Financial Abuse Research Articles

Are Racial Groups Associated with Recurrence of Adult Protective Services?

Little is known about the recurrence differences among diverse race/ethnic groups in the Adult Protective Services (APS). This mixed methods triangulation design study used data from both administrative databases and interview/focus groups with APS social workers to explore whether race/ethnic groups are associated with different recurrence in APS. The recurrence rate of APS was 21.4% in the sample of 4,426 clients in a county of California. Results from the multiple logistic regression showed that Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders were less likely to have one or more APS reports and investigations within the 12-month follow-up after the case closure of the initial APS investigation when compared with Hispanic Americans. No statistically significant results were found among other racial/ethnic groups. Some co-variates were also found to be associated with the recurrence including marital status, risk level, financial abuse, and self-neglect. Qualitative results provided some support to the main findings from the quantitative analysis results. Both quantitative and qualitative analytical approaches intimated that racial/ethnic differences might not be a prominent factor leading to different APS recurrence. The limitations of this article indicate that there is a need for additional studies to further examine the influence of race/ethnicity on APS recurrence.

DIGITAL DANGERS: TECHNOLOGY-FACILITATED ABUSE AMONG ADULTS AGE 50+

Abstract Older adults (age 50+ years) are adopting new technologies to increase their independence, prevent social isolation, and help them to age in place. However, digitalization introduces new risks for technology-facilitated abuse (TFA). TFA is any form of online abuse including threats, identity theft, financial fraud, among other forms of victimization. Limited research has explored TFA in general population samples among older adults in the U.S. With support from the U.S. Department of Justice, NORC at the University of Chicago conducted a survey of TFA experiences in a nationally representative sample of n=1,011 U.S. adults aged 50 years and older. Latent class analyses were applied to understand the pattern of older adults’ exposure to ten different forms of TFA, resulting in three classes distinguished by the number of different forms of TFA experienced. This session describes findings from the study, such as socio-economic characteristics associated with TFA profiles, the respondents’ relationship to the perpetrator, behaviors taken in response to TFA, and resulting harms. Among key findings are that six in 10 community-dwelling adults age 50+ have experienced at least one form of TFA in their lifetime. The most common forms of TFA experienced were financial abuses and identity theft. Different demographic groups of older adults experienced different victimization patterns. For example, those who identify as LGBQA were at a much higher risk of experiencing TFA. This session concludes with research and education opportunities for preventing TFA across multiple levels among older adults.

ENHANCING CAPACITY OF SERVICE PROFESSIONALS TO PREVENT FINANCIAL EXPLOITATION IN RURAL OLDER ADULTS WITH DEMENTIA

Abstract Cognitive impairment renders older adults more vulnerable to financial exploitation (i.e., financial abuse committed by family members, or someone known to victims, and financial fraud committed by strangers). This study developed and tested the efficacy of a community-based financial exploitation prevention model for older adults living with dementia in rural Michigan. Guided by the routine activity theory, we chose to address external risk factors for financial abuse and fraud by focusing on service professionals (i.e., social and health care providers) who are at stake for identifying and reporting abuse. Using a randomized control design, we assigned 52 service professionals in intervention groups that received training on dementia and financial exploitation and available community resources, and 39 in control groups that received community resources only. Participants were assessed at baseline and 3 months following the intervention, while 26 dropped out at 3-month follow-up. Linear mixed modeling (LMM) was used to examine time and group effects in dementia literacy, understanding of financial exploitation, and competence in handling financial exploitation. Both groups reported an increase in their knowledge of dementia and their competence of handing financial exploitation cases. Moreover, those in the intervention groups reported more understanding of risk factors for financial abuse committed by family members. Community service agencies comprise a strong safety network for vulnerable older adults at risk for financial exploitation. Policies and practice need to be in place to sustain the coordinated efforts among community service agencies and adult protective services to prevent financial exploitation.

