Response Filter Research Articles

Design of a broadband frequency-tunable planar filtering power divider

ABSTRACT In order to meet the development requirements of multi-frequency and functional integration of radio frequency (RF) modules, a broadband tunable filtering power divider with center frequency is designed. A new structure is composed of open branch line, step impedance resonator, and double branch resonator. The filter response is realized by branch line and double branch resonator. The resonant frequency of the device can be adjusted flexibly by controlling the varactor diode loaded on the two resonators with external voltage. The double branch resonator can realize the broadband frequency adjustability, the step impedance resonator can improve part of the return loss performance of the device, so that the central frequency can achieve high performance in a wide tuning range. The research results show that the center frequency of the designed filtering power divider is adjustable in the range of 1.6 GHz to 2.7 GHz, the tuning bandwidth is 51.2%, the input return loss of each center point is better than 20 dB, and the isolation between output ports is better than 19 dB. The device is expected to be widely used in RF communication systems such as array antennas and transceiver components.

Millimeter-Wave Monopulse Filtenna Array with Directive Dielectric Resonators

This paper presents a new millimeter-wave monopulse dielectric resonator (DR) filtering antenna (filtenna) array based on substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. The monopulse comparator realized by a square dual-mode (<i>TE</i><sub>102</sub> and <i>TE</i><sub>201</sub>) SIW feed cavity uses diagonal irises, of which couplings between the feed and next-stage cavities lead to almost identical filter responses for the sum and difference channels with compact size and a planar single-substrate structure. Both dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) adopting <i>HEM</i><sub>133</sub> mode for enhanced directivity are implemented with two filters based on SIW. The DR acts as the last resonator and the radiator in the filtenna. The prototype is designed at the Ka-band with a center frequency of 27.65 GHz and an operation bandwidth of 700 MHz. The measurement shows a 15-dB fractional bandwidth of 2.36%, a gain of 10.84 dBi for the sum channel, and a null depth of -15.6 dB for the difference channel.

Calibration of frequency response mismatches in time‐interleaved analog‐to‐digital converter based on adaptive method

AbstractThe time‐interleaved analog‐to‐digital converter (TIADC) system could achieve high sampling rate effectively, but the frequency response inconsistency among channels will introduce frequency response mismatches, which will seriously degrade the signal quality. In this paper, a novel multi‐channel frequency response mismatches adaptive calibration method is proposed. The frequency response of the compensation filter is expanded into a polynomial of a digital differentiator, and the least mean square adaptive strategy is used to calibrate frequency response mismatches. It does not require measuring the channel frequency responses in advance and uses digital post‐processing technology to effectively compensate the frequency response of the multi‐channel TIADC system and improve the spurious‐free dynamic range. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the algorithm.

Spurious Self-Suppression Method: Application to TM Cavity Filters

This article presents a new approach for improving spurious free bands in filters. The main idea is to control the coupling coefficients of the spurious resonances, in order to force them to cancel each other. This approach is completely different from the classical one where all couplings are minimized in order to excite spurious resonances as less as possible. In fact, in this approach, all spurious couplings are maximized except the central coupling that is instead minimized. This method is first explained in terms of equivalent circuits. Then, in order to show its applicability to real microwave filters, it is applied to the TM cavity filters and used to remove both spurious resonances due to higher order cavity modes and to TE10 mode of coupling irises. Design examples of fourth- and sixth-order TM cavity filters are presented. With respect to the classical TM cavity filter, where the first spurious appears around 11.4 GHz, the TM filters designed by exploiting the self-suppression method present spurious free bands up to 20.2 GHz (20 GHz for sixth-order filter), improving the filter response up to 2.2 times the center frequency of 9.2 GHz. Another advantage is that, in contrast to the classical spurious suppression method that does not allow responses with TZs in TM filters, the self-suppression method allows for a number of TZs equal to N-2 (N being the filter order) and it also allows a certain control of their position.

