Final Agreement Research Articles

Modelling correlation patterns in mode choice models estimated on multiday travel data

Understanding individual choices over time and measuring day-to-day variability in travel behaviour is important to capture the full range of travel behaviour. Although not very common, to date several multi-day travel surveys have been conducted and panel data is available to model different transport choices. However, determining the length of a panel that allows revealing variability in travel behaviour remains an open question. Also, no final agreement has been reached about modelling the various dimensions of correlation over the repeated observations. In this paper, we use the six-week panel data from the Mobidrive survey to estimate a mode choice model that accounts for correlation across individual observations over two time periods: all days of a single week and different days of the week (e.g. all Mondays) in the wave. We first analyse these effects separately, estimating different models for each type of correlation; then we try to disentangle the relative effects of each type of correlation, estimating both types jointly. We found that both types of correlation appeared highly significant when estimated alone, while only the correlation across a given day over the six-week period remained significant, when both types were estimated jointly. This implies that for the Mobidrive panel there is much less variability in mode choice across weeks than across the days of each week. It also suggests that one week could be an appropriate length for a panel to estimate modal choice and to correctly reveal day-to-day variability.

Responsabilidad penal omisiva de los superiores jerárquicos en el Acuerdo final para la terminación del conflicto y la construcción de una paz estable y duradera de 24 de noviembre de 2016 de Colombia

The text begins with an analysis about the way that the Final Agreement with the FARC-EP addresses the criminal liability of the hierarchical superiors, making clear the similarities and differences that are expressed in the Rome Statute. Immediately thereafter, the author gives some proposals to the sui generis cases, where one of the requirements for criminal liability exoneration was accomplished but there was an absence of another one of them or its observance was dubious; finally, and as conclusion, some theories and interesting doctrinal discussions are relevant to resolve the unanswered questions that appear in these hard cases

Editorial. Hacia una economía del posconflicto

After four years of negotiations between the Colombian government and the guerrilla of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People's Army (FARC-EP for its acronym in Spanish), from Havana, Cuba, on August 24, 2016, representatives of Cuba and Norway, guarantor countries, together with the negotiating parties, issued a joint communication in which they announced to the Colombian people and to the entire world the end of a conflict that lasted more than six decades, since they have reached a final, integral, and definitive agreement on all points of the agenda of the General Agreement to End the Conflict and to Build a Stable and Lasting Peace in Colombia. This agreement was ratified by the Congress of the Republic and then submitted to a referendum on October 2, 2016, so that the Colombian people decide on the final approval of its implementation (Gobierno Nacional y FARC-EP, 2016).

El “nuevo” acuerdo final para la paz a través del lente del derecho penal

The final agreement signed between the FARC rebels and the Colombian government deals with important issues like victims, illegal drug trafficking, restitution of land, and others. In this way that this text pretends to give an analysis of the agreement from the perspective of criminal law, primarily from the special jurisdiction for peace – being this a topic used by the opposition in the campaigns for the plebiscite – and for this the differences between ordinary criminal justice and transitional justice are considered, with the requirements and obligations that bring access, in this case, the second one. Intending to explain how this jurisdiction does not mean impunity as many think, and without leaving aside the relationship that this jurisdiction has with the repair of the victims

Lineamientos para la educación rural en el posconflicto: Marco del acuerdo de paz Colombia 2016

After more than fifty years of armed confrontation, the Government of Colombia and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-FARC, after a long peace process, signed “The Final Agreement for the Completion of Conflict and the Construction of a Peace Stable and Durable “(2016), here it is pointed out that National Plans promoted by the State should be established for the provision of several essential public services, including education, a process analyzed in the research which is systematized in this paper. Thus, in the socio-economic context of the Caribbean Region and the Nation, indicators of poverty, unemployment, income generation, human capital, illiteracy, coverage and educational quality are analyzed, as opposed to the normative conceptions of Rural Education and the different Flexible education models implemented in the rural sector. Finally, the development of ICT Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) goods and services in educational establishments and their impact on rural education are analized, ending with recommendations based on research and administrative experiences.

