Filtration Accuracy Research Articles

High-permeance nanocellulose/ZnO hybrid membranes with photo-induced anti-fouling performance for wastewater purification

A hybrid ultrafiltration membrane based on nanocellulose and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was prepared by simple layered filtration without any chemical modification. Microscopic morphology analysis showed that the loading ZnO NPs significantly increased the membrane roughness, and wettability test demonstrated that the membrane surface possessed underwater superoleophobicity. Due to the “puncture effect” of the embedded ZnO NPs, abundant nanochannels were formed in the nanocellulose membrane and the highest water permeance of 5439.7 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1 was achieved. The hybrid membranes exhibited high rejection of nanoparticles larger than 20 nm and macromolecules with molecular weights higher than 100 kDa. Furthermore, ZnO NPs significantly improved the wet tensile strength of membrane. The hybrid membranes achieved high separation efficiency of nano-sized emulsions via size exclusion and demulsification effect, as well as the efficient removal of organic dyes and antibiotics via filtration-adsorption. The combination of underwater superoleophobicity and photocatalytic self-cleaning performance effectively solved the problem of a sharp decrease in permeance caused by oil contamination. This type of nanocellulose/ZnO hybrid membrane, which integrates high permeance, high filtration accuracy, and photocatalytic anti-fouling performance in one design, offers an innovative approach to the preparation of nanocellulose membranes for the treatment of organic wastewater.

Neuromorphic Camera Denoising Using Graph Neural Network-Driven Transformers.

Neuromorphic vision is a bio-inspired technology that has triggered a paradigm shift in the computer vision community and is serving as a key enabler for a wide range of applications. This technology has offered significant advantages, including reduced power consumption, reduced processing needs, and communication speedups. However, neuromorphic cameras suffer from significant amounts of measurement noise. This noise deteriorates the performance of neuromorphic event-based perception and navigation algorithms. In this article, we propose a novel noise filtration algorithm to eliminate events that do not represent real log-intensity variations in the observed scene. We employ a graph neural network (GNN)-driven transformer algorithm, called GNN-Transformer, to classify every active event pixel in the raw stream into real log-intensity variation or noise. Within the GNN, a message-passing framework, referred to as EventConv, is carried out to reflect the spatiotemporal correlation among the events while preserving their asynchronous nature. We also introduce the known-object ground-truth labeling (KoGTL) approach for generating approximate ground-truth labels of event streams under various illumination conditions. KoGTL is used to generate labeled datasets, from experiments recorded in challenging lighting conditions, including moon light. These datasets are used to train and extensively test our proposed algorithm. When tested on unseen datasets, the proposed algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art methods by at least 8.8% in terms of filtration accuracy. Additional tests are also conducted on publicly available datasets (ETH Zürich Color-DAVIS346 datasets) to demonstrate the generalization capabilities of the proposed algorithm in the presence of illumination variations and different motion dynamics. Compared to state-of-the-art solutions, qualitative results verified the superior capability of the proposed algorithm to eliminate noise while preserving meaningful events in the scene.

Experimental study of materials for the filtration of the intake air of the internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle

Experimental evaluation of the properties of filter materials in the selection of material for filtration of inlet air of internal combustion engines was carried out. The filtration characteristics were determined: filtration efficiency and accuracy, as well as flow resistance depending on the dust mass load. Filter materials based on cellulose, polyester, microfiber glass, and cotton and polyester nonwoven beds were studied. Two filter beds consisting of three base filter materials were designed: composite K1 (polyester-microglass-cellulose) and composite K2 (cellulose-microglass-cellulose), and their characteristics were performed. The air filtration quality factor was used to analyze the test results. The coefficient of filtration efficiency was defined, showing the effect of the preliminary stage on the total time of the filtration process. It was shown that the K1 composite has high (dpmax = 1.5÷3 µm) filtration accuracy, high initial filtration efficiency (99.8%), which shortens the pre-stage, and extends to 96-98% the duration of the main stage of the filtration process. The K1 composite obtained more than twice the mass loading of dust (kdK1 = 148,9 g/m2), which will allow the vehicle's mileage to be extended.