Performance Optimization of Universal Filtered Multicarrier Technique for Next Generation Communication Systems

Next generation communication systems require better performance to support high - bandwidth, peak data rate, spectral efficiency, mobility, connection density, positioning accuracy, etc. Investigation on efficient modulation technique for next generation has become very important so as to meet its expectations. In this paper performance optimization of universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC) technique for next generation communication systems have been investigated. Dolph-Chebyshev (DC) and Kaiser-Bessel- derived (KBD) filters have been used to optimize power spectral density, channel equalization, bit error rate, and peak to average power ratio (PAPR). It has been observed that KBD filter response is comparatively better than DC filter. Effect of filter length also influences the system performance, filter with bigger length improves performance at the cost of computational complexity. Performance of UFMC has been compared with that of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique. The present work of investigations on UFMC that is based on subband filtering is our original research work that has been carried out for its suitability for next generation communication systems. It has simple design structure, lower computational complexities and better performance in terms of BER compared to OFDM and f-ODFM systems. It has comparatively low PAPR than GFDM and FBMC techniques.

Inverse design of photonic crystal filters with arbitrary correlation and size for accurate spectrum reconstruction.

Spectroscopic technique based on nanophotonic filters can recover spectral information through compressive sensing theory. The spectral information is encoded by nanophotonic response functions and decoded by computational algorithms. They are generally ultracompact, low in cost, and offer single-shot operation with spectral resolution better than 1nm. Thus, they could be ideally suited for emerging wearable and portable sensing and imaging applications. Previous work has revealed that successful spectral reconstruction relies on well-designed filter response functions with sufficient randomness and low mutual correlation, but no thorough discussion has been performed on the filter array design. Here, instead of blind selection of filter structures, inverse design algorithms are proposed to obtain a photonic crystal filter array with predefined correlation coefficients and array size. Such rational spectrometer design can perform accurate reconstruction for a complex spectrum and maintain the performance under noise perturbation. We also discuss the impact of correlation coefficient and array size on the spectrum reconstruction accuracy. Our filter design method can be extended to different filter structures and suggests a better encoding component for reconstructive spectrometer applications.

Reduction of Doppler and Range Ambiguity Using AES-192 Encryption-Based Pulse Coding

This research investigates the use of a Binary Phase Shift Key (BPSK) sequence derived from the 192-bit key Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-192) algorithm for radar signal modulation to mitigate Doppler and range ambiguities. The AES-192 BPSK sequence has a non-periodic nature resulting in a single large and narrow main lobe in the matched filter response but also produces undesired periodic side lobes that can be mitigated through the use of a CLEAN algorithm. The performance of the AES-192 BPSK sequence is compared to an Ipatov-Barker Hybrid BPSK code, which effectively extends the maximum unambiguous range but has some limitations in terms of signal processing requirements. The AES-192 based BPSK sequence has the advantage of having no maximum unambiguous range limit, and when the pulse location within the Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI) is randomized, the upper limit on the maximum unambiguous Doppler frequency shift is greatly extended.

A discrete side-lobe clutter recognition method based on sliding filter response loss for space-based radar

Different from ground-based or airborne early warning radar, space-based radar (SBR) possesses large coverage capability. As a result, several discrete strong scatter points from the antenna side-lobe shares the same feature with the real targets in range-Doppler domain, which leads to false alarms when conducting constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detection process, and the detection performance with regard to SBR deteriorates seriously. In this paper, a discrete side-lobe clutter recognition method based on sliding filter response loss is proposed for space-based radar. Firstly, considering both the echo inhomogeneity and the limited degrees of freedom (DOFs) after dimension-reduced space-time adaptive processing (STAP), the sliding window design strategy is employed to segment range cells for the observation scene. Then, the images related to different range segments are registered after clutter suppression, in this way, the candidate target parameters, including the position information and the amplitude information are counted. On this basis, the reliable recognition scheme between the real target and the discrete side-lobe clutter can be realized by comparing these filter response losses. Compared with recent works, experimental results based on real measured data show that the proposed method significantly improves the fault-tolerant discrimination ability, which possesses high robustness in algorithm performance as well as good prospect in engineering application.