The influence of the internal factors on the resolution of the Colombian armed conflict and the result of the 2016 peace talks

The article analyses three basic themes in the peace negotiations between the government of Colombia and the FARC: agrarian question, political participation and drug-trafficking. The article deals with the state of these problems presented in the historic perspective and with some variants of its resolution included into the Final agreement with the FARC. The author attempts to evaluate these agreements and to explain the declining of the agreement in the referendum (2016) for its approval.

El modelo de Justicia Transicional colombiano: ¿rompiendo el círculo de impunidad o fortaleciéndolo?

Colombia es escenario de uno de los conflictos armados de mayor data en la historia de Latinoamérica. Luego de diez intentos para poder armar la paz, el Gobierno del Presidente Juan Manuel Santos decide sentar a los cabecillas de la guerrilla en La Habana con el objeto de lograr un acuerdo definitivo. Sin embargo, la firma del cese del conflicto es solo un escalafón formal dentro del proceso de construcción de una paz estable y duradera. Por ende, el desarrollo de un modelo de justicia transicional para la Colombia del post conflicto es un tema crítico. Este artículo se enfoca en exponer, analizar y contrastar los principales puntos del modelo de justicia transicional presentado por el Dr. Eduardo Montealegre, Fiscal General de Colombia que, en definitiva, contrae los grandes temas de discusión dentro del derecho penal y los derechos humanos con relación a los escenarios jurídicos, políticos y sociales posconflicto.

Decentralisation, security consolidation and territorial peacebuilding: is Colombia about to close the loop?

In November 2016, the Colombian Government and the insurgent FARC signed a final peace agreement. Central to the accord is what the parties call ‘territorial peacebuilding’, a long-term strategy to integrate Colombia’s vast (rural) hinterlands into the nation’s legal political system and economy. ‘Territorial peacebuilding’ follows on from decentralisation and security consolidation, both of which experienced problems, however, ultimately falling short of integrating Colombia. To be more effective now it is imperative to devise a governance strategy for territorial peacebuilding that includes the subnational political and administrative entities, enhances citizen participation and protects local governments from capture by criminal interests.

A Desaposentação: Reflexões A Partir da Compreensão do Direito como Integridade no Pensamento de Ronald Dworkin

O presente artigo tem por escopo analisar a temática de Ronald Dworkin (2007) sobre o direito como integridade no arranjo da competência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça ao decidir a desaposentação. Para tanto, ele será feito na análise da legalidade ou não da desaposentação se tendo por base o julgamento do Recurso Especial n°.1334488-SC, levando em cheque as possíveis alternativas jurídico-doutrinárias para a decisão do caso. O referencial teórico pauta-se no Direito como um conceito interpretativo, ou seja, um conjunto de praticas sociais que devem ser interpretadas (DWORKIN, 2007). Metodologicamente demonstram-se as falhas do convencionalismo, criticas ao pragmatismo e o direito como integridade como teoria aplicável a casos difíceis. Almeja-se discutir se haveria um limite à aplicação da proposta do filósofo do direito e, com isso, se sempre haverá apenas uma resposta certa, ou se pode haver situações em que existirão diversas respostas possíveis, mesmo com a utilização da teoria do direito como integridade.

Setting an Agenda for Assessment of Health-related Quality of Life Among Men with Prostate Cancer on Active Surveillance: A Consensus Paper from a European School of Oncology Task Force

