Filter Arrangement Research Articles

Towards absolutely calibrated ECE Michelson measurements in EC heated plasmas at W7-X

A Michelson Interferometer is in use at Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) to probe the Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) spectrum [1], [2], [3]. During the past operational campaign (OP2.1), 2nd and 3rd harmonic ECE power density spectra have been routinely recorded in the presence of X2and O2-mode Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH). However, combination of the particular notch filter arrangement and high transmission line losses have thus far prevented overall calibration using a hot source cold source exposure at the input antenna. As an alternative, the response of the individual components is measured and summed. While reasonable numbers on electron temperature are obtained in X2-mode polarisation, interaction between front-end components is neglected and large error bars must be assumed. But the information on the individual components, together with synthetic modelling and data from experiment (OP2.1), has been used to design a new front-end with improved S/N. This optimisation is discussed in this paper with focus on notch filter selection, a new transmission line (Tx-line) and a novel combined quasi-optical taper / polarizer tuner.

Technoeconomic comparison of optimised bioreactor-filtration systems for mAb production

Primary post-cultivation biomass recovery (cell culture removal from API-rich solutions) is essential in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Centrifugation and depth filtration are dominant industrial primary recovery technologies, but mechanistic dynamic models suitable for performance evaluation are scarce. This paper uses established literature models to present and analyse optimal operation strategies for integrated process designs of fed-batch or perfusion CHO bioreactors (for mAb cultivation via CHO cultures), with an explicit rotational disk (dynamic crossflow) filtration model (for primary recovery). A rigorous DAE filter model (Marke et al., 2020) is employed here, to evaluate system performance. Dynamic optimisation of bioreactor-filter systems has been completed for different bioreactor types, filter arrangements and feed manipulations, considering the same annual mAb plant production target. A technoeconomic analysis of optimal designs addresses industrial viability, confirming a clear cost advantage of fed-batch reactors combined with stacked membrane microfilters.

Unsupervised design for broadband multispectral and polarization filter array patterns.

Imaging multiple wavelength and polarization components is problematic due to the complexity of equipment and the increase in the number of imaging shots, so imaging using filter arrays with various patterns has been widely reported from elemental research to practical applications. Most of them use bandpass filters with different center wavelengths for each pixel. Recently, however, filter arrays with multimodal transmission characteristics have been proposed using photonic crystals or Fabry-Perot filters. In any of these methods, the design of the filter array arrangement pattern is important to improve the quality of the captured image, as well as the improvement of the demosaicking algorithm. One way to design a filter array pattern is to minimize the mean squared error (MSE) between the ideal image and the demosaicked image. However, the more multidimensional the imaging components, the more difficult it becomes to collect training data. In such cases, it is necessary to empirically determine candidate transmission characteristics and patterns of filter arrays. In this study, we propose a method for evaluating filter array patterns without using any training data in the design of filter arrays for multispectral and polarization imaging. The proposed method estimates the MSE by approximating the autocorrelation matrix without using image data by expressing the imaging model as a linear forward problem and the demosaicking as a linear inverse problem. Since this method can be applied not only to ideal bandpass filter arrangements, but also to multispectral filter arrays with multimodal spectral transmission characteristics and even multispectral polarization filter arrays with different extinction ratios at different wavelengths, we will show that image quality can be improved over empirical arrangements by evaluating these patterns and by testing examples of optimal designs using genetic algorithms.

Sustainable Filtering Systems to Reduce Microfiber Emissions from Textiles during Household Laundering.