A Wavelet Derivative Spectrum Length Method of TFBG Sensor Demodulation.

Fibre optic sensors using tilted fibre Bragg grating (TFBG) have high sensitivity for refractive index measurements. In order to achieve good metrological parameters of the measurement, an appropriate method of spectrum demodulation must be used. The method proposed in the article is an improvement of the spectral length algorithm. The spectral length parameter is treated as the sum of the derivative filter responses. In the original version, the first difference of spectrum elements was used, while this article proposes to use the wavelet transform to calculate the numerical derivative approximation. The advantage of this solution is an easy way to select the level of smoothing filtration by changing the scale parameter. The derivation is appropriate even for a relatively low signal-to-noise level. The approximation of the spectral length by the derivative calculated using the wavelet transform eliminates the high-frequency noise of the optical signal. The absolute value of determined spectral derivatives after significant smoothing can be used to estimate the wavelength of the decay of modes. After analyzing experimental data and performing calculations, it turns out that this is a linear method with better resolution than the contour length algorithm.

Visible–Infrared Dual-Sensor Fusion for Single-Object Tracking

Visual object tracking is a classical yet rapidly evolving task in computer vision. Traditional RGB trackers in the visible spectrum suffer from poor lighting conditions and bad weather, which significantly affect image quality. To tackle this drawback, RGB trackers are extended from single modality (RGB) to dual modalities [RGB-thermal (RGB-T)] via visible–infrared dual-sensor fusion. Compared with visible cameras, thermal infrared cameras are insensitive to lightning conditions and have a strong ability to penetrate haze and smog. Inspired by the complementary merits of visible and thermal information, we propose a visible–infrared (RGB-T) tracker that fuses the visible modality and infrared modality on the pixel level, feature level, and decision level. First, for the pixel-level fusion, a fused histogram is derived from a four-channel RGB-T image that concatenates an aligned RGB and thermal image pair. With the fused histogram, a foreground mask is derived for guiding correlation filter learning by segmenting the foreground target from the neighbor background. Second, for the feature-level fusion, handcrafted features, such as histogram of gradient (HOG) and color name (CN), are extracted from the RGB and thermal images, respectively, and then concatenated along the channel dimension for feature fusion. Third, for the decision-level fusion, the channel weight of each feature channel in both modalities is estimated for weighting per-channel filter response in localization. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our visible and infrared fusion strategy, we perform an ablation study to evaluate each level of fusion independently on the RGBT234 dataset. We also perform extensive experiments on the RGBT234 and VTUAV_ST datasets to evaluate the performance of the proposed RGB-T tracker compared with state-of-the-art trackers. It is worth noting that our three-level visible–infrared fusion framework is generic and flexible and our implementation is far from optimal. This framework is open-source and easy to be combined with any correlation filter-based RGB-T tracker for further performance gain.

Determination of Non-Zero Initial Conditions for IIR Notch Filters Using the Vector Projection Method with Minimum Delay

In this paper, two approaches to determining the non-zero initial conditions for the difference equation of notch filters are proposed and analyzed. The vector of non-zero initial conditions is determined to reduce the transient of the considered IIR notch filters. Both presented approaches are based on the vector projection method. The first method is based on the iterative determination of the vectors of initial conditions using samples available at a given moment. The main goal of the second approach is to reduce the computational cost compared to the first method with a slight deterioration in the quality of filtration. In order to demonstrate the suitability of the proposed methods, they have been used in simulation studies of power line interference filtering from disturbed ECG signals. The use of the proposed methods allowed for a significant reduction of the transient in the filter response with a shorter delay than in the classical vector projection method.

