levels of lignin and hemicellulose in the sawdust. The study was conducted to determine the effect of the use of sawdust, with or without pretreatment, on the compressive strength of concrete and the workability value based on the slump value of the concrete at 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% substitution variations. The slump value of concrete decreases as the percentage of fine aggregate substitution increases. The compressive strength of concrete at the age of 28 concrete decreases with the increase in the percentage of fine aggregate substitution. Concrete that fine aggregate was substituted using pretreated sawdust had better slump and compressive strength values at 28 days of age than concrete that fine aggregate was substituted using non-pretreated sawdust.

The Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Concrete Due to The Use of Glass Waste as Partial Substitution of Fine Aggregate

Increasing human awareness of the importance of protecting the environment and conserving natural resources requires concrete innovation as an environmentally friendly and sustainable material. Accumulated of solid waste begins to be processed and reused, one of which is as a constituent of concrete. Among the various types of solid waste, glass waste is considered as an alternative that can be used as a substitute for fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate (split stone) and cement. This study investigated the use of mix coloured glass waste consisting of clear, green, and brown as partial substitution of sand in concrete. Although the glass colors were mixed, the proportion of each color had been determined in this study, namely 25%, 25%, and 50%. The purpose of determining these proportions is to find out which type of color glass has the most effect on concrete mix. The target characteristic strength of 25 MPa was produced by replacing sand with 20% of mix coloured waste glass. Three combinations of concrete mixes were prepared for this study. Compression tests were conducted at 7, 14, and 28 days. Workability of fresh concrete, density, compressive strength, and failure mode were investigated in this study. Results showed that the use of waste glass was able to increase the workability of fresh concrete. K1, K 2, and K3 obtained slump values which were 4%, 6,7%, and 1,3% higher than normal concrete. Normal concrete and all combinations exhibited similar density values. Only normal concrete achieved the characteristic strength of 25,7 MPa at 28 days. Meanwhile K1, K2, and K3 achieved strengths of 22,4 MPa, 22,1 MPa, and 24,7 MPa, respectively. It was evident that as workability values increased, the compressive strengths were noticed to reduce.

Moisture susceptibility and environmental impact of warm mix asphalt containing bottom ash

Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) is recognised as a sustainable pavement construction technology due to its economic and environmental benefits. However, there are still some major concerns related to its performance properties, like moisture susceptibility. Certain researchers have reported desired performances using waste and by-products as constituent material in the WMA mixture. Therefore, this study was proposed to assess the Bottom Ash (BA) impact on WMA mixtures moisture susceptibility and environmental properties because its potential has widely been reported in HMA. It was limited to 20 % of fine aggregate substitution with BA and granite stone dust as a filler. Evotherm 3G was used as a WMA additive, and the Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) mixtures were treated with 2 % hydrated lime by replacing stone dust. The Marshall mix design was followed to fabricate asphalt mixtures, where HMA and WMA specimens were mixed at 165 °C and 140 °C, respectively. The indirect tensile strength, tensile strength ratio, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and pollutant emission of mixtures were investigated through laboratory tests. The mixtures containing BA improved the indirect tensile strength of mixtures, while Evotherm 3G potentially improved the tensile strength ratio of WMA mixtures containing BA. The results showed that BA as a constituent of asphalt mixture coupled with Evotherm 3G produced a compatible blend for WMA. The findings of the TCLP test showed that the compound of heavy elements found in BA does not leach out if introduced in the asphalt mixtures. Heavy elements concentrations were either undetectable or below the minimal level. However, the presence of BA in the asphalt mixture slightly increased the level of Carbon dioxide (CO2). However, the carbon monoxide (CO) of the WMA mixture containing BA was reduced to approximately 75 %.