Effect of Electrolyte Filtration Accuracy on Electrochemical Machining Quality for Titanium Alloy

<p>Electrochemical machining (ECM) is an effective manufacturing method for difficult-to-machine materials and is widely used in the precision manufacturing of aerospace components. In recent years, the requirements for the machining accuracy and surface integrity of ECM have become increasingly stringent. To further improve the machining quality, this work investigated the intricate laws between electrolyte filtration accuracy and machining quality. Electrolytes with different filtration accuracies were compared, and a numerical simulation was used to evaluate the change in temperature and bubble rate of the flow field in the machining area. Experiments were conducted on ECM of Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) alloy workpieces using electrolytes with different filtration accuracy. The workpiece machining accuracy and surface quality were analyzed, and the repetition accuracy of the workpiece was evaluated. The intricate laws between electrolyte filtration accuracy and machining quality were explored. It was found that when the electrolyte filtration accuracy is improved, so too is the machining quality of the ECM. However, once the filtration accuracy has reached a certain value, the machining quality has extremely limited improvement. By evaluating the repetition accuracy of processed workpieces in electrolytes with different filtration accuracies, it was found that when the filtration accuracy reaches a certain value, there is no positive correlation between the repetition accuracy and filtration accuracy. The result shows that, for the workpiece material and conditions considered in this paper, an electrolyte with 0.5μm filtration accuracy is suitable for the wide application of precision ECM.</p>

Efficient strategies for engineering high-permeance SiC ceramic membranes for gas/solid filtration: Prefilling method

The trade-off between gas permeance and filtration accuracy in SiC ceramic membranes has constrained their utilization in gas/solid filtration. Herein, a polyvinyl butyraldehyde (PVB) solution was introduced as a prefilling layer to impede membrane particles from penetrating the macroporous SiC support (average pore size: 23 μm). The PVB layer could be removed postsintering, thereby producing a ceramic membrane devoid of any intermediate layer, which showed great potential in enhancing the gas permeance. Initially, the PVB concentration was optimized to ensure membrane integrity and strong adhesion between the support and separation layer. Thereafter, suitable dispersants and drying conditions were investigated in detail. The resultant asymmetric SiC membranes fabricated under these optimized conditions had a thickness ranging between 50 and 60 μm. These membranes demonstrated exceptional gas permeance, varying from 71.1 to 178.1 m3 m−2 h−1 kPa−1 by tuning the membrane pore size from 1.02 to 3.03 μm. Additionally, the membranes achieved 99.94 % dust rejection for particles approximately 0.3 μm in size. When compared to traditional ceramic membranes with several intermediate layers, the prefilling approach employed herein circumvents the ceramic intermediate layer. This method resolves the mismatch between particle sizes of the ceramic support and the membrane layer, offering an effective strategy for developing high-permeance SiC membranes suited for gas/solid filtration applications.

Analysis of characteristics of electric field-enhanced multi-gradient of solid particles in oil

Lubricating oil is easily polluted by solid particles, causing it to deteriorate; therefore, solid particles must be separated from the oil. Furthermore, as conventional filtration devices cannot meet both filtration accuracy and service life requirements, an oil and solid separation method for multi-gradient filtration enhanced by an electric field is proposed. A numerical model for multi-gradient separation was established by coupling the governing equations of electric and flow fields, the particle-wall collision equation, and the discrete phase-tracking equation. Enhanced by an electric field, the characteristics of the multi-gradient filtration of solid particles in oil were investigated using finite element method. The effects of the main control parameters on the filtration performance were analyzed. The results indicate that using the electric field-enhanced multi-gradient filtration method can achieve highly efficient separation of solid particles from the oil. When the electric field strength was increased from 0 kV/mm to 2 kV/mm, the deposition concentration of particles was 2.5 times higher and filtration efficiency of the system increased to 97.46%. Additionally, the deposition concentration and filtration efficiency decreased from 0.15 m/s to 0.3 m/s, while gradually increased from 0.3 m/s to 0.5 m/s, for a particle size range of 10–40 µm.

PPS ultrafine fiber enhanced aramid fiber filter with superior thermal stability and excellent chemical resistance for efficient PM2.5 removal

Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) fiber is widely used in high-temperature soot filters owing to its high-temperature and chemical stability. However, PPS fiber undergoes a thermal cross-linking reaction in high-temperature environments, leading to a decline in its mechanical properties, and eventually leading to filter material damage and failure. In this work, short para-aramid (PPTA) fiber was introduced into homemade PPS ultrafine fiber by wet dissociation and dry thermal consolidation technologies. The prepared PPS/PPTA ultrafine fiber felt exhibited high filtration accuracy and long-term thermal stability. The filtration efficiency of PPS/PPTA ultrafine fiber felt for PM0.3, PM0.5, PM1.0, PM2.5, PM5.0, and PM10 reached 89.02, 97.34, 99.85, 99.99, 100.00, and 100.00%, respectively, and remained above 98% after 20 cycles. These results were largely consistent with the theoretical values from the filtration model analysis. The PM2.5 filtration efficiency of PPS/PPTA ultrafine fiber felt remained above 99.73% after being placed at 230 °C for 48 h or being soaked in strong acid and alkali solutions for 48 h, indicating its excellent thermal and chemical stability. PPS/PPTA ultrafine fiber felt also possessed structural stability, with a tensile strength and tear index of 32.93 N/cm and 22.77 mN·m2/g, respectively. Due to its excellent comprehensive performance, we believe this PPS/PPTA ultrafine fiber felt provides a new strategy for the refined governance of industrial high-temperature soot.