Interactive effects of dual short-chain n-alkanes on removal performances and microbial responses of biotrickling filters

Enhanced biotrickling filtration at the presence of surfactants could be competitive in treatment of waste gas streams polluted by hydrophobic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as light hydrocarbons, while few such reports are available. Herein, biotrickling filters (BTFs) were applied to investigate the removal performances for binary-component n-alkanes (n ≤ 6) at the presence of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), and the microbial responses were also examined. Interestingly, results showed that the existence of shorter chain n-alkanes promoted the removal of longer chain n-alkanes, as the elimination capacities (EC) of BTF for n-hexane increased by 44 ± 1.2 % when there was methane in incoming gas stream. While the presence of longer chain n-alkanes antagonistically affected shorter chain n-alkane removal, as EC for methane decreased by 65 ± 8.1 % at the presence of n-hexane. Additionally, the presence of SDBS improved the mixed n-alkane removal. EC of the BTF with 15 mg/L SDBS for mixed propane and n-hexane reached 55 ± 1.4 and 31 ± 0.5 g/m3·h respectively, which increased by 90 ± 4.6 % and 47 ± 0.9 % compared with those without SDBS. The richness of Bacillus and Sporosarcina was improved in the BTF fed with SDBS. Moreover, the presence of SDBS improved the content of hydrophobic proteins and the activity of fluorescent substances inextracellular polymeric substances. Also, both the activities of ATPase and the antioxidant capacity of microbial cells exhibited higher than that when SDBS was not added. These data could lead to a better understanding and more reasonable design of biotrickling filtration to remove n-alkanes from waste gas streams of refinery wastewater treatment plants.

Astronomical Detection of the Interstellar Anion C10H− toward TMC-1 from the GOTHAM Large Program on the Green Bank Telescope

Using data from the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) Observations of TMC-1: Hunting for Aromatic Molecules (GOTHAM) survey, we report the first astronomical detection of the C10H− anion. The astronomical observations also provided the necessary data to refine the spectroscopic parameters of C10H−. From the velocity stacked data and the matched filter response, C10H− is detected at >9σ confidence level at a column density of cm−2. A dedicated search for the C10H radical was also conducted toward TMC-1. In this case, the stacked molecular emission of C10H was detected at a ∼3.2σ confidence interval at a column density of cm−2. However, as the determined confidence level is currently <5σ, we consider the identification of C10H as tentative. The full GOTHAM data set was also used to better characterize the physical parameters including column density, excitation temperature, line width, and source size for the C4H, C6H, and C8H radicals and their respective anions, and the measured column densities were compared to the predictions from a gas/grain chemical formation model and from a machine learning analysis. Given the measured values, the C10H−/C10H column density ratio is ∼—the highest value measured between an anion and neutral species to date. Such a high ratio is at odds with current theories for interstellar anion chemistry. For the radical species, both models can reproduce the measured abundances found from the survey; however, the machine learning analysis matches the detected anion abundances much better than the gas/grain chemical model, suggesting that the current understanding of the formation chemistry of molecular anions is still highly uncertain.

Dual-Band Dual-Polarized Base-Station Antenna Design Using Filtering Dipole Elements

In this communication, a dual-band dual-polarized antenna with very small frequency spacing is proposed for base-station applications. The antenna includes one lower band (LB) and one upper band (UP) dual-polarized filtering dipole elements. The LB antenna is embedded in the UP antenna. Guided by the well-known coupling matrix model, each antenna design yields third-order filter responses with two radiation nulls at the same stopband. The filtering performance is realized by using radiating structures to reduce the insertion loss. In addition to introducing the first radiation null with a parasitic element (PE), a filtering parasitic arm (PA) is adopted to further improve the selectivity and bandwidth of the antennas. As a result, the two adjacent working bands can be very closely placed with high out-of-band suppression. To validate the idea, a dual-band dual-polarized antenna is designed and fabricated, operating at 1.7–2.17 and 2.3–2.7 GHz with isolation of more than 20 dB without any filtering in feeding circuits. The measured results agree well with the simulations, verifying that the proposed antenna is suitable for ever-challenging wireless communication applications.