Evaluation of performance of hot mix asphalt contained various sizes of Reclaim asphalt pavement and polymer modified Bitumen

The present investigation intends to investigate the performance of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) included Reclaim Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) binder prepared with Novolac (phenol–formaldehyde solid resin)polymer. In order to assess the mechanical properties and performance of HMA with various RAP contents, several laboratory tests such as Marshall tests, indirect tensile strength testing, moisture damage evaluation, creep compliance test, and wheel track test was performed. The substitution was conducted in two stages: the first stage includes replacing the coarse aggregate with RAP up to 40percent with an increment of 10percent and the second stage includes the substitution of fine aggregate with the same percentages. The PMB binder was prepared by testing several mixes with various percentages of Novolac and its cross-linking agent (Hexamine). The findings of experimental work showed that the use of PMB binder significantly improves the mechanical properties and performance of HMA. Also, it shows that the substitution of coarse aggregate with RAP produces a substantial improvement in mechanical properties and performance of HMA compared with the substitution of fine aggregate or with control mix.

Effect of cement dosage and waste tire rubber on the mechanical, transport and abrasion characteristics of foam concretes subjected to H2SO4 and freeze–thaw

This paper presents an experimental study of the effects of cement dosage and waste tire rubber as aggregate on the mechanical, transport and abrasion characteristics of foam concretes subjected to H2SO4 and freeze–thaw cycles. Foam concrete mixtures were made with two percentages 0, and 20 of silica fume (SF) as partial substitution of Portland cement (PC) and with 100% of waste tire rubber (WRA) as substitution of fine aggregates. Two groups of mixtures were prepared with SF contents of 0% and 20%. At each group of mixtures, three cement contents of 300, 400 and 500 kg/m3 and three foam contents of 20, 40 and 60 kg/m3 were used to produce concretes mixtures having water/binder (w/b) ratio of 0.75. Workability of fresh concretes were assessed by performing slump test. Compressive and flexural strength of the mixtures were determined after 7 and 28 days and transport properties were measured by means of porosity and water absorption after 28 days. Tests for shrinkage, sorptivity, abrasion, acid attack and freeze–thaw cycles of 30 and 60 were also performed in addition to microstructure investigations. An optimization was also performed. The results exhibited that increase in cement dosage resulted in the compressive strength by 204.50% maximum increment at cement content of 500 kg/m3 as compared to the mixture with dosage of 300 kg/m3 at foam content of 20 kg/m3. Based on the results, it was concluded that the lowest and highest shrinkage values of 5032 × 10−6 and 7065 × 10-6 mm/mm were gained for the mixtures with cement dosages of 300 kg/m3 and 500 kg/m3 and foam content of 20 kg/m3 respectively. The results also indicated that SF blended mixture with cement content of 500 kg/m3 foam content of 20 kg/m3 showed the best resistance after abrasion, F-T cycles and acid attack exposure.

Kuat Tekan Beton Menggunakan Material Tanah Mediteran Asal Dusun Kadinge

Concrete is one of material that is widely used in infrastructure development, this is due to the abundance of concrete building materials available in nature. This study utilizes mediterranean soil as a substitute for fine aggregate and cement substitution to determine the feasibility of the mixed-concrete mediterranean soil against the achieved compressive strength.
 In this research, a laboratory experimental study method was used, that is conducting a compressive strength test on sample with the composition of the Mediterranean soil as a fine aggregate substitution of 25% and 50%, and the mediterranean soil passed sieve No. 200 which is heated to a temperature of 400 0 C as a cement substitute for 3% and 5%. The compressive strength of the concrete is 20 MPa with a slump of 100 mm.
 The results showed that the compressive strength of 25% and 50% fine aggregate substitution concrete was 20.05 MPa and 13.739 MPa, or only 94.23% and 60% compressive strength of concrete without mediterranean soil (21.235 MPa). Meanwhile, the compressive strength of 3% and 5% cement substitution concrete was 17.74 MPa and 14.53 MPa, or only 83.59% and 68.45% compressive strength of concrete without mediterranean soil.