Efficiency of a gravity-driven membrane in a water treatment plant

Abstract Membrane filtration technology is widely applied in conventional surface water treatment plants because of its low power load and high filtration accuracy. This study follows the transition from a power-driven to a gravity-driven siphon-submerged ultrafiltration membrane system in a drinking water treatment plant in Shandong Province, China. The proportion of space membrane areas in the tank was further developed, by increasing the membrane areas of a single tank to 1.6 times that before the transformation, and the design production capacity of a single tank is increased from 10,000 m3/d before the transformation to 16,700 m3/d. The recovery rate of a single tank was also increased from 96.28 to 97.77%. The energy consumption per ton of water decreased from 0.06 to 0.017 MJ. The annual carbon emissions reduction reached 197.13 tons per tank. In terms of the water quality, the algae removal rate from surface water by the ultrafiltration membrane reached 100%. Further, the removal rates of 2 μm particles, turbidity, and chlorophyll were above 99%. Our results suggest that gravity-driven siphon-submerged ultrafiltration promotes environmental protection, energy conservation, and emissions reduction. This technology introduces a new development direction for membrane filtering in drinking water treatment plants.

Experimental Studies of PowerCore Filters and Pleated Filter Baffles.

The material most commonly used to filter and clean the intake air of vehicle internal combustion engines is pleated filter paper, which in most cases is shaped in the form of a cylinder or panel. The production technology has a low cost and is not complicated. In addition to high separation efficiency and filtration performance, pleated filter media are required to have low initial pressure drop, which depends on the geometry of the bed. Much research has been conducted in this area. Dust accumulated in the filter bed causes an increase in pressure drop, which is the cause of deformation and sticking of pleats. The lack of stability of the pleats, the need to strengthen them, and the need to obtain small sizes while achieving high efficiency and accuracy of filtration of engine intake air was the reason for the development of a different design and a new technology for making filter cartridges called PowerCore. The distinctive feature of these filters is axial flow in one direction of the air stream, which avoids turbulence and thus minimizes pressure drop. This paper presents a comparative analysis of a standard PowerCore and PowerCore G2 filter bed and two cylindrical filters with a pleated filter bed made of cellulose and polyester. The conditions and methodology of experimental testing of filters with test dust are presented. During the tests, the characteristics of separation efficiency and filtration performance, as well as pressure drop as a function of the mass of dust retained on the filter of two PowerCore filters and two cylindrical filters were performed. Three specimens of test filters with the same filtration area were made from each sample of filter bed. The results showed that in each test of the filter bed, there is an initial filtration period characterized by low (96–98%) initial separation efficiency and the presence of large (dpmax) dust grains. As the dust loading of the bed increases, the separation efficiency and filtration performance obtain higher and higher values. The initial period of filtration ends when the conventional value (99.9%) of separation efficiency is reached. The duration of this period depends on the type of filter bed and for the PowerCore G2 filter ends for a dust loading of km = 33.1 g/m2, and for the cellulose filter for km = 117.3 g/m2. During the initial period, the air behind the PowerCore G2 filter contains grains with sizes in the range of dpmax = 9–16 µm. Behind the cellulose filter, dust grains are much larger, dpmax = 17–35 µm. The total operating time of the PowerCore G2 filter, limited by the achievement of the permittivity resistance Δpwdop = 3 kPa, is twice that of the other filter compositions tested.

Diesel engine calculation of steady state filtration characteristics of metal fibrous felt particulates filter

Metal fibrous felt particulates filter has the advantages of high mechanical strength, long service life, large dust capacity, high filtration accuracy, low resistance loss and high temperature resistance. In order to obtain the influence of structural parameters of metal fibrous felt on the characteristics of steady-state filtration efficiency, the effects of structural parameters of filter material such as porosity, fiber felt thickness and fiber diameter on steady-state capture efficiency under different filtration speeds are theoretically calculated and analyzed by using numerical calculation method. The results show that the structural parameters have an important impact on the steady-state filtration efficiency, which must be controlled within a reasonable range. Reducing the surface filtration speed to less than 0.1m/s can effectively improve the filtration efficiency. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the selection of structural parameters of metal fiber felt filter material, and has important research value.