Pseudoelliptic Waveguide Filters Using U-Shaped Ridge Resonators

A new structure for the realization of inline waveguide pseudoelliptic filters using U-shaped ridge resonators has been presented. The basic structure is a U-shaped ridge placed inside a rectangular waveguide and can be utilized to realize both a pole and a transmission zero by either adjusting its offset from the waveguide center axis or by making the lengths of its two arms different from each other. The dominant mode of the feeding waveguide acting as the nonresonating mode, bypasses the U-shaped ridge and thus creates an alternate energy path, realizing a transmission zero. The dominant mode of rectangular waveguide also excites the resonating mode in U-shaped ridge because of the asymmetries introduced by either offset or different length arms. A transmission zero below the passband is achieved by offsetting the U-shaped ridge relative to the waveguide center axis. A transmission zero above the passband is realized by using a centered U-shaped ridge with different length arms. Both adjustments can also be made simultaneously to achieve further flexibility in realizing the desired filter response. A fourth-order filter with two transmission zeros, one in the lower stopband while the other in the upper stopband is designed, fabricated and measured. Measurements show good agreement with the simulations thus demonstrating the practicability of the proposed structure.

State-of-Charge and State-of-Health Joint Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Iterative Unscented Kalman Particle Filtering Algorithm With Fused Rauch–Tung–Striebel Smoothing Structure

Abstract Traditional particle filtering has a large estimation error in the state of charge and Lithium-ion battery health of electric vehicle lithium batteries. For the above-mentioned problems, the lithium battery second-order resistance capacitance (RC) equivalent circuit model is established, and then, the model parameters are identified using the multi-innovation least square algorithm (MILS). Finally, an iterative unscented Kalman particle filtering algorithm with fused Rauch–Tung–Striebel Smoothing Structure (RTS-IUPF) applied to Li-ion battery state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) joint estimation is proposed. The algorithm is based on the identification of battery parameters; the controller reads the sensor data and predicts the state results. RTS smoothing structure can do posterior estimation, and a significant probability density function is generated to select the optimal particle, and unscented Kalman algorithm regularized particles. The algorithm reduces the effect of the process noise covariance matrix and the measured noise covariance matrix on the filter accuracy and response time in traditional unselected Kalman filters. The algorithm proposed in the paper improves particle degradation and increases the estimation accuracy. Finally, the RTS-IUPF algorithm performs simulation analysis in Pulse current discharge condition and dynamic current condition (NEDC), respectively. The pulse current experimental results show that the mean absolute value error of UKF and particle filter (PF (number of particles N is 300)) is 1.26% and 1.24%, respectively, while the error of the RTS-IUPF is 0.748%. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the RTS-IUPF is reduced by 66.5% and 77.8% compared with UKF and PF. Furthermore, the error of joint estimation using this algorithm is smaller than that of single estimation. The RMSE of the RTS-IUPF joint is reduced by 27.4% compared with RTS-IUPF. The feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm for the joint estimation of SOC and SOH of lithium batteries were verified.

CFOA-based first-order voltage-mode universal filters

In this paper, two new CFOA-based first-order voltage-mode universal filters are proposed. Both of the filters use an additional unity gain-inverting amplifier. The first proposed filter employs a minimum number of passive elements, while the second one includes one capacitor and two grounded resistors. The proposed filters can give universal filter responses with the selection of their relevant inputs. Both of the proposed filters enjoy the low output and high input impedances. Two quadrature oscillator circuits derived from the proposed filters are also considered as application examples. In order to see the performance of the circuits, many simulations are carried out via the SPICE program. Also, some experiments for the first proposed filter are done by using AD844s.

