Final Form Research Articles

Graphic Design and the Role of Motion Graphics in Enriching and Promoting Tourism Advertising

Objectives: The study aims to introduce the challenges faced by the reality of designing animated illustrations in advertising for tourism promotion in the Arab world. It explores the interest in designing animated illustrations in the Arab world and the challenges it faces, while seeking positive solutions capable of advancing the design and development of animated illustrations in the region.
 Methods: This study utilizes a descriptive analytical approach, chosen for its suitability in achieving the study's objectives.
 Results: The motion graphic industry is complex, requiring careful planning and decision-making on both the economic and technical fronts. It emphasizes the significance of graphic design and its role in motion graphic design, showcasing destinations in a captivating manner that sparks the tourists' desire to experience them in person. The study identifies the various steps involved in motion graphic design, including script writing, storyboarding, graphics, animation, and the creation of scenes for designing animated illustrations in tourism advertising. Furthermore, it focuses on processing these illustrations and presenting them in their final form.
 Conclusions: The study highlights the necessity for designers to be proficient in all design programs, stay updated with their advancements, and be familiar with their utilization to accurately accomplish their work and enhance the quality of motion graphics design..

Проверка валидности и психометрические показатели окончательной формы опросника «Прогноз-3» при тренажёрной подготовке

Introduction. Validity checks and psychometric indicators of the final form of the questionnaire «Prognoz-3» for pilot simulator training (its corrected form) are used in professional selection for flight positions of pilots, which demonstrated sufficient discrimination on key and non-key answers when implementing the study in practical activities.
 The purpose of the study: to develop a specific questionnaire and confirm the main hypothesis that the analysis of the value system allows to create questionnaires that have higher psychometric indicators than traditional ones.
 The task: to check the psychometric indicators and validity of the measuring construct developed on the basis of the reconstruction of the semantic space, which confirmthe expected result: higher characteristics than the questionnaire measuring the same construct, but created without special analysis of meanings.
 Research methods and design and technological solutions: the psychometric indicators of the questionnaire and the validity of the measuring construct developed on the basis of the reconstruction of its semantic space were studied and higher characteristics were confirmed in comparison with the questionnaire measuring the same construct without using a special analysis of meanings.
 The results and conclusions: the development of a specific questionnaire achieved the goal of the study and confirmed the main hypothesis that the analysis of the system of values allows creating questionnaires that have higher psychometric indicators compared to traditional ones.

A Nature Thing: What Does Contemporary Ecological Art Produce?

This article demonstrates that ecological art is a very specific art form that follows its own methods of creation and, consequently, of dealing with material and its definitions. This view of ecological art is directed by art theory factors and fundamental questions of art history. Therefore, the main question in discussions on material and the functions of art is that of what contemporary ecological art produces in terms of the concepts ‘natural’ and ‘nature-fair.’ By analysing the artists Thomas Dambo, Aviva Rahmani and Tomás Saraceno, this article finds that, compared to various artistic forms that deal with ecology and the environment, ecological art acts more in the physical reality of the environment and ecosystems. Subsequently, what ecological art is actually producing is ‘a nature thing’, meaning a concrete effect on or intervention in the environment with gestures of appropriation, regeneration and coexistence, being above all ‘art for nature.’ The article shows that, in ecological art, the linear relationship between material and artwork, in that the artist transforms the material to its final form, namely the artwork, is absent. In ecological art, the aim is an ongoing process in which material can have different facets: the material can be a mere auxiliary instrument, the art object itself can become material for something else and the material in general can be understood as an overarching aim and motive: nature.

Understanding the static rate dependence of early fracture behavior of cemented paste backfill using digital image correlation and acoustic emission techniques

