Final Equilibrium Research Articles

Magnetic halloysite‐based molecularly imprinted polymer for specific recognition of sunset yellow in dyes mixture

Novel magnetic halloysite‐based molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) is fabricated for sunset yellow dye removal from water solution. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, Zeta potential test, thermogravimetric, and nitrogen gas adsorption analysis were all employed for characterizations of the obtained magnetic halloysite and the final adsorbent. Transmission electron microscope images proved the synthesis of polymeric shell onto the magnetic nanotubes with the thickness of 10 nm. The adsorption kinetics were assessed by pseudo‐first order, pseudo‐second order, and intraparticle diffusion models and the results revealed that the obtained MMIP adsorption procedure would be controlled by chemical adsorption due to the high correlation coefficient (R2 ≥ 0.99) achieved for pseudo‐second order model. The effect of dye initial concentration was observed on the pseudo‐second order rate constant and the final equilibrium capacity of the MMIP. The adsorption isotherm at different temperatures (30 and 60°C) was assessed by two popular models, Langmuir and Freundlich. The resulting data were well fitted by Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting that the monolayer adsorption of sunset yellow onto the MMIP would occur. The exothermic behavior of the adsorption was justified by determining the effect of temperature on the Langmuir isotherm constant. The fabricated MMIP represented high adsorption capacity and imprinting factor of 46.43 μmol/g and 1.33, respectively. Moreover, the high selective recognition ability toward sunset yellow was observed for MMIP in the dyes mixture solution.

Field Application of Nanoscale Polymer Microspheres for In-Depth Profile Control in the Ultralow Permeability Oil Reservoir.

Much research has been carried out on nanoscale polymer microspheres (PMs) in laboratories in recent years. However, there are limited reports on the practical application of nanoscale PMs in ultralow permeability reservoirs. This paper reports a field application case of nanoscale PMs for in-depth profile control in the ultralow permeability oil reservoir. In the paper, the characteristics of the reservoir and the problems faced during development are analyzed in detail. Then, the PMs with calibration diameters of 300 nm and 800 nm are researched by evaluation experiments, and are selected for in-depth profile control in the ultralow permeability oil reservoir. Finally, according to the effect of the pilot application, the performance of PMs is evaluated, and a more suitable size for the pilot test reservoir is determined. The experiment's results show that the PMs have a good capacity for swelling and plugging. For the PMs with a calibration diameter of 300 nm, the final equilibrium swelling ratio is 56.2 nm·nm−1, and the maximum resistance coefficient and the blocking rate after swelling are 3.7 and 70.31%, respectively. For the PMs with a calibration diameter of 800 nm, the final equilibrium swelling ratio is 49.4 nm·nm−1, and the maximum resistance coefficient the blocking rate after swelling are 3.5 and 71.42%, respectively. The performance evaluation results show that nanoscale PMs can be used for in-depth profile control in the ultralow permeability oil reservoir. After the application of PMs in the pilot test area, the average water cut decreased by 10.4%, the average liquid production of single well-increased by 0.9 t/d, and the average thickness of the water-absorbing layer increased by 1.77 m. Comparing the dynamic data variation of well-groups using the PMs with the calibration diameter as 800 nm and the calibration diameter as 300 nm, it indicates that, for the pilot test area, PMs with a calibration diameter of 300 nm are more suitable than PMs with a calibration diameter of 800 nm.

Comparative analysis of kinetics and mechanisms for Pb(II) sorption onto three kinds of microplastics

Microplastics (MPs), a kind of novel contaminant, have potential to concentrate and transport heavy metals in the aquatic environment. This feature may affect the distribution and bioavailability of heavy metals. In order to determine the sorption behaviors of heavy metals onto the MPs, the sorption kinetics and mechanisms were investigated between the MPs (polyvinylchloride PVC, polyethylene PE, polystyrene PS) and Pb(II). The results suggested that the Pb(II) sorption onto the MPs were pH- and ionic strength-dependent. The sorption processes were best fitted by the pseudo-second-order model, and the rate-limiting steps were the intraparticle diffusion and final equilibrium process. The maximum sorption capacities of PVC, PE and PS were 483.1 μg/g, 416.7 μg/g and 128.5 μg/g under the condition of 0.01 M NaCl, pH 6.0, T = 298 K. The sorption rate constants were in the following order: PVC<PE<PS. According to the Fourier transformed infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, no new bonds were formed between the MPs and Pb(II). Physisorption was the main driven force for Pb(II) sorption. In summary, the investigation reveals the Pb(II) sorption kinetics and mechanisms onto the MPs, which will improve the understanding of the interactions between the MPs and heavy metals.