Parameter Optimization for an Accurate Swept-Sine Identification Procedure of Nonlinear Systems

Modeling the nonlinearity of a system is of primary importance both for optimizing its design and for controlling the behavior of physical systems operating with a wide dynamic range of input values, for which the linearity hypothesis may not be sufficient. To become of practical use, the identification of nonlinear models must be accurate and computationally efficient. For these reasons, in recent years, among the numerous models of nonlinear systems that have been proposed in the technical literature, the Hammerstein model has been widely applied as a consequence of the proposal of a new pattern identification technique based on pulse compression, which makes the identification of the model very accurate in numerous applications for which it has been adopted. Hammerstein model identification of a nonlinear system requires characterization of the linear filters present on the different branches of the model. These linear filters, which constitute the parameters of the model to be identified, must be considered with respect to their trends over time or, equivalently, in their frequency trends, as amplitude and phase responses. The identification can be considered accurate if the trends obtained for each filter adequately characterize it for the entire frequency range to which that specific filter is subjected in the normal operation of the system to be identified. This work focuses on this aspect, i.e., on the adequacy of the frequency range for which the filter is identified and on how to obtain correct identification in the entire frequency range of interest. The identification procedure based on exponential swept-sine signals defines these filters in the time domain by making use of intermediate functions that are related to the impulse responses of the model filters through a linear transformation. In this paper, we analyze, in detail, the roles of the bandwidths of both the excitation signal and the matched filter, which are the basis of the procedure, we verify the assumptions made about the amplitudes of their frequency bands, and we propose criteria for defining the bandwidths in order to maximize accuracy in model identification. The experiment performed makes it possible to verify that the proposed procedure avoids possible limitations and significantly improves the quality of the identification results, both if the description is made in the time domain and in the frequency domain.

Combining the global trends of DFA or CDFA of different orders

When dealing with the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) and its variants such as the higher-order DFA and the continuous DFA (CDFA), removing the mean, integrating the signal and detrending it amount to applying an equivalent linear filter characterized by its frequency response when processing a wide-sense stationary random process. By studying the frequency response of each variant, one can better understand its behavior. Thus, in this paper, we first compare the frequency responses of two DFAs whose orders are different. Then, by deriving the higher-order CDFA using Lagrange multipliers, we can show how the frequency responses of the equivalent filters of the CDFA and the DFA are related to each other. Finally, we propose to combine the global trends obtained with the DFA or the CDFA of different orders to derive a new variant. Once again, the behavior is studied using the frequency response of the equivalent filter. Illustrations and comments on ARFIMA processes and Weierstrass functions are also given to evaluate their long range dependence.

Improved TM Dual-Mode Filters With Reduced Fabrication Complexity

This work presents an alternate and improved approach for the design of dual-mode filters that utilize transverse magnetic (TM) and nonresonating modes. The method that is proposed in this work allows for an improvement of the typical TM dual-mode filter design through the reformation of the coupling irises that connect the TM dual-mode cavity to the source/load waveguide ports, where the new interconnection means takes the form of resonate slot-irises. In this manner, a fourth-order quasi-elliptic response can be achieved within a very limited physical geometry and able to cover more than double the usable fractional bandwidth than previously reported. Furthermore, the selectivity and insertion loss of the filter response is significantly improved when compared to the typical single-cavity TM dual-mode filter response that uses coupling irises, while on the comparison of equal-order structures, a reduction in fabrication complexity and improved insertion loss is achieved. A characterization of the dimensional variations and effects of altering one of the source/load port positions in the proposed filter design is investigated in order to demonstrate notable effects on the rejection characteristics and positions of transmission zeros. A presentation on the design theory is given and formulations of various filter responses are examined. The fabrication of an experimental prototype with approximately 7.3% fractional bandwidth (FBW), centered at 90 GHz is conducted using high-precision computer numerical control (CNC) milling in order to demonstrate that the unique simplicity and overall compaction of this method can be easily applied at millimetre-wave frequencies without the need of tuning means. The results which are presented demonstrate highly accurate measurements throughout the W-band range, while an additional Q-factor analysis is provided in order to compare the improved filter scheme with other known design methodologies.