In mining engineering practice, cemented paste backfill (CPB) are subjected to loads at different static rates, so it is crucial to clarify the mechanical evolution mechanism of CPBs at different static rates. This work aims to understand the early fracture evolution mechanism of the CPB at static rates. First, the CPB with different static rates were monitored in real-time using acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) techniques, and the effects of static rates on the CPB compressive strength as well as failure characteristics were analyzed; then, the intrinsic relationship between AE rise time/amplitude (RA) and average frequency (AF) was used to classify the crack types, and AE b-values and RA fractal dimensions were discussed for the crack evolution of the scale; finally, the strain field, displacement field, and dilation characteristics of the CPB were investigated. The results show that the increase in static rate increases the compressive strength of the CPB increase first and then decreases, and there is a critical loading rate effect. The final failure form of the specimen is transformed from tensile failure to tensile-shear composite failure with the increase of static rate. In addition, the growth of the loading rate will inhibit the formation of tensile cracks and promote the development and expansion of shear cracks. The trend of the AE b-value and the RA fractal dimension have a synergistic feature, which can be used as a sudden drop before and after the peak intensity as the failure precursor information of the CPB. The increased static rate will make the CPB reach the dilatancy state in advance, and the changing pattern of dilatancy stress synergizes with the peak strength. The study results provide a theoretical basis for evaluating the structural safety of the CPB.

Taking modern psychiatry into the metaverse: Integrating augmented, virtual, and mixed reality technologies into psychiatric care.

The landscape of psychiatry is ever evolving and has recently begun to be influenced more heavily by new technologies. One novel technology which may have particular application to psychiatry is the metaverse, a three-dimensional digital social platform accessed via augmented, virtual, and mixed reality (AR/VR/MR). The metaverse allows the interaction of users in a virtual world which can be measured and manipulated, posing at once exciting new possibilities and significant potential challenges and risks. While the final form of the nascent metaverse is not yet clear, the immersive simulation and holographic mixed reality-based worlds made possible by the metaverse have the potential to redefine neuropsychiatric care for both patients and their providers. While a number of applications for this technology can be envisioned, this article will focus on leveraging the metaverse in three specific domains: medical education, brain stimulation, and biofeedback. Within medical education, the metaverse could allow for more precise feedback to students performing patient interviews as well as the ability to more easily disseminate highly specialized technical skills, such as those used in advanced neurostimulation paradigms. Examples of potential applications in brain stimulation and biofeedback range from using AR to improve precision targeting of non-invasive neuromodulation modalities to more innovative practices, such as using physiological and behavioral measures derived from interactions in VR environments to directly inform and personalize treatment parameters for patients. Along with promising future applications, we also discuss ethical implications and data security concerns that arise when considering the introduction of the metaverse and related AR/VR technologies to psychiatric research and care.

Impact of Deep Learning Strategy in Mathematics Achievement and Practical Intelligence among High School Students

— To identify the effect of deep learning strategy on mathematics achievement and practical intelligence among secondary school students during the 2022/2023 academic year. In the research, the experimental research method with two groups (experimental and control) with a post-test were adopted. The research community is represented by the female students of the fifth scientific grade from the first Karkh Education Directorate. (61) female students were intentionally chosen, and they were divided into two groups: an experimental group (30) students who were taught according to the proposed strategy, and a control group (31) students who were taught according to the usual method. For the purpose of collecting data for the experiment, an achievement test was built, which is in its final form (25) test items and a practical intelligence test out of (20) test items of the objective type for both of them. Based on the findings, the students of the experimental group who studied according to deep learning strategies outperformed on those who by the traditional.

Level of Awareness of Faculty Members on Using Open Educational Resources in Jordanian Universities

The current study aims to investigate the level of awareness of faculty members on using open educational resources in Jordanian Universities. To achieve the aim of the study, the descriptive approach is used. The study sample consists of (390) faculty members in Jordanian universities, i.e. the University of Jordan, the Middle East University, Yarmouk University, Jerash University, Mutah University, and Aqaba University of Technology. Due to the nature of the study, a questionnaire instrument is developed, and its validity and reliability are verified. In its final electronic form, the questionnaire consisting of (29) items is distributed over (5) domains. The results show that the level of awareness of faculty members on using open educational resources in Jordanian Universities is of a medium level, where the domain of the importance of the open educational resources is ranked first, while the domain of the use of the open educational resources is ranked last. The study also shows that there are no statistically significant differences at the level (α ≤ 0.05) in the level of awareness of faculty members on using open educational resources in Jordanian universities according to the gender variable. Besides, the study shows that there is a relationship between the number of years of experience and the awareness of faculty members on using open educational resources in Jordanian universities according to the variable of the years of the experience, as the more years of experience are, the greater the awareness of using the open educational resources in universities. The study recommends encouraging public institutions and governments and the private sector to participate in the production of open educational resources and establish an OER platform where the entire teaching members in public and private universities in Jordan can participate.