Analysis of separation characteristics of multi-layer filter device for oil de-solidification treatment

Lubricating oil is easily polluted by solid particles, leading to lubricating failure which needs to be de-solidified. Mesh filters cannot simultaneously meet the requirements of filtration accuracy and service life. Thus, this study proposes to use a multi-layer filter device for de-solidification treatment. By introducing the critical deposition velocity criterion of particle-wall collision, coupling flow field governing equation and discrete-phase tracking equation, a numerical model for multi-layer filtration of solid particles in oil is established. The effects of the inlet flow rate and number of screen layers on the flow-field characteristics and filtration characteristics were studied, the de-solidification performance of the multi-layer filtration device was explored, and the rationality of the numerical model employed at present work was verified experimentally. Results show that the greater the deposition rate is, the higher the filtration efficiency is, and the more the deposition distribution is inclined to the upstream filter screen. The ratio of pore diameter to particle diameter (kd) that can be effectively handled by the multi-layer filter device is higher than 15.

Hollow fiber composite membranes engineered via the combination of “anionic crosslinking and in-situ biomineralization” for dye removal

In this study, hollow fiber composite membranes were prepared by fabricating a hybrid separation layer on hollow fiber membranes outer surface through the combination of “anionic crosslinking and in-situ biomineralization”. The relationship between anions (molecular weight, Mw and functionality, fu) and the compactness of separation layers were analysed. The mode of in-situ biomineralization on surface, the formation and evolution of the hybrid layers were discussed. Using the strategy of anionic crosslinking and in-situ biomineralization, the compactness and filtration accuracy could be effectively enhanced, and the hydrophilicity of membrane surface was greatly improved. Dyes with low Mw, such as methyl orange (327 g mol−1, 99.6 %, 21.2 L m–2h−1) and methylene blue (319 g mol−1, 99.2 %, 21.9 L m–2h−1), can be rejected precisely while maintaining a high permeate flux. In addition, owing to the better acid resistance of the hybrid separation layer and the good adhesion between the separation layer and substrate, the membrane exhibited excellent chemical stability, long-term separation stability, and anti-fouling capacity. This study provides facile method for building separation layers with hybrid structures on hollow fiber membranes and a novel idea for designing hollow fiber composite membranes to separate dyes from water.

Experimental Investigation of Possibilities to Improve Filtration Efficiency of Tangential Inlet Return Cyclones by Modification of Their Design

It has been shown that tangential inlet return cyclones are commonly used for inlet air filtration of off-road vehicle engines. The wear of the engine elements, and thus their durability, is determined by the efficiency and accuracy of the inlet air filtration. It has been shown that the possibilities of increasing the separation efficiency or decreasing the pressure drop of a cyclone by changing the main dimensions of the cyclone are limited, because any arbitrary change in one of the dimensions of an already operating cyclone may cause the opposite effect. A literature analysis of the possibility of increasing the filtration efficiency of cyclones by modifying the design of selected cyclone components was conducted. In this paper, three modifications of the cyclone design with a tangential inlet of the inlet air filter of a military tracked vehicle were proposed and performed. The symmetrical inlet of the cyclone was replaced with an asymmetrical inlet. The cylindrical outlet tube was replaced with a conical tube, and the edges of the inlet opening were given an additional streamlined shape. The modification process was carried out on three specimens of the reversible cyclone with a tangential inlet. After each modification, an experimental evaluation of the modifications was carried out. The influence of the modifications on the cyclone’s efficiency characteristics and pressure drop was examined. Subsequent modifications of the cyclone were performed on the same specimen without removing the previous modifications. Tests were performed in the air flow range QG = 5–30 m3/h. Polydisperse “fine” test dust with grain size dpmax = 80 µm was used for testing. The dust concentration at the cyclone inlet was set at 1 g/m2. The performed modifications caused a slight (about 1%) increase in separation efficiency in the range of small (up to QG = 22 m3/h) flux values and about 30% decrease in pressure drop in the whole range of the QG flux, which positively influences the increase in engine filling and its power. There was a noticeable increase in filtration accuracy in the range of low and high values of QG flux, which results in a decrease in the wear of engine components, especially the piston-piston ring-cylinder (P-PR-C) association, and an increase in their durability.