Financial Market Abuse and Irregularities as Legal Risk Factors in the Activity of Insurance Intermediaries in Poland. Part II

This two-part study aims at identifying occurrences related to market abuse and irregularities in the financial services sector and their impact on the operation of insurance intermediaries in Poland. While analyzing Polish and foreign literature as well as reports published by financial market institutions, the author discusses various examples of such incidents, which are not only characteristic of domestic market practice, in order to identify the sources of legal risk. Furthermore, he indicates the threats which influence the operation of insurance intermediation entities, which results in the necessity to establish and implement appropriate legal risk management processes. Part II of the article is devoted to such risk factors as: unfair market practices, practices infringing collective consumer interests and/or insurance offences.

TEMPORARY ACCOUNT HOLDS TO PROTECT VULNERABLE ADULTS AT RISK OF FINANCIAL EXPLOITATION

Abstract Elder financial exploitation presents a serious challenge to law enforcement and adult protective services (APS) agencies working to prevent losses. The goal of this project is to understand case characteristics associated with a new adult protection law in Minnesota–Chapter 45A–that authorizes temporary holds of suspicious transactions and withdrawal requests for up to 5 weeks to protect older and vulnerable adults experiencing exploitation. Most states have recently passed similar laws, but none have systematically collected data on when temporary holds are applied and for whom, what investigation takes place, and how interventions impact vulnerable and older adults’ financial safety. Analyzing administrative data on Chapter 45A, we found that 286 financial exploitation cases were referred for investigation and temporary holds in 2022 (mean= 23 cases per month) with approximately $3M in funds at risk of further losses. Temporary holds were implemented in 25% of the referred cases. More than 2/3rds of Chapter 45A cases involved fraud perpetrated by strangers compared to fewer cases of financial abuse by friends and family. There is substantial under-reporting of cases involving Black, Hispanic, American Indian, Asian/Asian Pacific Islander, and immigrant older and vulnerable adults relative to the size of these groups in Minnesota. More research is needed to determine why minority clients are not receiving equal access to Chapter 45A intervention, and how to remedy these disparities in case referrals. Greater outreach and education may help improve knowledge of the Chapter 45A reporting processes among financial institutions, law enforcement, and APS agencies that serve these populations.

The relationship between social support and dimensions of elder maltreatment: a systematic review and Meta-analysis

Introduction and aimsMany studies have investigated the relationship between social support and the prevention of elder abuse; however, their results are somehow inconsistent in terms of the association. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the published studies on the relationship between social support and the prevention of elder maltreatment.Materials and methodsAn electronic search was conducted until January 2023, using such databases as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The present research included cross-sectional, longitudinal, and case-control studies. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were conducted by two researchers independently. The Newcastle-Ottawa checklist was utilized to evaluate the quality of studies. The random effects model was employed to perform a meta-analysis.ResultsIn total, 32 studies were included in this systematic review, out of which 26 articles were eligible for meta-analysis. The results showed that 68.75% of the studies were of high quality, and there is a significant relationship between social support and elder maltreatment. Accordingly, the lack of social support increased overall maltreatment (odds ratio: 1.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.16–1.33; I2 = 92.3%, p = 0.000)). Moreover, lack of social support had an increasing effect on the level of psychological abuse (1.55, 1.18–2.04; 88.7%, p = 0.000), physical abuse (1.31, 0.42–4.11; 76.3%, p = 0.005), and neglect (2.02, 0.86–4.72; 87.9%, p = 0.000), which shows heterogeneities among the results of the included studies. On the contrary, the lack of social support showed a decreasing effect on financial abuse (0.92, 0.70–1.21; 62.1%, p = 0.022).ConclusionThis systematic review provides evidence that social support in the form of structural or functional support may plays an important role in improving the quality of life of the elderly.