THE EFFECT OF USING CAMP MODEL IN THE ACQUISITION OF THE STUDENTS AT THE DEPARTMENT OF QURAN SCIENCES AND ISLAMIC EDUCATION FOR THE SUBJECT THE TERMINOLOGY OF THE HONORABLE HADITH


 
 
 
 This research aimed at identifying "the effect of using Camp model in the acquisition of the students at the department of Quran Sciences and Islamic Education for the subject The Terminology of the Honorable Hadith".
 The sample of the study consisted of (138) first year male and female students at the department of Quran Sciences and Islamic Education, College of Education for Human Sciences, Mosul University. These students were deliberately selected from the research population ,The experimental group consisted of (66) students and it was studied based on Camp model, while the control group consisted of (72) students who studied the same subject in the ordinary method.
 To fulfill the objective and the hypothesis of the study, the researcher prepared a tool for measuring the acquisition from the objective tests which involve (the selection from multiple and the correct, and error essay tests with multiple answers. In its final form, the test included (30) paragraph that were distributed to the three sections in accordance with the levels of (knowledge, understanding and application) of the knowledge scope of Bloom's classification. The validity and invariability of the tool was accomplished, and the difficulty coefficient of the paragraphs difficulty and distinctiveness was found.
 After collecting the data and analyzing them using the T test for two separate samples, the results showed the following: 
 1- These is a statistically significant difference between the average acquisition of the experimental group and the control group in favor of the experimental group.
 
 
 
 
 In the lights of the research findings, the researcher submitted several recommendations and suggests some related studies.

Equivalence of quantum and classical third order response for weakly anharmonic coupled oscillators.

Two-dimensional (2D) infrared (IR) spectra are commonly interpreted using a quantum diagrammatic expansion that describes the changes to the density matrix of quantum systems in response to light-matter interactions. Although classical response functions (based on Newtonian dynamics) have shown promise in computational 2D IR modeling studies, a simple diagrammatic description has so far been lacking. Recently, we introduced a diagrammatic representation for the 2D IR response functions of a single, weakly anharmonic oscillator and showed that the classical and quantum 2D IR response functions for this system are identical. Here, we extend this result to systems with an arbitrary number of bilinearly coupled, weakly anharmonic oscillators. As in the single-oscillator case, quantum and classical response functions are found to be identical in the weakly anharmonic limit or, in experimental terms, when the anharmonicity is small relative to the optical linewidth. The final form of the weakly anharmonic response function is surprisingly simple and offers potential computational advantages for application to large, multi-oscillator systems.

Experimental analysis on thermophysical properties of clay found in geographical areas of India and their ability to cool water for semi-arid climate regions

The Thermo physical behaviour of soil is the fundamental behaviour and plays significant position in its “utilization” as “electrical and heat insulation”. However, numerous “researchers have studied” thermo-physical properties of soil. Still, the study on the relationship between soil's properties and its cooling effect through evaporation has not been investigated in detail. In this analysis, soil samples and earthen pots were collected from four states of India: Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. The performance parameters used to evaluate the cooling effect of the soil, and earthen pot samples are “water-holding capacity”, porosity, “thermal-conductivity”, texture, and particle and bulk density. The application of “high temperature” fluctuate the “internal microstructure” of clay/soil and subsequently disturbs its “physical and thermal properties”. The sand/clay is converted into an earthen pot by applying high temperatures in kilns. The pot samples collected are heated in kilns to bring them to the final form for the study. We are studying the properties after that treatment. In this paper, the impact of “firing temperature” (maximum 900°C) on the “thermo-physical properties” of earthen pots made up of soil of a similar kind as the soil samples collected and the impact of thermo-physical properties on the cooling of the earthen pots has been examined via experiments. The results specify that the “thermal conductivity” of soil/clay samples is less compared to earthen pot. The “porosity and water-holding capacity” of the soil are greater than earthen pots because pore space or pore volume has decreased due to the heating effect. From the experimental analysis, it was found that the soil of the Sohna location in Haryana state has a high water cooling capacity due to its high water-holding (49.28%) capacity and porosity (48.75%). The pot made out of clay, having higher porosity, and water-holding capacity, gives the maximum cooling temperature.

