Filter Reactor Research Articles

Optimization of anaerobic filter reactor with zeolite immobilization media for dairy sludge waste treatment for biogas production

Abstract Sludge from the dairy industry’s wastewater treatment contains a high organic content and a strong odor. It is proposed to treat the sludge by an anaerobic digestion process using a continuous anaerobic filter reactor (AFR) equipped with media immobilization support and a combination of ORP and pH sensors. Three immobilized media were put into different AFRs. The process took place in a cylindrical reactor with a column height of 150 cm and diameter of 63 cm with a total volume of 30 L. The total period of the anaerobic digestion process took place 17 days after the batch process. When the experiment was carried out using a flow-rate of 5 L/day, the highest sCOD removal of 90.44 % was using bioring media. Meanwhile, using flow-rate of 8L/day the highest sCOD removal up to 88.05 % was achieved by using zeolite media. The highest average methane production was obtained 8 mL/day and 24 mL/day of zeolite media by using flow-rate 5 L/day and 8 L/day respectively and reduced HRT up to 90 hours. To ensure the cellular activity on degradation of organic compounds is measured by Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) value. In the first stage, the ORP value is -60.23 mV to -472.82 mV for a flow-rate of 5 L/day subsequently the second stage is -471.9 mV to -477.75 mV for a flow-rate of 8 L/day. Anaerobic filter reactors using zeolite media can retain the effect of influent perturbation with a high range of alteration of sCOD and high recovery.

Delamination and Evaluation of Multilayer PE/Al/PET Packaging Waste Separated Using a Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent.

This research concerns the development and implementation of ground-breaking strategies for improving the sorting, separation, and recycling of common flexible laminate packaging materials. Such packaging laminates incorporate different functional materials in order to achieve the desired mechanical performance and barrier properties. Common components include poly(ethylene) (PE), poly(propylene) (PP), and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), as well as valuable barrier materials such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) and aluminium (Al) foils. Although widely used for the protection and preservation of food produce, such packaging materials present significant challenges for established recycling infrastructure and, therefore, to our future ambitions for a circular economy. Experience from the field of ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has been leveraged to develop novel green solvent systems that delaminate multilayer packaging materials to facilitate the separation and recovery of high-purity commodity plastics and aluminium. This research focuses on the development of a hydrophobic DES and the application of a Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology to investigate the effects of process parameters on the delamination of PE/Al/PET laminate packaging films. Key variables including temperature, time, loading, flake size, and perforations were assessed at laboratory scale using a 1 L filter reactor vessel. The results demonstrate that efficient separation of PE, Al, and PET can be achieved with high yields for material and solvent recovery. Recovered plastic films were subsequently characterised via Fourier-transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) to qualify the quality of plastics for reuse.

Local and Low-Cost Filter Media of Simple Water Filtration

Commonly the Installation of a Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) in Indonesia consists of Coagulation-Flocculation, Sedimentation, Filtration and Disinfection Processes as a complete Process Unit for surface feed water such as rivers or lakes. Similarly, the clean water treatment process in Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia uses intake water sources from irrigation. The intake water from irrigation used by the local Regional Drinking Water Company has good quality with a low turbidity value below the quality standards set by the central government. Based on these qualities, the right process unit to treat the water is by filtration only. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct evaluation and research to improve the efficiency of the process unit and the economic value of the water treatment. The purpose of this study is to investigate and evaluate irrigation feed water treatment by filtration using local and low-cost filter media. The filter reactor is designed with a rapid media filter type. The media is characterized using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) which is plugged in with EDS to find out the primary constituents and morphological information and after knowing the characterization of the media, and followed by tested the media placed in the water filter reactor with data collection. The results show that the size of the filter media has great effect on the quality of the processing water, which the smaller the media diameter conducted high selectivity and speed up filtration time. The greatest result obtained from testing feed water with media is 87.64%. Turbidity of the feed water sample process, which was previously 0.34 NTU, could be decreased to 0.02 NTU. Effective size of 0.4 mm and uniformity coefficient of 1.35 mm are the optimal allowable values.