Experiences of intimate partner violence victims: Continued abuses during and after litigation

This quantitative study examined the experiences of intimate partner violence victims during and after separation, with a particular focus on experiences with family court proceedings. Participants were recruited from a family court advocacy agency and self-identified as victims of intimate partner violence. This study explored the following three hypotheses: 1) Participants will report an increase in harassment, stalking, verbal, psychological, and emotional abuse from ex-partners post-separation 2) Participants will report re-traumatization from legal professionals and paraprofessionals in the family law or court system 3) Participants will report that behaviors associated with litigation abuse will go unrecognized by the family court system and legal professionals. Participants reported a post-separation increase in incidents of physical harm toward their children, threats to take their children away, threats to the survivor, their children, family, property, or pets, financial abuse, and insulting or threatening texts or social media messages. Many participants reported re-traumatization in court and reported that legal professionals verbally threatened them, mocked them, did not give them a chance to speak in court, exaggerated the survivor’s faults in court, and provoked them to elicit emotional reactions. Domestic violence survivors indicated a lack of trust in the systems in place to protect them. Systems-level changes to legal proceedings and expanded training for legal professionals is needed.

Review Article : Economic abuse as a form of intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan Africa: A review of the literature

Background: Economic abuse (EA) is a form of intimate partner violence (IPV) whereby one partner controls the ability of the other to acquire, use and maintain economic resources. It is significant because economic concerns are a major reason survivors remain in abusive relationships, as they lack the means to cater for themselves and their children if they leave.Aim: This paper reviews the literature on measurement, prevalence, and response to EA within the context of IPV in sub-Saharan Africa.Method: A comprehensive desk-based review was conducted between November 2020 and February 2022. Google, Google Scholar, Pubmed, ResearchGate, Web of Science, and Science Direct were searched using relevant keywords such as IPV, EA, domestic violence and financial abuse. Full-text publications of quantitative and qualitative studies written in English were included.Findings: Various measurement scales for EA have been created, revised, and adapted over the years with some being more inclusive. The prevalence of EA in sub-Saharan Africa varied across countries, and no context- specific measurement scale is available for the region. Economic abuse was found to be the form of IPV with the least legislative response and often absent from plans of action on violence against women.Conclusion: This review buttresses the need to develop measurement scales for EA specific to sub-Saharan Africa to properly assess the regional prevalence. There is also a need to heighten awareness of EA to promote recognition and appropriate response.

A Close Study on Domestic Violence Against Women: Islamic Perspectives and Remedies

Women empowerment refers to the process of giving women the power to take control of their lives, rights, and decision-making. It is about creating a society where women are treated equally, with respect, and have access to the same opportunities as men. It involves promoting women's education, encouraging their participation in politics, and breaking down gender stereotypes. However, prevailing information of domestic violence against women is rampant in many places around the world. Domestic violence is a form of abuse that can occur in any intimate relationship. It can take many forms, including physical, emotional, sexual, and financial abuse. It is crucial to protect individuals from domestic violence, especially women, who are most often the victims of this type of abuse. Islam recognizes the rights of women and emphasizes their equality with men. Women have the right to own property, inherit, and engage in business. The religion also promotes modesty and respect for women, including the obligation to protect them from harm. As well as Islam addresses domestic violence through teachings of respect, communication, patience, and consent between spouses. It prohibits harm, emphasizes gender equality, and encourages seeking guidance from knowledgeable sources and family support. By promoting these principles, Islam aims to prevent domestic violence, foster healthy relationships, and ensure the well-being and dignity of all family members. The United Nations has recognized the severity of this issue and has implemented various initiatives to combat domestic violence. We must all work together to ensure that everyone is safe and free from abuse in their own homes. Their motto for this effort is "Women's Rights are Human Rights," which was famously declared by Hillary Clinton during her speech at the 1995 United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China. The UN has since adopted this statement as a guiding principle for their gender equality and women's empowerment efforts worldwide. It is essential to emphasize the role of education and communication in protecting women from domestic violence. By educating individuals on what constitutes abuse and how to recognize the signs, we can empower them to take action and seek help. Additionally, open and honest communication between partners can prevent misunderstandings and potential conflicts that may escalate into violence. We must continue to prioritize education and communication as solutions to combat domestic violence and ensure the safety and well-being of all individuals, particularly women. The qualitative research methodology is applied in this research and the article will be published in an index journal at the earliest.