Mechanical and Durability Analysis of Recycled Materials

The mechanical and durability properties were best at 45% GGBS and 5% Waste Glass with 0.4 water/cement ratio. The recycled materials implemented for mix proportion were waste glass provided considerably to enhance its properties when added with GGBS. In most of the research work, the effect of WG and GGBS in concrete as a partial substitution of fine aggregate and cement individually is analyzed. Previous studies only show the individual impact of these concrete recycled materials on mechanical and durability properties. In the present study, an exact optimum substitution level of cement by GGBS (15 – 60% at an increment of 15%) and fine aggregate by the waste glass (5 – 20% at an increase of 5%) combined for OPC concrete mix. Mechanical (compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength) and microstructural properties (FESEM) were observed on the combination of waste glass and GGBS concrete mix.

Influence of granite waste on mechanical and durability properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete

Momentous issues like interminable manufacturing of cement, liberating colossal quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere, and enormous discarding of granite waste by various industries disturbing the ecological system are provoking to be an issue of global warming worldwide. This research has focused on efficacious reutilization of granite waste in the preparation of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Granite waste was reutilized as fractional replacement of natural fine aggregates (sand) in varied proportions from 0 to 20% by weight in 5% incremental order. The performance evaluation of geopolymer concrete incorporated with granite waste was carried out through strength and durability studies such as dry density, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, modulus of elasticity, water permeability, chloride penetration depth, acid attack, and carbonation. Geopolymer concrete’s mass change was determined using thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermogravimetry. Reutilization of granite waste in the preparation of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete provides solution for issues related to waste management and improved several geopolymer concrete’s properties. All the strength and durability test results divulged that geopolymer concrete prepared with granite waste up to 15% substitution of natural fine aggregates possessed superiority regarding mechanical properties and durability characteristics in contrast with control geopolymer concrete.

Polyethylene Terephthalate Wastes as a Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregates in Concrete Mix, Case of Jimma Town, South West Ethiopia

In this research Concrete mix designs were prepared according to the DOE method and a total of 6 mixes with 72 samples prepared to consist of concrete grade C-25. The test samples were produced with the percentage of substitution for the fine aggregate by 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% of PET plastic waste aggregate. Moreover, a control mix without replacement for the fine aggregate was used to have a relative analysis. The prepared samples consist of concrete cubes, cylinders, and beams. Furthermore, laboratory experiments were carried out for the prepared concrete test samples. The lists of experiments conducted were; material property, slump, unit weight, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength tests. The test results were analyzed and compared with the respective conventional concrete characteristics and show that there was a slight increase in compressive strength of the concrete up to 3% replacement and reduction in compressive strength increases beyond 3% replacement due to the replacement of PET aggregates. Also like compressive strength there was an increase of tensile strength recorded with increasing PET bottle aggregate content up to 3% replacement. But more than 3% substitution of fine aggregate with PET bottle fiber results in a reduction in tensile strength, flexural strength. This test result shows that as it is possible to use PET bottles in concrete production as a partial substitution for fine aggregates not more than 3% replacement.

PENGARUH LIMBAH ABU ALUMUNIUM SEBAGAI SUBTITUSI AGREGAT HALUS DENGAN FAKTOR AIR SEMEN YANG BERBEDA PADA BETON RINGAN TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN DAN ABSORBSI