Algebraic dynamics of k-valued fuzzy cognitive maps and its stabilization

Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) as knowledge-based tools are widely implemented for knowledge representation and reasoning. To reach final equilibrium states is essential for the results of causal reasoning in practical applications by using FCMs. However, the dynamics and the stabilization problem of FCMs are still not adequately studied so far. In this article, the algebraic dynamics of k-valued fuzzy cognitive maps and its stabilization is analytically and quantitatively investigated. Based on the technique of semi-tensor product (STP), k-valued FCMs are firstly converted into discrete-time linear representation. General formulas are obtained to calculate the number of fixed points and limit cycles of finite-state FCMs, and a necessary and sufficient criterion to determine attractors is proposed, by means of which an algorithm for calculating all attractors and their basins are achieved. Furthermore, the stabilization problem of k-valued FCMs is discussed. By introducing controls to certain concepts in FCMs, the system can be globally stabilized in equilibrium states. The related necessary and sufficient criterion is proposed and the corresponding method to achieve the global stabilization of FCMs under constant controls is given. Examples are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed scheme.

Effects of microwave power and slice thickness on fiber and ash contents of dried sweet potato (&lt;i&gt;Ipomoea batata&lt;/i&gt;)

Investigation of microwave drying of sweet potato slices was conducted at microwave oven power settings of 90, 100, 120 Watts and slice thicknesses of 3mm, 4mm and 6mm using Fourier models and response surface methods. The slice samples dried from initial moisture content of 70.71𝒈𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓/𝒈𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓 to 12.7𝒈𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓/𝒈𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓 final (equilibrium) moisture content in the microwave oven. Fourier models adequately fitted the drying data with the following values of the fit parameters: MBE= 0.00002943 to 0.000645, R² = 0.9987 to 1, RMSE = 0.00384 to 0.01692. Effective moisture diffusion coefficient (𝑫𝒆) of the samples ranged from 𝟏.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑m2/s to 𝟖.𝟑𝟖𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 m2/s. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the effect of drying conditions on the samples parameters at 95% ( p&lt;0.05). The results showed that slice thickness and microwave power have significant effects on the ash and fiber contents of the dried potato samples. At the microwave power of 90 W and slice thickness of 4 mm the values of Fiber and Ash retained in the dried sweet potato samples were optimal at 4.30% and 2.50% respectively, after drying for 390 minutes to an average moisture content of 14.2 gH2O/gdm. Optimized equations for predicting the percent ash and fiber contents at combined factors of microwave power and slice thickness were developed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) at 95% confidence bound. The coefficients of determination (R2) for the models are 0.7333 and 0.9655 for fiber and ash respectively. These are indications that the models can be used to predict the two food components of microwave dried potato slices.&#x0D; Keywords: RSM, Fourier Model, Microwave, Sweet Potato, Ash, Fiber

Strategies of Haze Risk Reduction Using the Tripartite Game Model

Although haze risk management is mainly under government control, willingness of stakeholders is compulsory to determine. Therefore, this study constructs a tripartite game model of government, public, and enterprises and determines the haze risk evolution model considering the initial willingness of stakeholders. Moreover, numerical simulation analysis was also conducted. The results revealed that stakeholders were affected by the change due to initial willingness to participate in and reach the equilibrium at different speeds. It is found that if subsidy coefficient of the government is big, it will reach equilibrium faster. The bigger the penalty coefficient is, the better the pollution reduction effect of pollutant discharge enterprises. It is found that, at the final equilibrium stage, the government will eventually choose to withdraw from supervision, but the speed of withdrawing varies with different regulatory intentions. Study results stress that the government should actively participate in supervision to reduce environmental pollution.