The Genesis of Opposition and Responsibility for Financial Abuses in Foreign Economic Activity

These recommendations are part of what is obviously a much broader and more comprehensive agenda for the continued strengthening of efforts to combat organized crime and corruption in Ukraine. Nevertheless, they represent a carefully considered set of priorities that promise to overcome continued deficiencies while also building on the progress that Ukraine has already made in what will continue to be an enormously tough endeavor. It is as well to keep in mind that the fight against organized crime is typically characterized as much by setbacks as by success, as much by failure and disappointment as triumph and acclaim. Organized crime is like a constantly mutating virus DOI: 10.32370/IA_2023_12_3 that out-maneuvers all efforts to destroy it. If it can be isolated and quarantined and then harm can be limited. Yet even this modest objective is one that is enormously difficult to attain. The initiatives suggested here are certainly no guarantee of success even in harm reduction. Yet without such measures, the only certainty is failure - and the eventual emergence of Ukraine as a state and economy captured and dominated by organized crime. The implementation of a strategy that is comprehensive in scope while highly selective in its targets and priorities offers at least some hope that such an outcome can be avoided.

The association between intimate partner violence type and mental health in migrant women living in Spain: findings from a cross-sectional study.

The association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and mental health has been clearly established in the literature, however the differential associations between IPV type and mental health are less well understood, particularly in migrant groups who are at increased risk of both IPV and poor mental health. Under-studied and emerging forms of violence such as economic abuse and technology-facilitated abuse must be considered alongside more traditionally studied forms of IPV in order to fully understand the complex nature of violence. This study makes a novel contribution to the literature by assessing multiple forms of IPV including psychological, physical, sexual, economic and technology-facilitated IPV and their relationship with symptoms of depression and anxiety in migrant women, disaggregated by IPV type. A cross-sectional survey of migrant women living in the Valencian Community of Spain was conducted, to assess experiences of IPV and symptoms of mental health. Regression analysis from the Bayesian perspective was performed. 1,998 women accessed the survey. They had an average age of 37, and came predominantly from Europe (49%), namely Western Europe, followed by Latin America (38%). The majority had been in Spain between 1 and 3 years, and 80% had resident status. A total of 1,156 responded to questions on violence and mental health. Results showed that the prevalence of IPV was high, with 59% of women reporting any experience of violence. Economic abuse was the most commonly reported form of violence, and showed the strongest relationship with symptoms of depression. Sexual violence was the strongest predictor of anxiety. In both cases, in the presence of violence, the odds of having more severe symptoms of depression and anxiety increases by over 2.25. Technology-facilitated abuse was as detrimental to women's mental health as face-to-face violence. The findings from the study are relevant to researchers, policy-makers and service providers. They highlight the complex nature of IPV experiences faced by migrant women and the importance of understanding how different types of IPV can impact migrant mental health, in order to ensure survivors receive adequate care.

The Development of the Stock Exchanges in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Qatar from a Legal Perspective

Objective: The objective of the article is to trace the historical development of laws relating to trading in securities in countries whose legal system is based on Shariah law and Islamic law principles. Countries such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Qatar base their legal systems on Shariah law but have had to develop their financial markets and stock exchanges in a way that attracts foreign investors and stimulates economic growth. This article sets out how the various legal systems have developed in response to differing circumstances in each country.
 
 Method: The authors used a study-analysis method in preparing this article. The article is styled as a historical research paper based on the extensive research and expert opinion of the authors. For the theoretical framework the authors used a comparative legal analysis of the laws enacted by different countries to highlight the different approaches taken in response to financial scandals and abuses. It will show that despite having a common legal framework based on Shariah law, each country has developed at its own pace and in response to its own circumstances.
 
 Result: The article highlights the different approaches taken by different countries when enacting laws regulating financial markets and stock exchanges, even though they are based on Shariah law and Islamic legal principles. The article highlights the value of Islamic Law in some instances but also shows that there is no one-size-fits-all approach that can be taken. This article addresses the problems associated with a lack of regulation of financial markets and rapid growth in economic activity in the GCC countries, and how lawmakers have responded to these challenges.
 