Highly efficient degradation of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and ethyl acetate removal by bio-trickling filter reactors with various fillers

This study investigates the purification performance of bio-trickling filters (BTFs) using different media to treat ethanol, acetaldehyde, and ethyl acetate in kitchen waste malodorous gases. The media compared included a custom composite medium, pine bark, hollow polyhedral spheres, and ceramic particles. Over 25 days, the composite medium outperformed the traditional media, achieving removal rates of 90.13 % for ethanol, 63.89 % for acetaldehyde, and 82.56 % for ethyl acetate during the biofilm initiation phase, with the others below 60 %. Even under low empty bed residence time and high inlet concentrations, the maximum elimination capacity for ethanol, acetaldehyde, and ethyl acetate was 8.34–14.70 g/m3·h, 9.55–15.06 g/m3·h, and 6.18–10.45 g/m3·h. Kinetic analysis showed the Michaelis-Menten model fit well, indicating enhanced removal potential. High-throughput of 16S rDNA sequencing identified dominant microorganisms like Enterobacteriaceae (13.89 %), Stenotrophomonas (29.23 %), and Acinetobacter (4.09 %) in the composite medium, which thrived even at high pollutant concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated differences in the microbial composition of the custom composite medium compared to traditional media under varying inlet concentrations and loads. This study provides technical support for the treatment of complex malodorous gas mixtures.

Situbondo communal waste management study: application of the anaerobic baffled reactor method at the Salafiyah Syafi'iyah Islamic boarding school

Background : This study examines the planning of a communal wastewater treatment plant (IPAL) at the Salafiyah Syafi'iyah Islamic Boarding School, Situbondo Regency, using the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) method. Methods: This study uses the ABR method supported by literature studies as the basis for the preparation of the writing. The study also involved observation and field observation. Findings: (1) the domestic wastewater discharge generated by 4,410 people or 74 rooms is 364,408 m³/day, while the non-domestic wastewater discharge is 0.20 m³/day, bringing the total wastewater discharge to 364,608 m³/day. (2) The ABR method was chosen because it has several advantages, such as relatively small land requirements, ease of construction, operation and maintenance, no need for electrical energy, and more efficient costs. (3) The dimensions of each ABR compartment were designed to be 11.4 m long, 2.3 m wide, and 2.6 m high, which ensures even distribution of wastewater and effective treatment. Conclusion: The three research results led to the author's understanding that the ABR method is a suitable and efficient solution for wastewater treatment at Salafiyah Syafi'iyah Islamic Boarding School. For further planning, it is recommended to conduct detailed calculations regarding the Wastewater Management System (WMS) and consider the use of alternative methods such as Constructed Wetland or Anaerobic Filter Reactor, especially considering the area of the pesantren which is surrounded by rice fields. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study offers an innovative solution for wastewater treatment in Islamic boarding school environments by applying the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) method. This study not only designs an efficient and cost-effective system but also considers the specific context of Islamic boarding schools, paving the way for applying environmentally friendly technologies in Islamic educational institutions.

Effect of loading rate and pH on glycerol fermentation and microbial population in an upflow anaerobic filter reactor

A reactor with silicone tubes as support medium was used for glycerol fermentation. The experimental set-up consisted of three phases. In P1, the applied glycerol loading rate (gly-LR) was in the range of 6–10 g.L−1.d−1 at an influent pH of 7.9 ± 0.4. In P2, gly-LR was kept constant (18.0 ± 1.8 g.L−1.d−1) with different doses of NaHCO3. Finally in P3, two different gly-LR (9 and 18 g.L−1.d−1) were evaluated, dosing 1 g-NaHCO3 per g-COD of glycerol. Glycerol consumption was close 90%. The main end-product was 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) (0.40 mol.mol-gly−1), but ethanol was also generated, particularly at pH above 8 and low gly-LR (0.20 mol.mol-gly−1). After 1-year operation with glycerol as the only carbon source, a drastic shift in the bacterial community was observed. The 1,3-PDO producers Lacrimispora and Clostridium became dominant, although non-glycerol-degrading fermentative genera, e.g., Actinomyces and Eubacterium, thrived at the expense of cellular breakdown products.Graphical abstract

PH-Optimized Biomethane Production: Evaluating Carrier Materials for Ex-situ Biomethanation