Improved separation performance of SS fiber nonwoven felt by the coating of a non-isotropic porous SS membrane layer

With excellent mechanical properties, large porosity, and permeability, stainless steel (SS) fiber nonwoven felt has outstanding application advantages in high-temperature filtration and purification. However, the pore size of the SS nonwoven felt, which is directly determined by the diameter of the produced fiber stacked inside, usually varies from tens of microns to several microns. Low filtration accuracy greatly limits its application in the fields of fine separation and purification. In this study, the separation performance of SS fiber nonwoven felt was improved by the coating of a non-isotropic porous SS membrane layer via the immersion precipitation phase inversion-sintering method. The effects of sintering temperature on pore structure, surface wettability, separation performance, and mechanical properties of the coated SS nonwoven felt were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), water contact angle (WCA), water permeability, and tensile test, respectively. The results suggest that with the increase of sintering temperature from 1000°C to 1200°C, both porosity and pore size reduce gradually. The WCA value shows an increase from 31.4 to 62.3° and pure water flux shows a corresponding decrease from 2562 to 889 L . m−2 . h−1. The sintering temperature has a negative effect on the mechanical strength of the coated SS fiber nonwoven felt, which is mainly determined by the mechanical properties of the sintered SS fiber nonwoven felt substrate. The coated SS fiber nonwoven felt exhibits a long-term durable separation performance even after frequent combined physical washing and chemical cleaning when applied in the treatment of potato starch wastewater.

Research and development of ship ballast water treatment system

If the ballast water is discharged without treatment, it will cause serious ecological damage to the local port. This paper takes the ship ballast water treatment system as the research object. The existing ballast water treatment system is investigated. A ship ballast water treatment system with capacity of 150m3 /h, filtration accuracy of 40um and UV dose of 350mJ/cm2 is designed. This paper introduces the working principle of the main unit of ship ballast water treatment system, and designs an automatic monitoring system based on PLC and LabVIEW. The results show that the device has high practicability and feasibility.

Material Properties Analysis with Addition of Nanofibres for Air Intake Filtration in Internal Combustion Engines

The aim of this study is to provide an experimental properties evaluation of a standard filter material (cellulose) and materials with fiber layer addition with small diameters (nanofibers). Filter media, including cellulose, used in the internal combustion engine inlet air filtration are made of high diameter fibres, approx. 15 µm. Significantly higher separation and filtration efficiency performance are obtained for materials with lower fibre diameters (nanofibres), however, at the expense of a significantly higher pressure drop, affecting the engine performance. Filter media manufacturers mainly specify the structure parameters (pore size, air permeability and thickness), without giving any information on the dust filtration performance and rate. The literature includes test results for models of different filter media structures. Filtration process modelling using polydisperse dust with particles of different shape and density and irregular filter media structure is possible using advanced computer techniques, however, the process is complex and requires many simplifications. Test results can be applied directly in the automotive industry. The data can be obtained by experimental tests on filter medium specimens, complete filter elements or air filters which are costly and time-consuming tests, however, those test methods are the most reliable. Conditions and testing methodology for intake air filter materials used in internal combustion engines were developed. Filtration and flow resistance efficiency and accuracy were done depending on test dust mass stopped per unit area. Tested materials filtration efficiency was assessed by a filtration quality factor, which includes experimentally determined efficiency and accuracy as well as flow resistance values. Much higher efficiency and filtration accuracy of dust grains below 5 µm in filtration materials with nanofibers addition compared to standard filtration material (filter paper) were demonstrated. For the same flow resistance values, filter materials with nanofibers addition accumulate smaller dust mass than standard filter paper. Usage of materials with nanofibers addition used in motor vehicles intake air filtration ensures their high efficiency and accuracy. It minimises its components wear, but at the expense of faster flow resistance increase, which shortens filter life and increases filter replacement frequency. Results obtained during the experimental research partly fill the gap when it comes to the basic material properties used in internal combustion engines intake air filter partitions production.

Analysis of Pollution and Blockage of Titanium Rod Sintered Microporous Filter Element

Microfiltration is widely used in fine filtration operations, with dead-end filtration and cross-flow filtration. The microfiltration filter element or the microfiltration membrane is easy to be polluted by impurities in the water and causes fouling, resulting in flux attenuation. The flux can be expressed by Darcy’s law and attenuation model. In this paper, two industrial titanium rod sintered filter elements (?60 × 960 mm and ?60 × 960 mm) of different specifications are selected, and tap water (1.0 NTU) is used for constant pressure dead-end filtration. The amount tends to be the same, about 0.435 m3·m?2·h?1, which has nothing to do with the filtration accuracy of the filter element but only depends on the characteristics of the filter cake and the filter membrane. Through the analysis of the two models, it is found that the two filtration flux models are not universal and difficult to be applied in engineering.