 Conclusion: The article is unique in its study of various modern laws enacted by countries that apply Sharia law. This article sets out how legal systems based on Shariah law can still develop efficient financial markets and stock exchanges but highlights how the lack of regulation can lead to abuse and financial scandals.

FACTORS AFFECTING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN CABANATUAN CITY

This study aimed to examine the factors affecting violence against women in Cabanatuan City, Philippines. The research questions focused on identifying common crimes/violence/abuse committed against women and exploring the factors influencing such violence. A descriptive research design was employed, gathering quantifiable information through data analysis. The study was conducted in selected barangays in Cabanatuan City, namely Sumacab Este, Bagong Sikat, and Bakero, which had a high number of reported cases of violence against women. The participants included barangay officials and barangay tanods. The findings revealed numerous forms of violence and abuse against women, such as physical violence, sexual violence, economic abuse, emotional abuse, and psychological abuse. These forms of violence stem from gender-based inequality and power imbalances, resulting in significant physical, emotional, and psychological harm to women. The study also highlighted low levels of womens access to paid employment, indicating gender disparities in the workforce due to discrimination, limited job opportunities, unequal pay, and inadequate support for work-life balance. These inequalities hinder womens economic independence and overall empowerment, contributing to gender-based economic disparities. Additionally, the study identified limited access to education among women, emphasizing an educational gap that restricts personal and professional development, limits socio-economic opportunities, and perpetuates gender inequality. The study accentuates the urgent need for interventions and policies to address violence against women and promote gender equality in Cabanatuan City. Efforts should focus on raising awareness about the various forms of violence, implementing measures to protect women, promoting economic opportunities for women, and ensuring equal access to education. By addressing these factors, the study aims to contribute to the creation of a safer and more equitable society for women in Cabanatuan City and beyond. KEYWORDS: Factors, Violence against women, Cabanatuan City, Abused against Women

Sexual Orientation and Risk for Elder Abuse: Findings from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging

This study addresses knowledge gaps concerning prevalence and risk factors for elder abuse among sexual minority (SM) compared to heterosexual Canadians aged 65+. Data derive from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, a national cohort study. Outcome variables include self-reports of psychological, physical, or financial abuse in the 12 months before interview and overall. Main explanatory variables are sexual orientation and gender identity; covariates include other socio-demographic characteristics, general and mental health. Overall prevalence of elder abuse was 10.0% among heterosexual and 12.0% among SM participants, with highest prevalence (18.1%) among SM females. The most common subtype was psychological abuse (8.8%), with highest prevalence among SM females (15.5%) followed by financial (1.4%), also with highest prevalence among SM females (7.0%). Physical abuse was least common (1.3%), with highest prevalence (2.4%) among SM males. Bivariate associations showed higher odds of experiencing psychological, financial and overall abuse among SM compared to heterosexual individuals (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.41, 3.33 and 1.53, respectively), however within multivariable logistic regression models, sexual orientation was a significant predictor only for financial abuse (OR = 2.62). Our study is among the first to determine prevalence of elder abuse among SM older adults, and examine the interplay of gender identity and sexual orientation with other risk factors. Findings suggest divergent risk across gender and sexual orientation groups and abuse subtypes. Implications include addressing gaps in reporting and need to build capacity and agency for prevention and action, especially among SM females.

Older people's experiences of elder abuse in residential care settings: A scoping review.