Influence of thermal boundary condition on gas drainage from a semi-sealed narrow channel

Draining a viscous gas from a semi-sealed narrow conduit is a pore-scale problem of fundamental interest to primary fluid recovery from a petroleum reservoir as well as other applications. Such a drainage flow is entirely driven by the volumetric expansion of the gas and its mass flow rate is determined by the time-rate of decrease of the gas density within the conduit. It was found previously that when thermal effect is completely neglected, the drainage rate differs significantly from that based on the lubrication theory. The present work parametrically explores the influence of thermal boundary condition on the non-isothermal drainage flow from a narrow channel. It is found that as the wall transitions from adiabatic to isothermal condition, the excess density changes from a plane wave solution to a non-plane wave solution; and the drainage rate increases due to thermal damping on the wall, as a strong damping of the acoustic wave accelerates the process towards the final equilibrium. It is shown that when the exit is also cooled and the wall is non-adiabatic, the total recovered fluid mass exceeds the amount based on the isothermal theory determined by the initial and final density difference alone. The isothermal wall condition with the wall maintained at the initial gas temperature produces the most amount of fluid in the shortest time.

Adiabatic Ratchet Effect in Systems with Discrete Variables

An adiabatic theory of the ratchet effect in various systems described by random transitions between discrete states has been developed. The theory is based on the development of a discrete analog of the Parrondo lemma, which is one of the fundamental relations of the theory of ratchet systems allowing the calculation of integral fluxes in time intervals from the initial to final (equilibrium) distributions. Correspondence between the transition probabilities and the parameters of the potential profile, in which the hopping motion is described by the developed theory and is a low-temperature limit of continuous motion, has been proposed. The rate of the ratchet effect calculated by the proposed theory is well confirmed by a numerical simulation. The developed approach makes it possible to study the characteristics of the operation of Brownian motors of various natures by simple methods.

Gone with the Wind? An Empirical Analysis of the Equilibrium Impact of Renewable Energy

AbstractWhat are the final equilibrium impacts of renewable energy investments on consumer and producer surpluses? This paper offers an approach to quantify the surplus breakdown in a market domina...

Lateral migration of a ferrofluid droplet in a plane Poiseuille flow under uniform magnetic fields.

The lateral migration of a two-dimensional (2D) viscous ferrofluid droplet in a plane Poiseuille flow under a uniform magnetic field is studied numerically by using the level set method. Focusing on low droplet Reynolds number flows (Re_{d}≤0.05), several numerical simulations are carried out to analyze the effects of magnetic field direction and strength, droplet size, and viscosity ratio on the lateral migration behavior of the droplet. The results indicate that the magnetic field direction plays a pivotal role in the trajectory of lateral migration of the droplet and the final equilibrium position in the channel. When the magnetic field is parallel to the channel, i.e., α=0^{∘} (the direction of magnetic field), the droplet is found to settle closer to the wall with an increase in magnetic Bond number Bo_{m}, while at α=45^{∘}, the droplet settles closer to the channel center. Varying the initial droplet sizes at a fixed magnetic Bond number Bo_{m} and viscosity ratio λ results in different final equilibrium positions within the channel. Additionally, the effect of different viscosity ratios on the migration behavior of the droplet is examined at variable magnetic Bond numbers Bo_{m}. At α=45^{∘}, a critical steady state of deformation is found for λ=0.5 and 1 where the droplet changes its migration direction and shifts toward the center of the channel, while at λ=0.05, the droplet crosses the center. At α=90^{∘}, the droplet is found to settle exactly at the center of the flow domain irrespective of different magnetic Bond numbers, droplet sizes, and viscosity ratios.

Crystal mush rejuvenation induced by heat and water transfer: Evidence from amphibole analyses in the Jialuhe Composite Pluton, East Kunlun Orogen, northern Tibet Plateau