集束超音波中での気泡クラウド形成に関するマルチスケールシミュレーション

This study deals with a numerical simulation of the growth of bubble nuclei and the corresponding bubble cloud formation in a pressure field given by high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) backscattered from a laser-induced bubble interface. In the present paper, using a multiscale numerical method (Tamura et al., Japanese J. Multiphase Flow, 2022) in which the ghost fluid method is coupled with bubble dynamics, the growth of the bubble cloud which consists of multiple bubble layers is simulated continuously as observed in the experiments. It is shown that the distance between the first cavitation inception point and a laser-induced bubble interface is about 0.27λwhere λ is the wavelength of HIFU; the distance between bubble layers in the cloud is also about 0.35λ these distances in the simulation are in good agreement with the experiments. The influence of the configuration of bubble nuclei on the final form of a cone-shaped bubble cloud is investigated. It is also shown that the shape of each bubble layer, which depends on the initial configuration of bubble nuclei, affects the final formation of bubble clouds. This is because that the negative pressure due to the backscattering of HIFU is dependent on the shape of each bubble layer. The results also show that the averaged final shape of bubble clouds quantitively matches the results as observed in the experiment by Horiba et al. (J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 2020).

Psychological Security during Coronavirus Pandemic for a sample of University of Jeddah Students

Objectives: The study aimed to reveal the level of psychological security during Corona pandemic period for a sample of the University of Jeddah students.
 Methods: To achieve the goal of the study, a scale consisting of (33) items was constructed according to item response theory, specifically according to the rating scale model. The researcher used the following programs: (SPSS), (BIGSTEPS), and (BIOLOG-MG3) in analyzing the data of this scale, which was applied to a sample of (612) students from the University of Jeddah. During the first semester of the academic year (1441-1442 AH), corresponding to (2020-2021 AD), each of the following were estimated: psychological security scale parameters, the standard error of estimate, and items fitting to the rating scale model
 Results: In light of the results of model fitting, the psychological security scale consisted in its final form of (25) items. Also the results showed that the scale has good psychometric properties.
 Conclusion: Depending on the results, it becomes clear that the level of psychological security during the Corona pandemic was high among the students of the University of Jeddah.

Teachers’ Readiness to Implement STEM Education: Psychometric Properties of TRi-STEM Scale and Measurement Invariance across Individual Characteristics of Greek In-Service Teachers

The integration of STEM—Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics—education in the curricula has become a priority in contemporary education, where teachers have a decisive role. Thus, research has focused on teachers’ readiness for STEM education, where the prerequisite is to ensure valid measurements. In this study, we present the psychometric properties of the TRi-STEM scale, validated to measure teachers’ readiness in implementing STEM education. The proposed scale was based on questionnaires that appeared in the literature, and the final form was adopted and refined for Greek in-service teachers (N = 494), via exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. TRi-STEM comprises four dimensions: affective conditions (AC), cognitive conditions (CC), self-efficacy (SE), and STEM commitment (SC). The reliability measures of the four factors were AC (α = 0.972/ω = 0.972), CC (α = 0.976/ω = 0.976), SE (α = 0.934/ω = 0.935), and SC (α = 0.886/ω = 0.885), and confirmatory factor analysis showed a satisfactory fit [χ2(249) = 981.287, p < 0.001, TLI = 0.942, CFI = 0.948, GFI = 0.993, NNFI = 0.942, RMSEA = 0.078 (0.073–0.083), and SRMR = 0.062]. In addition, measurement invariance was carried out for gender, age, years of service, school level, and university degrees. The TRi-STEM scale is an essential and applicable tool to ensure validity in educational research and support further hypotheses testing.

Legendre–Teege Quadratic Reciprocity

Legendre published the first attempted proof of the law of Quadratic Reciprocity. In its final form (1797), however, it had a gap in the form of an unproven hypothesis. Some 125 years later, Herman Teege published the first rigorous proof of that hypothesis. Then, 48 years later, Kenneth Rogers published a second (but implicit) proof. These proofs elevated Legendre’s attempt to the list of complete proofs. No detailed exposition of these proofs appears in the literature. Our paper fills that gap.

Effect of Process Parameters, Protectants and Carrier Materials on the Survival of Yeast Cells during Fluidized Bed Granulation for Tableting.