Elder abuse is a global human rights issue, particularly in residential care settings where there is limited understanding of older people's experiences of this phenomenon. This scoping review aims to map and describe the existing literature on this phenomenon. Using Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review methodology, further developed by Levac etal. and the Joanna Briggs Institute, a systematic search of six databases was conducted to identify relevant studies published from inception to January 2023. Studies were included if they focused on older people's experience of abuse within residential care settings. A comprehensive data extraction process was employed to identify key themes from the included studies. The initial search yielded a total of 3701 articles of which eight met the inclusion criteria. The findings revealed a range of abusive experiences encountered by older people living in residential care settings, including psychological, physical, financial, neglect and sexual abuse. The common attributes of residents vulnerable to abuse were evident throughout each of the studies. Finally, the theme of organizational neglect was apparent through the absence of effective safeguarding measures in the included studies. The findings revealed the insufficient implementation of safeguarding measures increases the risk of abuse among residents. This scoping review highlights the limited research on the experiences of older people who have encountered elder abuse in residential care settings. The findings stress the need for further research exploring the complex interplay of factors contributing to elder abuse within aged care settings. The insights gained from this scoping review can inform the development of comprehensive safeguarding strategies to prevent and address elder abuse in residential care settings, promoting the well-being and safety of older people. This project is a scoping review of the literature; therefore, no patient or public contribution was deemed necessary. Most research on elder abuse has been conducted in the community rather than in Residential Care Settings where there is a limited understanding of older people's experiences of abuse within the published literature. The scoping review highlights the presence of inadequate safeguarding strategies in Residential Care Settings within the reviewed studies, providing recommendations for developing and improving safeguarding measures in Residential Care Settings to prevent abuse, neglect, and harm in the future.

Ethnic-specific prevalence rates of intimate partner violence against women in New Zealand

ObjectiveThis study presents age-standardised ethnic-specific prevalence rates of intimate partner violence against women in New Zealand, by physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence, psychological intimate partner violence, controlling behaviours and economic abuse. MethodsData are from 1,431 ever-partnered women in the representative and cross-sectional He Koiora Matapopore, the 2019 New Zealand Family Violence Study. ResultsHigh lifetime prevalence of intimate partner violence is present across all ethnic groups in NZ, with over half of all women reporting any intimate partner violence (55.8%). Substantial ethnic disparities exist in intimate partner violence rates, with Māori women reporting the highest prevalence of intimate partner violence (64.6%), followed by NZ European women (61.6%). ConclusionsIntimate partner violence prevention and intervention services are needed at the population-level, and services must be culturally responsive and attuned to the needs of communities that bear the greatest burden. Implications for Public HealthEthnic differences in intimate partner violence prevalence likely contribute to health disparities at the population-level, reinforcing calls for prevention and necessitating healthcare systems to be culturally informed and mobilised to address intimate partner violence as a priority health issue.

Managing Money: A Caregiver’s Guide to Finances: A Pragmatic and Scalable Evidence‐Based Program for Caregivers

AbstractBackgroundFew programs have been developed that address the financial needs of caregivers. The following presentation discusses the development of an innovative 60‐minute interactive online program led by community educators.MethodContent includes a) Introduction to the Costs of Caregiving, b) Implications of Alzheimer’s disease, c) Benefits of Early Planning, d) Avoiding Financial Abuse and Fraud, e) Conversations about Finances, Assessing Financial and Legal Needs, and f) Finding Financial Support. A randomized controlled trial was used to examine efficacy with n = 164 participants assigned to the program condition and n = 158 participants assigned to the waitlist condition. Surveys were completed at a) Time 1 (baseline); b) Time 2 (after program completion); c) Time 3 (30 days after program completion); d) Time 4 (60 days after program completion); and e) Time 5 (90 days after program completion). Program participants also completed acceptability questions.ResultParticipants on average were 54 years old (SD = 15.34) with the majority female (80.4%), Caucasian (73.3%), and married (68.9%). Most participants worked part‐ or full‐time (54.9%), had a bachelor’s or post/professional degree (71.8%), and had yearly incomes of $50,000 or more (55.9%). Participants primarily provided care to a parent/in‐law (45%) or a spouse/partner (34.2%). Significant group differences between the program and the control conditions were found for the following outcomes: Perceived Knowledge (F(1, 174) = 4.54, p = .04); Financial Unmet Needs (F(1, 176) = 16.16, p = .01); Financial Unmet Needs Distress (F(1, 176) = 15.42, p = .01); Financial Self‐Efficacy (F(1, 174) = 6.19, p = .01); Financial Behavioral Intentions (F(1, 172) = 8.02, p = .01); and Financial Behavioral Actions (F(1, 172) = 13.05, p = .01). Post‐hoc analyses indicated short‐ and long‐term impacts that will be further discussed. In terms of acceptability, participants rated the program as highly acceptable, with 82.8% to 91.9% of participants rating each statement as ‘agree’ or ‘strongly agree’ and 91.9% of participants indicated they would ‘very likely’ recommend the program.ConclusionDiscussion highlights key features thought to contribute to the successful evidence‐based program including how to develop pragmatic and scalable programs and alignment of measures with program content and dose.