Crystal mush rejuvenation is capable of magma differentiation, evolution, migration, and mixing and magma mixing may act as a trigger for crystal mush rejuvenation. The Jialuhe Composite Pluton in the eastern part of East Kunlun Orogen, northern Tibet Plateau, is a product of magma mixing that contains abundant mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) that often form dike–like clusters in the central parts of the pluton that is composed of porphyritic amphibole granodiorite containing medium– to coarse–grained amphibole crystals and fine–grained biotite, whereas the external zone consists of biotite granodiorite with dominant biotite accompanied by a small fraction of amphibole. Amphibole aggregate bands developed within the MMEs consist of densely packed amphibole megacrysts. We selected amphiboles from the MMEs, host rocks, and amphibole aggregate bands to study mush rejuvenation triggered by magma mingling. The amphibole megacrysts are euhedral and show zoning from cores to rims with decreasing in Si, Mg, and Na, and increasing in K, Al, Fe, and Ca. We have classified these amphibole megacrysts into three types according to their different rare earth element concentration zoning from cores to rims, which reflect recharge of dioritic magma and the final chemical equilibrium in the melt. The physicochemical crystallization conditions of the three types of amphibole megacrysts in the amphibole aggregate bands indicated that the temperature and oxygen fugacity decreased, while the pressure and water content in melt increased during amphibole crystallization. These results combined with petrography, suggest that injection of dioritic magma gave rise to the MMEs and transferred heat and water to the host granitic mush. This transference resulted in coarsening of amphiboles in the host mush, especially within the granodiorite patches encaged within the MMEs, where the coarsened amphiboles joined to forming the aggregate bands. Therefore, these bands are a good indicator of crystal mush rejuvenation caused by the combination of heat and introduction of water, but the rejuvenation process was limited and local. Recharge of mafic magma in transcrustal felsic mush systems could not rejuvenate the entire felsic magma reservoir, but only parts near the mafic magma recharge channel.

Are the Transient and Equilibrium Climate Change Patterns Similar in Response to Increased CO2?

AbstractAfter a CO2 increase, whether the early transient and final equilibrium climate change patterns are similar has major implications. Here, we analyze long-term simulations from multiple climate models under increased CO2, together with the extended simulations from CMIP5, to compare the transient and equilibrium climate change patterns under different forcing scenarios. Results show that the normalized warming patterns (per 1 K of global warming) are broadly similar among different forcing scenarios (including abrupt 2 × CO2, 4 × CO2, and 1% CO2 increase per year) and during different time periods, except for the first 50 years or so when warming is weaker over the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean but stronger over most continents. During the first 200 years, this consistency is stronger over land than over ocean, but is lower in midlatitudes than other regions. Normalized precipitation change patterns are also similar, albeit to a lesser degree, among different forcing scenarios and across different time periods, although noticeable differences exist during the first few hundred years with smaller increases over the tropical Pacific. Precipitation over many subtropical oceans and land areas decreases consistently under different forcing scenarios and over all time periods. In particular, the transient and near-equilibrium change patterns for both surface air temperature and precipitation are similar over most of the globe, except for the North Atlantic warming hole, which is mainly a transient feature. The Arctic amplification and land–ocean warming contrast are largest during the first 100–200 years after CO2 quadrupling but they still exist in the equilibrium response.

Release and sedimentation behaviors of biochar colloids in soil solutions

The release of biochar colloids considerably affects the stability of biochar in environment. Currently, information on the release behavior and suspension stability of biochar colloids in real soil solutions is scarce. In this study, 20 soils were collected from different districts in China and the release behavior of biochar colloids and their suspension stability in soil solutions were systematically examined. The results showed that both pyrolysis temperature and biomass source had important effects on the formation of biochar colloids in soil solutions. The formation amount of biochar colloids from low pyrolysis temperatures (400 °C) (average amount of 9.33–16.41 mg/g) were significantly higher than those from high pyrolysis temperatures (700 °C) (average amount of less than 2 mg/g). The formation amount of wheat straw-derived biochar colloids were higher than those of rice straw-derived biochar colloids probably due to the higher O/C ratio in wheat-straw biochar. Further, biochar colloidal formation amount was negatively correlated with comprehensive effect of dissolved organic carbon, Fe and Al in soil solutions. The sedimentation curve of biochar colloids in soil solutions is well described by an exponential model and demonstrated high suspension stability. Around 40% of the biochar colloids were maintained in the suspension at the final sedimentation equilibrium. The settling efficiency of biochar colloids was positively correlated with comprehensive effect of the ionic strength and K, Ca, Na, and Mg contents in soil solutions. Our findings help promote a deeper understanding of biochar loss and stability in the soil-water environment.

