This research focuses on designing functional biopolymer-based foam filter comprising composites of biopolymers, chitosan (CS), and Agar (Ar), in an optimized ratio. These filters are further enhanced by incorporating Al and Zr oxide/oxyhydroxide functional-composites (AZ-FCs) as fillers, with an optimized concentration for improved performance. Comprehensive characterization of the filters' physicochemical properties and structural mechanisms is conducted using advanced analytical techniques, including FE-SEM, XRD, IR, XPS, and Zeta potential analysis. Furthermore, the adsorption behaviour of the bio matrix filters is investigated for emerging pollutants, namely Ciprofloxacin (Cf), Paracetamol (Pr), and Fluoride (F−), wherein the optimized AC (0.5AZ) filter demonstrates exceptional adsorption capacities with maximum values of 308.38 mg g⁻1 for Cf, 67.58 mg g⁻1 for Pr, and 81.3 mg g⁻1 for F−, respectively. The practical applicability of the AC (0.5AZ) filters is evaluated in a continuous flow filtration system operating at 1 bar pressure for large-scale removal of these contaminants. The filters exhibit an impressive flux rate of approximately 618 ± 12 L m⁻2 h⁻1, indicating high filtration efficiency and suitability for high-volume applications. Furthermore, the AC (0.5AZ) filters are also assessed for the removal of microplastics (MPs) of varying sizes within the same filtration module, where they have achieved a rejection rate of around 92%, demonstrating their effectiveness in addressing the pressing issue of micro-plastic pollution.