Marital violence in the focus of sociological research

The article analyzes the phenomenon of marital violence. The empirical object of the study is the population of the Republic of Mordovia. The purpose of the study is to assess the current situation and identify the main factors and causes of domestic violence against spouses. The authors consider the types and forms of marital violence, the level and frequency of abuse, and the determinants of family violence. As part of the sociological research, a survey of residents aged 18 and older was conducted. The sample size was 384 people, the representative features were gender, age, place of residence. The gender and age structure of the respondents corresponds to the structure of the region's population. A quantitative method was used as a tool for collecting primary information — an individual face-to-face interview at the respondent's place of residence using a paper questionnaire (PAPI) and a CAWI survey using an interactive questionnaire in the proportion of 30 to 70 %, respectively. It was revealed that more than half of the residents have not experienced domestic violence and categorically deny spousal violence, considering it unacceptable and unacceptable. It is determined marital violence in most cases manifests itself in various forms of mental violence: withholding, verbal aggression, aggressive dominant behavior, manifested in a ban on communication with friends or girlfriends. Economic abuse manifests itself in the infringement of the opportunity to purchase clothes, food and have personal running expenses. Physical and sexual violence is less common between spouses and partners. Based on the study, it was found that marital violence is caused by subjective factors (family interaction practices, financial status, and alcohol consumption) that contribute to the reproduction and spread of abuse

Identify the Prevalence and Types of Elder Abuse among Elderly in Selected Community

Background: In old age, an individual experiences a decline in physical and mental activity. There is also a gradual shift in economic status moving from economic independence to economic dependence. The elderly constitutes nearly 8.25 per cent of India’s population (Census of India, 2011). Problem statement: “A Study to Identify the Prevalence and types Of elder abuse Among Elderly In Selected Rural Community Of Bardoli, Gujarat. Objectives: 1) To identify prevalence and types of elder abuse among elderly.2) To find out the association between types of elder abuse with their selected socio demographic variables. Methodology: A Quantitative approach and descriptive survey design was used to conduct the study. A total number of 100 elderly persons were selected by using convenient sampling technique and Modified Carney and Kahan on elder abuse standardized tool of were used for assessment. Data were collected at selected village under Sarbhon PHC Bardoli. Results: The result of the study reveals that, majority of Elderly 78 (78%) had mild elder abuse and 22(22%) had moderate elder abuse. Where as in types of elder abuse majority of Elderly had 98 (98%) Neglect by others; 76 (76%) had emotional abuse, 21 (21%) had financial abuse and 15(15%) had physical abuse. There is association between financial dependency and of elder abuse with their selected socio demographic variables. Rest of all socio demographic variables there is no association. Conclusions: The result of the study reveals that, majority of Elderly 78 (78%) had mild elder abuse and 22(22%) had moderate elder abuse. Hence it concludes that in India the elder abuse rates are still high as compare to global statistics. So there is important need to educate and aware the elderly person knowledge and prevent the elder abuse.

Different Types of Intimate Partner Violence Among Latinx Women: A Call for Expanded Measurement, Screening, and Safety Planning.

Despite increased attention on intimate partner violence (IPV) among Latinx women in the United States, measurement often overlooks economic abuse, reproductive coercion, institution-related threats, and technology-facilitated abuse. Using a broad range of measures, this paper examines prevalence and correlations between different types of IPV among a sample of 38 Latinx women enrolled into a pilot study. Results indicate consistently high prevalence of IPV types and significant correlations between several types of abuse (including sexual abuse, technology-facilitated abuse, and institution-related threats). Findings emphasize the need for comprehensive IPV measurement, screening, expanded safety planning, and research on the impact of these types of abuse.