Resilient interval consensus in robust networks

SummaryThis paper considers the resilient interval consensus problems for continuous‐time time‐varying multi‐agent systems when a normal agent is surrounded by no more than r misbehaving agents. Each normal agent individually proposes a constraint interval which specifies their acceptable consensus range and misbehaving agents are anonymous and exert different arbitrary rules posing threats to the global performance of the systems. On the basis of our purely distributed resilient interval consensus strategy, we showed that if the network is (2r + 1)‐robust and the interval intersection is nonempty, the normal agents are able to reach an agreement with the final consensus equilibrium in the interval intersection. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the theoretical results.

Wettability of clay aggregates—A coarse-grained molecular dynamic study

Clay minerals play a vital role in environmental pollution remediation due to their special wettability performance. However, limited by experimental technology and computational costs, wettability mechanism of clay aggregates at mesoscale remains unclear. In this work, the coarse-grained molecular dynamic simulation method has been used as a novel strategy to discover the mesoscale wettability of clay aggregates with water. Through visualization analysis, we have observed that the water droplet firstly got in touch with the clay surface, then some water molecules flowed into clay pores while some adsorbed onto clay platelets edge. With further invasion of water, clay platelets rearranged and reoriented to fit themselves. The clay-water system reached equilibrium under three mechanisms, including normal blocking, non-normal diffusion and interlayer adsorption. The final inhomogeneous equilibrium water droplet had an average contact angle value of 81.5°, which is in good agreement with preceding experimental measurement. These findings help for a better understanding on the wetting property of clay mineral surface and fill a gap of the wettability study on mesoscale level.

Effect of Internal Heat Generation on Solidification of Molten Fuel Droplet during its Interaction with Coolant in a Nuclear Reactor

One of the important issues in safety analysis of severe accidents in fast reactors is Molten Fuel Coolant Interaction (MFCI). MFCI is the phenomenon in which fragmentation of the molten fuel takes place when it comes in direct contact with liquid sodium coolant. For complete understanding of MFCI, we need to study the solidification of the molten fuel happening along with fragmentation. Solidification / melting of any material initially held at its melting temperature is the classic Stefan’s problem. In the case of a severe reactor accident the molten fuel might have a significant amount of decay heat, even though nuclear fission reactions have been stopped by reactor shut down systems. The presence of decay heat in this case, makes the transient Stefan problem more difficult to solve analytically. Here, an investigation of this special case of Stefan’s problem with internal heat generation in nuclear materials has been carried out considering a typical droplet size of 4 mm diameter. The numerical heat transfer analysis has been carried out using the commercial software Fluent. The validation of the problem is done with the steady state analytical solution available for the position of phase change front. Parametric studies have been carried out by varying internal heat generation rates and convective heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the droplet. Temperature profiles and liquid fraction are obtained at different instants. Solidification time and final equilibrium temperature are estimated from the results. It is observed that there is significant increase in drop solidification time for heat generation rates (HG) greater than 100 MW/m3 for the drop size of 4 mm. The maximum HG which is tolerated by the droplet without reaching its boiling point is about 6 GW/m3 when the heat transfer coefficient from its surface is fixed at h=56000W/m2K.

Revisiting the Taylor-Culick approximation: Retraction of an axisymmetric filament

We numerically study the retraction of an axisymmetric viscous filament in a passive surrounding fluid. The analysis focuses on the evolution of the tip velocity, from the early stage of the filament retraction until it reaches its final equilibrium spherical shape. The problem is governed by two control parameters: the Ohnesorge number, Oh, which measures the relative importance of viscous and surface tension effects, and the initial aspect ratio of the filament, A. We investigate the influence of Oh over a wide range of aspect ratios. The small-Oh regime is characterized by the occurrence of a spherical blob at the extremity of the filament. This feature has a key impact on the tip dynamics, which moves with an oscillating velocity whose mean value is close to the Taylor-Culick prediction. The oscillatory behavior of the tip velocity is explained through a simple mass-spring model. This regime is also characterized by the presence of capillary waves, with a phase velocity slightly larger than the Taylor-Culick velocity. Surface oscillations are also observed when the filament reaches its final spherical shape; the corresponding period agrees well with predictions of the linear theory. At intermediate Oh and large A, the tip velocity reaches a value close to the Taylor-Culick prediction. However, for smaller aspect ratios, the maximum tip velocity is much smaller than this prediction, and does not exhibit any oscillation. The recoil dynamics is qualitatively and quantitatively different at high Oh. In this case, the radius of the filament grows uniformly over time and no blob forms, making the tip velocity decrease after a short transient. A self-similar solution is found to closely match the numerical results in this regime.