Lightweight concrete is concrete containing light aggregate and has a density less than 1900 kg / m3 (SNI-03-2847-2002). The purpose of this thesis is to examine the effect of the utilization of aluminum ash waste for fine aggregate substitution with variations in the water cement ratio of 0.40, 0.50 and 0.60 in terms of concrete compressive strength, absorption power and production cost of making lightweight concrete with fine aggregate substitution using aluminum ash waste compared to lightweight concrete without a mixture. Using the ash as a substitution material of sand in concrete by 10% and the variation of water cement ratio of 0.40, 0.50 and 0.60, identifying the physical properties of aluminum ash, aggregate physical properties, hard concrete performance including concrete compressive strength and absorption. Hard concrete performance testing is carried out at the age of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Test objects for W/C ratio 0.4 as many as 15 pieces, for FAS 0.5 as many as 15 pieces and for FAS 0.6 as many as 15 pieces with a total of 45 test specimens. The results of the study are as follows: performance of concrete with 10% aluminum ash mixed concrete with a water cement ratio of 0.4 produces a concrete compressive value of 3.83 MPa with a weight of 1553 kg / m3. The compressive strength does not meet the target compressive strength of 17.24 MPa and the cost used to make 1 m3 of concrete mixture is cheaper Rp. 22,930.05 of concrete without alumunium ash mixed. Based on the analysis used, the use of aluminum waste ash requires another method when making the mix design and the use of light aggregate needs to be studied beforehand so that the target concrete compressive strength is as planned and aluminum waste ash mixture is preferred for non-structural concrete or lightweight concrete mixtures

Improving the Durability Properties of Self-Consolidating Concrete made with Recycled Concrete Aggregates using Blended Cements

The paper evaluates the durability properties of Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) containing fine and coarse recycled concrete aggregates. The SCC mixtures were made with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% substitution of Fine Natural Aggregates (FNA) with Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregates (FRCA) whereas Coarse Natural aggregates (CNA) were partially substituted (50%) with Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregates (CRCA). Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was blended with 30% of Fly Ash (FA) which is further substituted with 10% of Metakaolin (MK). The durability parameters of SCC mixtures were evaluated using tests such as, Initial Surface Absorption Test (ISAT), Water Penetrability Test, Rapid Chloride Penetrability Test (RCPT), and Capillary Suction Test (CST). The Compressive strength test and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test was also conducted on SCC mixtures. The durability and compressive strength properties of the SCC mixtures were found to deteriorate with the replacement of both CNA and FNA. At 120 days of curing, an increase of the order of 17.5%, 18.7%, 7.1% and 26.7% was observed in the results obtained in ISAT, RCPT, CST and Water Penetrability Test respectively with the substitution of FRCA with FNA and CRCA with CNA. However, the introduction of MK in the concrete matrix proved very effective as the values of ISAT, RCPT, CST and Water Penetrability Tests were observed at par with the control mix even with 75% FRCA and 50% CRCA content. In case of compressive strength, 9.3% drop was observed with 100% FRCA and 50% CRCA content. However, the presence of MK has been found to compensate this to 4.5% only. Moreover, all SCC mixtures with CRCA and FRCA and MK can be classified in the excellent category on the basis of their UPV values.

Performance of Green Concrete and Inorganic Coating Materials.

Green concrete (GC) was developed for realizing sustainable development, recycling waste materials, and reducing environmental pollution. For the practical use of GC, various harmful materials must blocked from entering its cracks and pores; and its strength and durability must be improved. The use of an inorganic coating material (ICM) for GC effectively prevents the intrusion of harmful materials and repairs the concrete. ICMs can reduce the permeability and increase the durability of concrete. This study investigated GC, construction waste, and ICMs and used recycled sand and gravel as well as construction waste as substitutes for cement. The results indicate that the coarse aggregate substitution, water-binder ratio, and recycled fine aggregate substitution must be controlled suitably in GC. Furthermore, the coating layer, fine aggregate substitution, and aging of the ICM mut be controlled suitably. GC with an ICM showed poorer performance than conventional concrete, mainly because of the high porosity. Nonetheless, the ICM somewhate reduces the porosity and resists the penetration of chloride ions, thereby promoting concrete quality.