The administration of living microorganisms is of special interest, with regard to probiotic microorganisms providing health benefits to the patient. Effective dosage forms require the preservation of microbial viability until administration. Storage stability can be improved by drying, and the tablet is an especially attractive final solid dosage form due to its ease of administration and its good patient compliance. In this study, drying of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae via fluidized bed spray granulation is investigated, as the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii is a variety of it. Fluidized bed granulation enables faster drying than lyophilization on the one hand and lower temperatures than spray drying on the other hand, which are the two predominantly used techniques for life-sustaining drying of microorganisms. Yeast cell suspensions enriched with protective additives were sprayed onto the carrier particles of common tableting excipients, namely, dicalcium phosphate (DCP), lactose (LAC) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Different protectants, such as mono-, di-, oligo- and polysaccharides, but also skimmed milk powder and one alditol, were tested; as they themselves, or chemically similar molecules, are known from other drying technologies to stabilize biological structures such as cell membranes, and thus, improve survival during dehydration. With the combined use of trehalose and skimmed milk powder, survival rates were 300 times higher than without the use of protective additives. In addition to these formulation aspects, the influence of process parameters such as inlet temperature and spray rate were considered. The granulated products were characterized regarding their particle size distribution, moisture content and the viability of the yeast cells. It has been shown that thermal stress on the microorganisms is especially critical, which can be reduced, for example, by reducing the inlet temperature or increasing the spray rate; however, formulation parameters such as cell concentration also influenced survival. The results were used to specify the influencing factors on the survival of microorganisms during fluidized bed granulation and to derive their linkages. Granules based on the three different carrier materials were tableted and the survival of the microorganisms was evaluated and linked to the tablet tensile strength achieved. Using LAC enabled the highest survival of the microorganisms throughout the considered process chain.

Change management and its role in institutional sports excellence in the forums of the Ministry of Youth and Sports in Nineveh from the viewpoint of its employees

- Constructing a measure of change management for the forums of the Ministry of Youth and Sports in Nineveh Governorate from the point of view of its employees. _ Recognizing the role of change management in the institutional excellence of the Directorate of Youth and Sports in Nineveh Governorate. The third chapter included the basic research procedures, and the scientific steps were followed to build the change management scale. The descriptive approach was used for its suitability and the nature of the research. The research sample included workers in the forums of the Ministry of Youth and Sports in Nineveh Governorate, whose number is (110) and they represent (60.69%) of the total research community. The researchers used the questionnaire as an appropriate means for collecting information from the research sample. The researchers used the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and percentage as appropriate statistical means. The researchers reached the following: _ Constructing the measure of change management from the point of view of workers in the Ministry of Youth and Sports in Nineveh Governorate from the point of view of members of the administrative bodies in its final form, and it consists of (38) paragraphs. The researchers recommend the following: Applying the change management scale to the rest of the sports institutions.