Choosing the appropriate carrier material for ex-situ biomethanation is a critical factor to consider when developing biogas upgrading technologies. The chosen material for biomethanation in a biotrickling filter reactor functions as a substrate that immobilises microorganisms, which act as catalysts in the reaction for producing biomethane. This study conducted experiments on waste-derived materials, including glass foam and vulcanised wood ash material, in addition to polyurethane foam and expanded clay pellets. Pretreratment of wood ash was done to lower the pH of material. The manometric test measured the rate of CH4 generation by quantifying pressure fluctuations. The validity of these results was confirmed by analysing product gas samples using a Shimadzu Nexis GC-2030 gas chromatograph, which was equipped with two parallel lines, a flame ionisation detector (FID) and a thermal conductivity detector (TCD). In order to enhance the biomethane concentration in the end product, two strains of Methanobacterium alcaliphilum were evaluated alongside biogas sludge as the inoculum. These strains of microorganisms are methanogens that utilise hydrogen and can thrive in a high pH environment. Thus, they have the potential to demonstrate improved biomethane production outcomes when a vulcanised wood ash filter is used as the carrier material.

Dug Well Water Quality to Reduce Pollution Parameters Kapasa Village, Biringkanaya District, South Sulawesi

The quality of dug well water should comply with established regulations. The pollution caused by bacteria to water in the ground widens to ± 2 meters at a distance of 5 meters from the source of pollution 3 and narrows to a distance of 11 meters in the direction of the ground flow. This type of research is descriptive research, namely to determine the use of silica sand filter media, activated carbon in filter reactors on reducing TDS, Nitrite (NO2), Dissolved Manganese and MPN Coliform by comparing the composition of the filter media with reference to clean water quality standards Permenkes No. 2 In 2023, the samples in this research were dug wells located in Kapasa Village, Biringkanaya District, Makaasar City. The results of this research after the filtration intervention of manganese media, activated charcoal and silica sand, found that TDS, color, Manganese Nitrite (NO3) had decreased levels of environmental pollution, this is in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2023. Conclusions from the results research shows that silica sand, manganese and activated charcoal filtration media, TDS, manganese nitrate (NO2) and MPN Coliform can effectively reduce water pollution levels in dug wells in accordance with the Minister of Health Regulation. So the risk of infectious and non-communicable diseases can be overcome with the intervention of silica sand, manganese and activated charcoal filtration media.

Monitoring and evaluation of a compact system for gray water treatment and agricultural use

Water reuse is necessary for industrial, commercial and domestic activities, being a reality in several countries, but not yet widespread in Brazil, an efficient instrument for managing water resources and minimizing water scarcity in the semi-arid region. The aim is to monitor a compact gray water treatment and agricultural use station, consisting of a septic tank, anaerobic filter and artificial ultraviolet reactor, which was installed in an experimental area of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró/RN. From October to December 2017, the system's treatment performance was evaluated through physical-chemical analyses: Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, pH, electrical conductivity and turbidity, microbiological: Total coliforms and Escherichia coli of gray water with and without treatment, in order to meet the standards established for water reuse for agricultural and forestry purposes. The results indicated that the system showed efficiency in removing the studied variables and, consequently, meeting the maximum permissible standards, with the exception of turbidity and Escherichia coli.

Carrier Material and Microbial Selection for Enhanced Methane Production in Ex-Situ Biomethanation

Abstract Choosing the appropriate carrier material for ex-situ biomethanation is a critical factor to consider when developing biogas upgrading technologies. The chosen material for biomethanation in a biotrickling filter reactor functions as a substrate that immobilises microorganisms, which act as catalysts in the reaction for producing biomethane. This study conducted experiments on waste-derived materials, including glass foam and vulcanised wood ash material, in addition to polyurethane foam and expanded clay pellets. The manometric test measured the rate of CH4 generation by quantifying pressure fluctuations. The results were confirmed by analysing final product gas samples using gas chromatography. To enhance the biomethane concentration in the end product, a strain of Methanobacterium alcaliphilum was evaluated alongside biogas digestate as the inoculum. This Methanobacterium alcaliphilum strain is a methanogen that utilises hydrogen and can thrive in a high pH environment. Thus, it has the potential to demonstrate improved biomethane production outcomes when a vulcanised wood ash material is used as the carrier material. Glass foam demonstrated excellent methane yields (up to 84 %), while vulcanized wood ash material was unsuitable due to its alkaline properties and inhibitory effects on microbial growth. Biogas digestate outperformed Methanobacterium alcaliphilum monoculture as inoculum, highlighting the need for further research on microbial community optimization, especially in larger reactor systems. These findings contribute to advancing sustainable biomethanation technologies and promoting circular economy principles.