ANÁLISE DA VIABILIDADE DE UTILIZAÇÃO DO LODO DE INDÚSTRIA FRIGORÍFICA EM SUBSTITUIÇÃO PARCIAL DO AGREGADO DE CONCRETO NÃO ESTRUTURAL

Much of thesludge present in the effluent treatment stations is destined for disposal in an inappropriate place or without the correct treatment, which can significantly affect the environment. Therefore, the current research aims to analyze the dry sludge of a refrigeration industry as a partial substitution of fine aggregate for non-structural concrete, making it necessary to choose features with a lower proportion of this in order not to extrapolate consumption costs. The specimens subsidized by NBR 5738 weremolded with partial addition of dry refrigerator sludge to replace fine aggregate, being 2%, 5% and 8%, respectively, and tested for axial compression in the Civil Engineering laboratory of UNOESTE. Through the results obtained, there was an increase in resistance compared to the standard trace in the specimens with less addition of sludge, however the solid residue retains a large amount of water, making it necessary to choose a trace with a lower proportion.

Use of Steel Slag as an Alternative to Aggregate and Filler in Road Pavements.

Today the use of Construction and Demolition Materials (CDM) can be considered as a suitable solution for the construction or the rehabilitation of road pavements. In this context, it is central to minimizing waste production, favoring the reuse through new production cycles to replace virgin natural raw materials. As illustrated in this study, steel slag has mechanical properties that justify its use as aggregate in the manufacture of bituminous mixes. In road construction, their use is focused on the substitution of fine aggregate and filler in bituminous mixtures. Mechanical characterizations, Marshall stability and indirect tensile resilient modulus (ITSM) tests were used to evaluate the laboratory performance of the mixtures. The research aims are to provide the use of these materials for the construction of the entire road pavement structure; in this study authors used these materials both in the characterization of cementitious layers and in those with bituminous conglomerate. In both cases, the use of steel slag has favored an increase of stiffness in the mixtures.

Retracted] Flexural Behaviour of Chicken Mesh Ferrocement Laminates with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Steel Slag

Bending tests were conducted on ferrocement laminates containing chicken mesh and steel slag. The fundamental goal of the examination was to investigate the effects of partial substitution of fine aggregate by steel slag in cement mortar combining chicken mesh of different volume fractions as reinforcement in thin ferrocement laminates. The following variables were investigated: (a) volume fraction of chicken mesh as 0.94%, 1.88%, 2.82%, and 3.77% and (b) level of steel slag substitution from 0% to 50% by weight fine aggregate. Results show that ferrocement laminates with chicken mesh of volume fractions of 3.77% and 30% substitution of fine aggregate with steel slag display better performance in terms of load deflection behaviour, first crack load, ultimate load, energy absorption, and ductility ratio when related with other specimens. An analytical model has been proposed to predict the ultimate moment carrying capacity of ferrocement laminates under flexure to validate the experimental results.

An experimental investigation to substitute copper slag in concrete with Beas river fine aggregate

Present research shows the results of concrete mechanical and durability characteristic containing Copper Slag (CS) substituted with Fine Aggregates (FA) of the Beas river in which FA substitution levels with CS were maintained at 0%, 20%, 40%, & 60%. With the upcoming results of compressive strength test & split tensile strength tests, mechanical properties were investigated, while on the grounds of the Initial Surface Absorption of water for a cube and water absorption values, durability properties were tested. The Best results for mechanical and durability properties of the concrete were observed for 40% substitution of fine aggregates from the Beas river with Copper Slag (CS).

The influence of Metakaolin on the copper slag substituted concrete with the fine aggregate of Beas river

Shortage of natural aggregates boosts the usage of alternate materials, therefore for enhancing the characteristics of the concrete made by alternative materials the influence Metakaolin on the characteristics of concrete was investigated. The present analysis shows the consequences of Metakaolin on the mechanical and durability characteristics of Copper Slag (CS) concrete as a substitute for Beas river fine aggregates in which CS substitution levels were retained at 0%, 20%, 40%, & 60% and its characteristics were improved with Metakaolin (MK). We added MK to the mixes in which 40% & 60% were the substitution amounts. The effects of the mechanical characteristics were investigated based on the compressive strength and split tensile strength, while the durability characteristics were tested on the basis of initial surface water absorption for the cube and water absorption values. For the 40% substitution of fine aggregates with Copper Slag (CS) and 10% substitution of Metakaolin with Cement, the best results for mechanical and the attributes of the durability of the concrete were observed.