Effects of sintering temperature and particle size on permeability of functionally gradient composite porous materials prepared by hanging slurry process

Porous materials have excellent functions in filtration and purification, and gradient composite porous materials enrich the product types of porous materials in the same field. In the preparation of metal-ceramic gradient composite porous materials, the matching relationship between the pore morphology and pore size of the metal porous matrix and the coated powder particles will seriously affect the structure and performance of the ceramic membrane. This work mentions the different size range (60, 100, 200 and 400 mesh) of 316 L stainless steel powder particles as the raw materials which are at different sintering temperatures of 1170, 1200 and 1230 °C, the fabrication of porous 316 L stainless steel substrate which was made by hanging slurry preparation of precursor, at the same time using Ar protection at different sintering temperatures (650, 700, 750 and 800 °C) to the preparation of metal-ceramic composite gradient according to different matrix apertures of porous materials. The pore structure, microstructure and morphology characteristics of different samples both of matrix and functionally gradient composite were analyzed and characterized. On the basis of test of permeability of functionally gradient composite porous materials, this kind of composite gradient porous material can be excellent at part of permeability which matrix was made by 400 mesh 316 L stainless steel powder particles at sintering temperature of 1230 °C and then dealed with the process of hanging slurry to became the precursor which ceramic membrane was prepared at sintering temperature of 650 °C. Maximum aperture of the porous substrate filtration precision under the combination of ceramic membrane layer can be increased by 96.3%. By observing the change of pore morphology of porous matrix, this paper aims to make a research of influence of sintering temperature and powder particles size on permeability of the functionally gradient composite porous materials, and also provide a reference for improving the filtration accuracy of existing porous materials.

Fabrication of Industrial-Scale Porous Stainless Steel Membrane Tubes and Their Applications

A series of industrial-scale 316L stainless steel membrane tubes (Φ60 mm × 1000 mm) was fabricated by wet spray coating three membrane powders (20 μm; 12 μm; 4 μm) onto a pre-sintered 316L stainless steel support tube, followed by sintering. The influence of the membrane powder size and spray coating times or number of spray coating layers on the structure and permeability of the as-sintered membrane tubes was analyzed in detail. A permeability model has been formulated according to the resistance-in-series model based on Darcy’s law. It is shown that the model can reasonably describe the permeability of as-sintered stainless steel membranes. A good balance between the filtration accuracy and the permeability can be achieved by fabricating an ultra-thin metallic membrane structure on the surface of a pre-sintered stainless steel support tube. The gas separation efficiency of the as-fabricated 316L stainless steel membrane reached 99.8% for the 0.3-μm dust particles. The as-sintered porous 316L membrane (Φ60 mm × 1000 mm) was used to filter hot gas mixtures of CO and C4NiO4 in continuous industrial operations for 4 months and demonstrated outstanding performance.

DaaS: Dew Computing as a Service for Intelligent Intrusion Detection in Edge-of-Things Ecosystem

Edge of Things (EoT) enables the seamless transfer of services, storage, and data processing from the cloud layer to edge devices in a large-scale distributed Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems (e.g., Industrial systems). This transition raises the privacy and security concerns in the EoT paradigm distributed at different layers. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are implemented in EoT ecosystems to protect the underlying resources from attackers. However, the current IDSs are not intelligent enough to control the false alarms, which significantly lower the reliability and add to the analysis burden on the IDSs. In this article, we present a Dew Computing as a Service (DaaS) for intelligent intrusion detection in EoT ecosystems. In DaaS, a deep learning-based classifier is used to design an intelligent alarm filtration mechanism. In this mechanism, the filtration accuracy is improved (or sustained) by using deep belief networks. In the past, the cloud-based techniques have been applied for offloading the EoT tasks, which increases the middle layer burden and raises the communication delay. Here, we introduce the dew computing features that are used to design the smart false alarm reduction system. DaaS, when experimented in a simulated environment, reflects lower response time to process the data in the EoT ecosystem. The revamped DBN model achieved the classification accuracy up to 95%. Moreover, it depicts a 60% improvement in the latency and 35% workload reduction of the cloud servers as compared to edge IDS.