Efektivitas Kombinasi Slow Sand Filter Media Geotekstil dan Karbon Aktif untuk Menyisihkan Nilai Permanganat dan Total Coliform

The water of Kali Jagir, Surabaya, used as a raw water source, has been contaminated with high levels of BOD, COD, and permanganate. Therefore, this research seeks to address these issues by combining slow sand filtration with various media, including geotekstil and activated carbon. The study aims to optimize this combination in reducing parameters such as permanganate and total coliform in the raw water. The research methodology includes literature review, testing of raw water characteristics, preparation of slow sand filter reactors, preparation of filter media, and testing of media variations with an observation of organic and bacteriological pollutant removal efficiency. The results show that the combination of filter media involving sand, activated carbon, and geotekstil is effective in reducing organic pollutants. Geotekstil aids in the growth of the schmutzdecke layer and facilitates cleaning, while sand and activated carbon tend not to support such growth. Moreover, the optimum schmutzdecke growth time varies depending on the type of media used. These findings have significant implications for raw water treatment in industrial areas vulnerable to pollution, resulting in quality drinking water and addressing the frequent clogging issues in slow sand filters.

Acclimation of microbial communities to low and moderate salinities in anaerobic digestion

In recent years anaerobic digestion (AD) has been investigated as suitable biotechnology to treat wastewater at elevated salinities. However, when starting up AD reactors with inocula that are not adapted to salinity, low concentrations of sodium (Na+) in the influent can already cause disintegration of microbial aggregates and wash-out. This study investigated biomass acclimation to 5 g Na+/L of two different non-adapted inocula in two lab-scale hybrid expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB)-anaerobic filter (AF) reactors fed with synthetic wastewater. After an initial biomass disintegration, new aggregates were formed relatively fast (i.e., after 95 days of operation), indicating microbial community adaptation. The newly formed microbial aggregates accumulated Na+ at the expense of calcium (Ca2+), but this did not hamper biomass retention or process performance. The hybrid reactor configuration, including a pumice stone filter in the upper section, and the low up-flow velocities applied, were key features for retaining the biomass within the system. This reactor configuration can be easily applied and represents a low-cost alternative for acclimating biomass to saline effluents, even in existing digesters. When the acclimated biomass was transferred from EGSB to an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor configuration also fed with saline synthetic wastewater, more dense aggregates in the form of granules were obtained. The performances of the UASB inoculated with the acclimated biomass were comparable to another reactor seeded with saline-adapted granular sludge from a full-scale plant. Regardless of the inoculum origin, a defined core microbiome of Bacteria (Thermovirga, Bacteroidetes vadinHA17, Blvii28 wastewater-sludge group, Mesotoga, and Synergistaceae) and Archaea (Methanosaeta and Methanobacterium) was detected, highlighting the importance of these microbial groups in developing halotolerance and maintaining AD process stability.

Efektifitas penyaringan Air Bersih Terhadap Kuliatas Air Sumur Gali di Kelurahan Patingalloang, Kecamatan Ujung Tanah, Kota Makassar Program Corporate Social Responsibility PT Pertamina Patra Niaga IT Makassar Tahun 2023

Introduction: site requirements for the construction of a dug well, this is necessary so that the quality of dug well water is safe in accordance with the established rules, Pollution caused by bacteria to water in the ground widens to ± 2 meters at a distance of 5 meters from the source of pollution 3 and narrows to a distance of 11 meters in the direction of the soil flow, before there was a CSR Program PT Pertamina Patra Niaga IT Makassar water quality of Dug Wells in Pattingalloang Village is very risky for environment-based diseases so it is necessary to hold clean water filtration.
 Research Method: This type of research is descriptive research, namely to determine the use of silica sand filter media – activated carbon in filter reactors to reduce TDS, Nitrite (NO2), Dissolved Manganese and MPN Coliform with a comparison of the composition of filter media with references to clean water quality standards Permenkes No. 2 of 2023, The sample in this study is 1 dug well located in Pattingaloang Village, Ujung Tanah District, Makaasar City in 2023.
 Results: this study after the filtration intervention of manganese media, activated charcoal, and silica sand CSR Program of PT Pertamina Patra Niaga IT Makassar water quality of Wells, The results of this study after filtration interventions of manganese media, activated carbon, and silica sand found that TDS, color, Manganese Nitrite (NO3) has decreased environmental pollution levels in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2023.
 Conclusion: The conclusion of the research results is that silica, manganese and activated carbon sand filtration media, TDS, manganese (NO2) nitrate and MPN Coliform can effectively reduce water pollution levels in dug wells in accordance with Minister of Health Regulation No. 2 of 2023. So that the risk of infectious and non-communicable diseases can be overcome by the intervention of filtration media filtration of silica sand, manganese and activated carbon.