Guerre by Louis-Ferdinand Céline, and: Londres by Louis-Ferdinand Céline

Reviewed by: Guerre by Louis-Ferdinand Céline, and: Londres by Louis-Ferdinand Céline Kai Maristed LOUIS-FERDINAND CÉLINE Guerre Paris. Gallimard. 2022. 192 pages. LOUIS-FERDINAND CÉLINE Londres Paris. Gallimard. 2022. 576 pages. WHEN A FIRST novel by an unknown Louis-Ferdinand Céline appeared in French bookstores in 1932, it swiftly sold an unheard-of fifty thousand copies. Voyage to the End of Night, a bitter reckoning with the First World War and the capitalist free-for-all that followed, narrowly lost the Goncourt Prize due to language deemed crude and objectionable, and cynical descriptions of brutal warfare and brutal sex. But Céline's barrier-breaking style (brief sentences in street lingo, yet grammatically deft) would soon liberate a generation of writers in France and beyond, including Hemingway and Henry Miller. Now considered to be one of the great works of European literature, Voyage figures on the Guardian's list of "100 Greatest Novels of All Time." Yet, after informally asking around, I find that few American lit majors today have ever heard of Céline, who went on to write ten or so more novels. In 2019 the sensational unveiling of a secret trove of two thousand unpublished pages brought Céline back into the spotlight, boosted by recent articles in the New Yorker and the New York Review of Books. The light's not always flattering. Many readers and critics reject the man and thus his work. Céline is now known to have penned, in the late 1930s, three anti-Semitic pamphlets, so grotesque that some at the time took them for satire. Fearing arrest as the Allies drew close, he fled Paris in panic and disgrace, sans his drafts but with his wife and their cat under his arm. He's seen as a weirdly gifted pariah: even, in Adam Gopnik's words, "an evil genius." (Gopnik simultaneously advises readers "to admire" Céline.) Most of the current commentary skims lightly over the two novels extracted to date from the trove, Guerre and Londres, before diving into the familiar debate about Morality of the Artist versus Value of the Art. Can there be gradations or mitigating circumstances? Or must an unyielding line be drawn? (My own thoughts can be found in an essay written for Agni shortly after Peter Handke won his Nobel.) What about the two unearthed novels? Edited by Gallimard from pages smeared with corrections and illegible words, they are nowhere near final form, and so thick with argot as to require a dictionary appendix. Otherwise, they are a study in contrast. [End Page 73] Laurel and Hardy, if you will. To the book world's surprise, Guerre, at barely 150 pages, shot to the top of the best-seller lists for weeks last spring and is still going strong. Londres, a dense six hundred or so pages, came out in October to similar buyer enthusiasm, despite reviewers' caveats. Apparently, the French, at least, still have an appetite for Céline, who is regularly set on a level with Proust, and whom Philip Roth termed "a very great writer." Guerre is breathtaking. Its immediacy, its ostinato of physical pain, its lewd and desperate milieu of wounded soldiers in a field hospital behind the front lines, will either repel or draw you in with its sardonic wit and glints of tenderness and trapdoor twists of narrative. Like Londres, it is narrated by Ferdinand, a fictional alter ego, both salty and shy, whose story is informed by Céline's own devastating experiences during the war. Its opening lines set the tone for all that follows: "I must have stayed there for another part of the following night. All my left ear glued by blood to the ground, my mouth as well. Between the two there was an immense noise." Around him lay dead comrades, already being pillaged by rats. It rains. Against the odds, Ferdinand makes it to his feet, is discovered by a friendly British soldier, tries in his brain fog and the barrage of explosions in his ears to escape back to his own missing unit. But the Brit prevails, and Ferdinand finds himself eventually in hospital...

From Participatory Governance to Collaborative Governance for Disaster-Tourism

This article aims to explain the need for changing the model from participatory governance to collaborative governance in disaster tourism management. This research utilized a descriptive qualitative approach. The findings revealed that sustainable tourism development is crucial and must receive careful attention within a comprehensive national development framework. In the current era, the government cannot carry out tourism development independently given the limited capacity and provide sufficient space for increasingly active private and public participation. Sustainable tourism development can be performed through a collaborative governance model involving various stakeholders. The development of a collaborative model can be conducted through the comprehensive participation stage of non-government stakeholders. With maximum participation, there will be a solid network to create partnerships as the final form of collaboration.

A mixed formulation of limit analysis for seismic slope stability

This paper presents a mixed formulation based on the node-based smoothed finite-element method for estimating seismic slope stability. The final form of Hellinger–Reissner is cast as the min–max optimisation problem with conic constraints. Solving the second-order cone programming directly determines both master fields, stress and displacement. It is shown from the numerical results that the stability numbers obtained are almost equal to the exact collapse loads for the relatively flat slopes. Moreover, the effects of the dilation angle on the seismic stability number are studied by incorporating a simple iterative technique in the algorithm cast as max-min programming, arriving at the observation that both the static and the seismic stability numbers are susceptible to the dilation angle. Although the magnitude of the seismic stability number largely depends on the vertical seismic acceleration for a broad range of typical slope angles, the seismic stability number for the relatively flat slopes in cohesive-frictional soils is likely independent of the seismic acceleration in the vertical direction.

Development of binder-jetting based skull phantoms for transcranial ultrasound research

Ultrasound imaging can be used in time sensitive and dynamic environments like trauma care due to its advantages, such as real-time, affordable, portable, noninvasive, and nonionizing. Despite these advantages, transcranial ultrasound is hindered for brain imaging by the severe phase aberration of the human skull. To study phase aberration, it is crucial to have a fundamental understanding of the relationship between the macro-/micro-structure of the skull and the speed of sound distribution in the skull. This is proven to be challenging with ex vivo skulls, because the properties of these skulls are not controllable. To address this issue, we used binder jetting (BJT) 3D printing, high fidelity additive manufacturing, to print skull phantoms using calcium hydroxyapatite (HA) powder because HA is one of the major constituent materials of the human bone. After printing phantoms, they were sintered to get to the final form. The phantoms were validated via ultrasound measurements.