Shear behavior of exploiting recycled brick waste and steel slag as an alternative aggregate for concrete production

This research is mainly studied the effect of treated waste crushed brick and steel slag on the shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams. For that purpose, eight concrete beams with 1000 mm length, 150 mm height, and 125 mm width, and the transverse reinforcement spaces are constantly equal. The obtained crushed brick from building demolition wastes are incorporated in the concrete mixes at these percentages 0%, 13%, 26%, 39% and 52% as a replacement by the weight of coarse aggregate. Furthermore, the steel slag was merged in the beams at 0%, 11%, 22% and 33% as a replacement of fine aggregate to improve the strength characteristics. Samples underwent at four points bending test. In this test, the diagonal cracking load, ultimate shear strength have been evaluated to check the behavior of beam concrete with the two waste materials, and maximum deflection occurred at the mid-span of the beam. The determination of the influence of crushed brick and steel slag on the mechanical properties and the reinforced concrete beams was the target of this investigation. In addition, the outcome of this experiment has shown that at the first substitution (13%) of fine aggregate with treated crushed brick does not have a negative impact. The results show steel slag improved the samples in terms of mechanical properties and improved the shear behavior of crushed brick concrete beams comparable to control samples. The results show that the optimal ratio to be utilized for steel slag is 22% and in terms of crushed brick even after treatment still there is a reduction as compared to the control mixture.

The performance of high grade concrete (M60) with full and partial replacement of crushed sand by granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) in OPC&PPC concrete

It takes millions of years for manufactured sand (crushed sand) to exchange fine aggregates in the constructing enterprise to form once more over time. We can stability the biodiversity of the earth by way of changing the pleasant combination with the industrial by-product. It additionally decreases the environmental results of emissions by way of growing the use of manufacturing by-products in our building industry. In this context, we are conducting a find out about to affirm the feasibility of the usage of GBFS (Granulated Blast Furnace Slag) as a choice to manufactured sand in OPC and PPC concrete. This experimental lookup focuses on the investigation of the behaviour of the M60 grade of concrete through the whole and partial substitute of the fantastic combination via the GBFS. Blocks, cylinders and beams are examined for compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength, respectively, after 7 days and 28 days of curing. As some distance as toughness is concerned. In the existing find out about the fine-aggregate substitution proportion by means of GBFS is 50%, and 100%. If the entire and partial GBFS check outcomes are in contrast with one hundred percent sand damaged into the concrete, the mechanical traits are proven to amplify the proportion of GBFS.

Use of marble slurry powder and fly ash to obtain sustainable concrete

Abstract Marble production is increasing with the increase in demand. Production of marble includes many steps from mining to finished product. While processing of marble stone, a huge quantity of waste generates in the various forms such as boulders, pebbles, grits, fines and slurry. In the absence of proper disposal plan, these wastes are dumped on forest land, roadsides etc. which results in deterioration of ecosystem of the nearby area. The marble slurry produced from the processing of marble has finer particle size which is airborne. It causes respiratory and eye infections to the human being. Also, fly ash is considered as waste byproduct generated from thermal power plants. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of these industrial waste materials as replacement of conventional materials in concrete. In this study, 1 control mix and 4 mixes with replacements were prepared and investigated for workability, fresh density, flexural strength and DIN water permeability of prepared mixes. The result specifies that inclusion of fly ash as 35% cement replacement enhanced the fresh properties whereas admixture dosage was increased to get required workability in case of fine aggregate replacement by marble slurry powder (MSP). Fresh density increased on substitution of fine aggregate by marble slurry powder. The flexural strength was optimum for the control mix. The minimum water penetration depth was recorded for 20% fine aggregate replacement by marble slurry powder. The result indicated that the inclusion of marble slurry powder and fly ash may be used as partial substitution of fine aggregate and cement.