Performance evaluation of H2S and NH3 removal by biological trickling filter reactors with various fillers under heterotrophic conditions

A pilot-scale biological trickling filter (BTF) reactor (13.5 L) packed with different fillers (Pine bark, Cinder, Straw, and MBBR (mobile bed biofilm reactor) filler was employed to evaluate their removal performance of H2S and NH3 after heterotrophic bacterium addition, and some parameters, including different packing heights, empty bed residence time (EBRT), inlet titers, loading ratios, and restart trial, were investigated in this study. According to the experimental results, BTF filled with pine bark exhibited better removal efficiency than other reactors under a variety of conditions. The removal efficiency of H2S and NH3 reached to as high as 81.31 % and 91.72 %, respectively, with the loading range of 3.29–67.70 g/m3·h. Moreover, due to the addition of heterotrophic bacterium, the removal efficiency was enhanced and capable to eliminate majority of H2S and NH3 even though the packing height was reduced to 400 mm. After 15 days of idle, the BTF reactor was able to resume rapidly and execute deodorization with high efficiency. The degradation mechanism was further explored by a thorough examination of microbial species which degraded contaminants, as well as by functional prediction and correlation analyses. In a word, these results laid a foundation for the application of heterotrophic microorganisms in BTF, which could improve the removal efficiency of biological deodorization.

Performance of slow sand filter reactor using geotextile for reducing total n and phosphate

Water pollution that occurs is mostly caused by industrial and domestic waste. One of the consequences of polluted water is the increase in total N and Phosphate which causes malfunction of animals and humans. This is a problem that needs attention to protect our life from the dangers of environmental pollution. Slow Sand Filter is an easy and inexpensive raw water treatment solution. The raw water used in this research is the Dungus Sidoarjo river. The acclimatization process was carried out for 14 days. Sand and gravel were used as filter media with a geotextile thickness of 0.2 and 4 cm. The sample is taken on the first, sixth, and twelfth days. The best reactor for reducing Total N and Phosphate is a reactor with a geotextile thickness of 0.2 cm (D2) on the first day of effluent taking, which is 84.5%, and a reactor with a thickness of 4 cm on the sixth day of effluent taking, which is 77%. The results of the One Way ANOVA test with a standard error (α) of 0.05 stated that there was no significant difference in the treatment of each reactor in reducing total N and Phosphate.

Design and Development of Three Phase Detuned Filter Reactor for Reduction of Harmonic Distortion in Power Systems

Harmonics refers to a form of electrical distortion that can adversely impact power systems, electrical equipment, and the overall quality of power supply. The presence of non-linear loads, such as electronic devices, can cause the current waveform to deviate from the ideal sine wave, resulting in higher frequency currents that are multiples of the fundamental frequency. These distortions can lead to several negative effects, such as reduced power factor, increased energy losses, equipment overheating, and electromagnetic interference. These, in turn, can lower system efficiency, increase energy consumption, and escalate equipment maintenance costs. Several approaches have been developed to address the adverse effects of harmonics, such as the use of filters, capacitors, and other reactive components. These techniques aim to minimize harmonic distortion and improve power supply quality. This paper examines the effectiveness of a 1kVAr detuned reactor in mitigating harmonic distortion in power systems and electrical components. The detuned filter reactor reduces the harmonic distortion actively. It does so by monitoring the harmonic content of the power and injecting a counteracting current to cancel out the harmonic frequencies, creating a subtle "detuning" effect that reduces harmonic distortion. Detuned filter reactors find extensive application in radio and audio equipment, among other fields.

Biomethane production and microbial strategies corresponding to high organic loading treatment for molasses wastewater in an upflow anaerobic filter reactor.