BackgroundLiterature on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for men with localized prostate cancer (PCa) on active surveillance (AS) shows a need for methodological guidance regarding HRQoL issues and how to address them. ObjectiveThe European School of Oncology Task Force (ESO TF) aimed to identify a core set of research questions and related measures to include in AS HRQoL studies. Design, setting, and participantsA modified Delphi study was used to reach consensus on AS HRQoL research topics and tools between 2014 and 2015. Data were collected by engaging a multidisciplinary team of 15 experts. Outcome measurements and statistical analysisAn open-ended questionnaire was used to collect information from ESO TF members regarding issues in AS HRQoL research. Then a structured questionnaire was used to collect ratings on the usefulness/importance of different AS HRQoL aspects. Items that ≥80% of ESO TF members rated as useful/important were retained. Items with a 50–80% rating were discussed to reach final agreement. Results and limitationsSix main research questions concerning the selection of outcome measures, measurement tools, and comparison groups were identified as relevant. The core set of measures identified were related to individual characteristics, psychological dimensions; decision-making–related issues, and physical functioning. The multidisciplinary expertise of ESO TF members was a significant asset, even if bringing different backgrounds to the discussion table represented a challenge. ConclusionsHRQoL measures have to be sensitive to the specific needs of men on AS. The definition of HRQoL outcomes will enhance a broader understanding of the HRQoL of men on AS and sustain patient-centered medicine. Patient summaryAn international panel agreed on a set of health-related quality-of-life aspects to be assessed among men on active surveillance for prostate cancer. Valid relevant questionnaires were identified. The experts’ indications lay a foundation for future research and clinical practice.

Combining parent and clinician ratings of behavioural indicators of autism spectrum disorder improves diagnostic classification

ABSTRACTReliance on a single informant method in the evaluation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can increase misclassification. Yet, current ASD screening instruments predominately rely on a single informant approach. This study combined scores from two ASD screening instruments, the clinician-administered Autistic Behavioural Indicators Instrument (ABII) and its Parent Questionnaire (ABII-PQ) equivalent, to examine whether a combination score improved ASD classification in a sample of children with ASD (n = 51, Mchild age = 3.6 years, SD = 1.01, range = 2–6 years). Results showed the ABII and ABII-PQ were significantly associated, r = .62, p = .01, and did not differ significantly on final correct ASD classification. However, final agreement on ASD classification between instruments was poor, κ = .19, p = .184. One method of combining scores from the ABII and ABII-PQ significantly improved classification, correctly classifying 100% of children with ASD. Results show combining scores from parent- and clinician-rated screening instruments could improve ASD classification.

EU Financial Market Access After Brexit

Brexit means Brexit, or out means out — and that includes the UK’s exit from the single financial market. With financial services accounting for about eight per cent of the country’s GDP, it is understandable why the UK attaches immense importance to retaining access to the EU’s single market. But putting a mutually acceptable regime in place will take years of negotiations, and the final agreement will clearly allow much less access than UK-licensed firms enjoy today.

Peace and Reconciliation in the Making: The Case of Colombia and Lessons for Existing Armed Conflicts in Africa (and Beyond)

Colombia can be regarded as the longest running civil war in the world. However, the country can also be seen as an example of successful peace initiatives and failed peace attempts; a series of lessons have been learned in regards to peace building and reconciliation. The current peace process with the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC-EP, and the prospects for a final peace agreement with this organization do not emerge in a vacuum: it is the outcome of several initiatives for peace since the mid 1980’s, and of a state infrastructure geared in that direction for more than three decades. The current prospects for making peace a reality in Colombia are informed by previous peace processes, failures and experiences that have helped to consolidate the institutions and practices that enhance the possibilities of success in the current peace process. I argue that the learning from the failures of the past three decades of peace building initiatives in Colombia can serve as a referent to inform future peace initiatives in African countries.

Sequencing the Peace

Once a set of civil war actors reach a final peace agreement, a number of different implementation sequences are possible as the negotiated provisions are put into practice. We focus on a key but threatening stepping stone in the post-accord period—the holding of the first post-accord election—which has the capacity to be a stabilizing or destabilizing force. We identify effective accommodation provisions that civil war actors can negotiate and implement before the first post-accord election to reduce the chances of renewed violence. Utilizing new longitudinal data on the implementation of comprehensive peace agreements between 1989 and 2012 and a series of survival models, we find that if the first post-accord election is preceded by the implementation of accommodation measures, elections can have a peace-promoting effect. However, in the absence of preelection accommodation measures, elections are much more likely to be followed by peace failure.