Technological modes of metals direct reduction in an aggregate of jet-emulsion type

The paper presents the method and instrumental system for modeling and optimizing technological modes of direct metal reduction processes in a jet-emulsion aggregate (JER). Stages of the method are considered. The first one is the problem statement: formation of target conditions, choice of the process type, the task and system of optimization criteria. The second stage includes selection of the object of study: setting parameters of input and output flows, process parameters, stages and subprocesses. The third one includes thermodynamic modeling to assess the final equilibrium state in which optimization problem is solved to determine the best conditions for implementation of the processes of metal reduction from oxides in model systems. The fourth stage is development of metallurgical technology (finding the optimum modes and ways for achieving these modes by specified output stream parameters). And the final one is process optimization in technical and economic indicators. As part of the fourth stage, the complex of mathematical models has been developed that reflects relationship of flows and processes in a metallurgical unit. The structure of instrumental system is presented, in which mathematical models and an algorithm for determining optimal technological modes are implemented. A set of optimization criteria has been developed and a scheme for solving two types of optimization problems are presented: finding optimal conditions for reduction processes in thermodynamic systems and determining optimal modes of direct metal reduction. Application of the method to develop optimal technological modes of direct metal production in a JER-type aggregate is shown: metal production from cast iron and mill scale; direct reduction of metal from dusty ores and iron-containing man-made materials; obtaining manganese alloys from carbonate and oxide ores; processing titanium-magnetite concentrates with an almost complete separation of iron-containing and titaniumcontaining component; and direct reduction of iron with associated production of high-calorie synthesis gas.

Ammonium nitrogen adsorption from aqueous solution by poly(sodium acrylate)s: Effect on the amount of crosslinker and initiator

AbstractIn this work, we discuss the ammonium nitrogen adsorption and reusability from aqueous solution by using poly(sodium acrylate) (PANa) hydrogels (Polymers 1–6) under different amount of crosslinker and initiator. The PANa hydrogels were synthesized from the neutralized acrylic acid (AA) monomer via free radical thermal polymerization by using ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator and N,N′‐methylene‐bisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker. These polymers exhibited glass transition temperatures (Tg) of 68–88°C and Td values (5% weight loss temperature) in the range of 190–221°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The PANa hydrogels had swollen ratios ranging from 387 to 4,063%, related to the crosslinking density. The final equilibrium adsorption capacity of the polymers was in the range of 20–39 ppm with an initial ammonium nitrogen concentration of 100 ppm. Among them, Polymer 3 without MBA crosslinker displayed the highest swollen characteristic along with the most efficient adsorption capacity. In comparison, the as‐prepared high crosslinking density hydrogels showed relative lower adsorption capability but higher reusability. The polymer composition in this work determines the ability to absorb and desorb ammonium nitrogen compound.

Secondary Phase Particles in Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskite Crystals: An Insight into the Formation of Matrix-Controlled Inclusion.

The metal halide perovskite CsPbBr3 bulk crystals present electrical and optical performance discrepancy since the grown-in defects. Here, we first report the well-defined secondary phase (SP) particles of CsPb2Br5 with polyhedral morphology in CsPbBr3 crystals grown by the vertical Bridgman method. The resulting polyhedral morphology of CsPb2Br5 particles associated with the trapping of PbBr2-rich droplets have been discussed on the basis of the "matrix-controlled" growth. Two morphological evolution paths are proposed, which result in a regular cube SP particle comprised by {100} facets for the final equilibrium. Furthermore, the wafer with superior optical transmittance exhibits a higher photoelectric response on-off ratio (∼2000) in contrast to ∼80 for the wafer with high density SP particles. The corresponding hole mobility (μh) is calculated with the values 289.99 and 26.91 cm-2·V-1·s-1, respectively. The variation of μh is attributed to the carrier transport trajectory affected by SP induced trapping defects and the weak combination.