Molasses wastewater contains high levels of organic compounds, cations, and anions, causing operational problems for anaerobic biological treatment. In this study, an upflow anaerobic filter (UAF) reactor was employed to establish a high organic loading treatment system for molasses wastewater and further investigated the microbial community dynamics in response to this stressful operation. The biogas production increased with an increase in total organic carbon (TOC) loading rate from 1.0 to 14g/L/day, and then it decreased with further TOC loading rate addition until 16g/L/day. The UAF reactor achieved a maximum biogas production of 6800mL/L/day with a TOC removal efficiency of 66.5% at a TOC loading rate of 14g/L/day. Further microbial analyses revealed that both the bacterial and archaeal communities developed multiple strategies to maintain stable operation of the reactor at high organic loading (e.g., Proteiniphilum and Defluviitoga maintained high abundances throughout the operation; Tissierella temporarily dominated the bacterial community at TOC loading rates of 8.0 to 14g/L/day; and multi-trophic Methanosarcina shifted as the dominant methanogen at the TOC loading rates of 8.0 to 16g/L/day). This study presents insights into a high organic loading molasses wastewater treatment system and the microbial flexibility in methane fermentation in response to process disturbances.

Efficiency of reactors composed of plant based absorbents in combination with sand and gravel for physicochemical parameters of different category water

According to the world Summit of sustainable Development, the major reason for lack of safe water is either scarcity of water or contamination of water sources. Therefore this study eye on developing nations, seeks to find sustainable, yet economically and socially practical solution to the problems associated with polluted water. To fulfil the objectives of the present study, two medicinal value plants Dhav (Anogeissuslatifolia wall.) and Aragvadha (Cassia fistula Linn.) were selected and absorbents were prepared from the bark of both the plants. Then the reactors were prepared using the different compositions of sand, gravel, absorbents of Dhavand Aragvadha and cotton.In this way four filter reactors were prepared. The feeding rate of raw water is maintained at 0.5 litre per hour. The results revealed that Dhav plant absorbent was found more effective thanAragvadha. All reactors shows different efficiencies for different parameters suggesting that reactors should be prepared based on need or targeted parameters. Over all reactor 4 shows better efficiency for all the parameters. The main exclusivity of the present reactor is low cost with no electricity demand. The prepared reactors are environment friendly and easily implementable but further study is required to prove it on large scale.

Experimental Evaluation of Carrier Materials: A New Wood Ash Filter Material Comparison with Others Used for Ex-Situ Biomethanation

Biomethanation is a prospective method to integrate a renewable solar or wind power grid with a biogas grid, where excess energy can be used to produce hydrogen for the biomethanation of the biogas and produce biomethane. The use of biotrickling filter reactors with appropriate carrier materials for biomethanation is essential for the immobilisation of hydrogenotrophic methanogens on the surface of the packing material. Wood ash filter material use end-of-the-line waste ash as the main raw material for the production of filters. The wood ash filter material is a robust porous material that has good properties in the context of biomethanation. Testing packing materials in constantly operating biotrickling filter reactors would cost too much time and money. The purpose of this study is to compare a novel wood ash filter material with materials that are often applied in the sector. The study uses an effective methodology to test three alternative packing materials for use in a biotrickling filter. The manometric method and BMP test is used to determine the rate of CH4 production. The physical parameters such as bulk-specific surface area (m2 × m–3), external porosity (% vol), and bulk density (kg × m–3), and chemical composition of the novel wood ash filter material are compared to other filter materials commonly used in biomethanation applications. The results of the experiment determine whether the novel wood ash filter material or other tested materials can compete with and even replace some of the materials currently used in biomethanation applications.

Reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) Levels in Rubber Wastewater Using Biosand Filter Reactor with Activated Carbon Media Based on the Effect of Residence Time

Wastewater from the rubber industry that is not treated optimally can be one of the causes of environmental damage. Initial concentration of COD waste rubber liquid 711 mg/l and TSS 407 mg / l. Biosand Filter with activated carbon can eliminate pathogenic bacteria by passing the sand in the filter and activated carbon will absorb organic substances. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of concentration reduction, COD and TSS, using a reactor with BioSand Filter reactor dimensions used measuring 12 cm x 12 cm x 120 cm and its effect on residence time. Filter Media used are sand, gravel, pumice and activated carbon. The research variable is the residence time in the reactor (10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 minutes). Removal efficiency after being processed using Biosand Filter technology with activated carbon media lowered the concentration of COD and TSS parameters to 93% for COD and 79% for TSS. Test the effect of residence time to reduce the levels of COD and TSS is done by regression test has a value of R2=0.7014 for COD and R2=0.681 for TSS, with tcount > ttable. the results show that the residence time of rubber wastewater in the reactor affect the decrease levels of COD and TSS, and quite effective in eliminating COD and TSS parameters.