One global deal from Paris 2015: Convergence and contestations on the future climate mitigation agenda

This article analyses the 2015 Paris Agreement of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, with a focus on mitigation. The history of climate negotiations and the mitigation agenda shows the divide between developed and developing countries, with the latter insisting that the former, having caused the problem, need to do more to reduce carbon emissions to address climate change. However, as some emerging economies had continued to emit more carbon, there were calls to treat these as developed countries, requiring increased mitigation measures. The article examines the record of these emerging economies, and establishes that there was some convergence in Paris, a positive element that resulted in a single global climate treaty. However, the Paris negotiations also witnessed contestations, with the final agreement insufficient to keep global warming within advised limits, and in any case only partly legally binding, leaving its implementation success to good will.

Governance of the Internet of Things—From Infancy to First Attempts of Implementation?

In the course of the Internet’s growing importance within the last decade, the Internet of Things (IoT) has also been a subject of much debate. Being defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as the development of item identifications, sensor technologies and the ability to interact with the environment, the term Internet of Things, in more simple words, stands for a technology that is based on the connection of everyday objects to the Internet which exchange, aggregate and process information regarding their physical environment for providing value-added services to end-users. Notwithstanding the extensive research activities having been conducted in the recent past and the broad consensus as to the necessity of a basic normative framework for IoT applications, a final multilateral agreement is still missing. In this respect, an analysis of possible approaches solving the present challenges seems to be worthwhile to conduct.

A cohesive methodology for the delimitation of maritime zones and boundaries

The delimitation of maritime zones and boundaries foreseen by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is a factor of economic growth, effective management of the coastal and ocean environment and the cornerstone for maritime spatial planning. Maritime boundaries form the outermost limits of coastal states and their accurate computation is a matter of national priority. The final delimitation agreement is ultimately a political decision; however the cartographer/GIS expert should portray the zones’ limits with the best possible accuracy. Existing applications tend to address this issue with their weakness being that the delimitation is a complex and time-consuming process. There, the subject is addressed in a fragmented way with the user composing the outer limits from partial results. This paper presents a cohesive methodology for the automated delimitation of the median lines and maritime zones between all states in a region based on the Voronoi tessellation of maritime space. Furthermore, through a case study, it presents and evaluates the results of this methodology and its implementation and demonstrates its ability to delimit the zones and boundaries, unilaterally and bilaterally, without the user’s intervention.

The EEC Commission and the negotiations for a trade agreement with Israel, 1958–1964

This article examines the role played by the European Commission in negotiations between the European Economic Community and Israel concerning a trade agreement. It demonstrates that the Commission’s attitude to such an agreement was far more positive than that of the six member states. The Commission’s leadership pushed the Israelis into pursuing an association agreement, and when this was revealed to be impossible, it took a leading role in concluding a more limited trade agreement. The Commission’s proposal formed the basis for the final agreement, which took shape in 1964. The article attempts to discern the motives behind the Commission’s behaviour; its central claim is that the Commission’s leadership viewed negotiations with Israel and the conclusion of an agreement as a means to achieve their ideological and institutional goals.

The Elements of Practical Rulership: Ramon Berenguer I of Barcelona and the Revolt of Mir Geribert

In 1058, Count Ramon Berenguer I of Barcelona and the Countess Almodis forced the submission of Mir Geribert, a frontier lord who had been rebelling against comital authority for two decades. The story of the rebellion and the details of Mir’s capitulation are known principally from a single contemporary document of nearly 5,000 words. It combines an initial judgment against Mir from ca. 1052, a narrative of the aftermath, a subsequent list of complaints against Mir, a second judgment from 1058, a settlement offer, and a final agreement. After an analysis of the genre and structure of the document, this article analyzes in detail the wide variety of ways the counts exercised power to suppress Mir’s rebellion. It proposes a typology of elements of practical rulership: people, things, procedures, soft power, and norms.

Improving International Manufacturing Projection: Double Degree with a German University

At the Alcoy Campus of the Universitat Politècnica de València, we were challenged to obtain the first double degree for our campus. This double degree was established for a Mechanical Engineering major, and our partner institution was Ostfalia Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften, located in Wolfenbüttel campus. The agreement between the schools was signed in 2012, after three years of work. Students from either university could get an official diploma in Mechanical Engineering at both universities if they spent two consecutive semesters in the partner institution. This has many benefits for students and professors, which will be discussed in this paper, along with the main process followed to arrive to the final agreement.