During laundering, synthetic textiles (polyester, polyamide, etc.) can release small fiber debris with a length of <5 mm. These are a type of microplastics (MPs), usually referred to as microfibers (MFs), which are considered high-concern pollutants due to their continuous and cumulative entrance into the environment. Currently, as far as we know, there are no feasible alternatives to remove them. In this work, four new and sustainable filtering systems are proposed to retain the MFs emitted from domestic washing machines. The filters contain a replaceable cartridge partially filled with recycled low-density polyethylene pellets. The four designed filtering systems of different sizes were tested in a household washing machine determining the retention efficiency of the MFs after several washing cycles. It was found that all four assessed filter arrangements have a good performance for retaining MFs from the washers' effluents. Filter F1 (diameter of 4 cm and a height of 30 cm) started retaining more than 50% of the MFs, at the 10th washing cycle, the retention climbed to 66%, while in the 20th washing cycle, its retention was greater than 80%. MFs retention was higher for filter F2 (diameter of 6.3 cm and a height of 41 cm), achieving a performance greater than 90% in the 20th washing cycle. Filter F3 was arranged by turning the F1 model flow upside down and the retention efficiency is higher compared with filter F1 values, reaching a retention efficiency of almost 100% in the 15th washing cycle. Finally, filter F4 arrangement was developed using the existing washing machine filter, obtaining better performance than the F1 and F2 filters, reaching efficiencies higher than 90% at the 20th washing cycle. In summary, depending on the arrangement, the microfiber retention efficiency was estimated between 52% and 86% in the 1st washing cycle and up to 83% to 99% in the 20th. Additionally, all arrangements demonstrated that the cartridges may last for more than 30 washing cycles before needing to be replaced.

State of the Art in Development of Heat Exchanger Geometry Optimization and Different Storage Bed Designs of a Metal Hydride Reactor.

The efficient operation of a metal hydride reactor depends on the hydrogen sorption and desorption reaction rate. In this regard, special attention is paid to heat management solutions when designing metal hydride hydrogen storage systems. One of the effective solutions for improving the heat and mass transfer effect in metal hydride beds is the use of heat exchangers. The design of modern cylindrical-shaped reactors makes it possible to optimize the number of heat exchange elements, design of fins and cooling tubes, filter arrangement and geometrical distribution of metal hydride bed elements. Thus, the development of a metal hydride reactor design with optimal weight and size characteristics, taking into account the efficiency of heat transfer and metal hydride bed design, is the relevant task. This paper discusses the influence of different configurations of heat exchangers and metal hydride bed for modern solid-state hydrogen storage systems. The main advantages and disadvantages of various configurations are considered in terms of heat transfer as well as weight and size characteristics. A comparative analysis of the heat exchangers, fins and other solutions efficiency has been performed, which makes it possible to summarize and facilitate the choice of the reactor configuration in the future.

Application of Recirculating Aquaculture System in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) nursery indoors

Water quality is one of the determining factors for the success of tiger shrimp in super intensive tiger shrimp culture that has very high productivity, this produces a lot of waste in the form of manure and leftover food which is a trigger for the decline in water quality. This study aims to determine the use of RAS using a different filter arrangement of water quality in the maintenance of tiger shrimp (Panaeus monodon). This research was conducted from August to September 2019 at the Hatchery and Aquaculture Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Malikussaleh University. The method used in this study is an experimental method with data collection techniques with a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (RAL) consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replications that were treatment A without filter (control), treatment B: physics filter, chemical filter, biological filter, treatment C: chemical filter, biological filter, physics filter, and treatment D: biological filter, physics filter, chemical filter. The results showed that the use of different filter arrangements in RAS has an influence on water quality parameters except for temperature, increase in length, and weight and has a very significant effect on survival. The best water quality was found in treatment B, physical filter, chemical filter, band iological filter.Keywords: black tiger shrimp; Recirculating Aquaculture System; water quality

Application of recirculating aquaculture system in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) nursery indoors

Water quality is one of the determining factors for the success of tiger shrimp in super intensive tiger shrimp culture that has very high productivity, this produces a lot of waste in the form of manure and leftover food which is a trigger for the decline in water quality. This study aims to determine the use of RAS using a different filter arrangement of water quality in the maintenance of tiger shrimp (Panaeus monodon). This research was conducted from August to September 2019 at the Hatchery and Aquaculture Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Malikussaleh University. The method used in this study is an experimental method with data collection techniques with a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (RAL) consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replications that were treatment A without filter (control), treatment B: physics filter, chemical filter, biological filter, treatment C: chemical filter, biological filter, physics filter, and treatment D: biological filter, physics filter, chemical filter. The results showed that the use of different filter arrangements in RAS has an influence on water quality parameters except for temperature, increase in length, and weight and has a very significant effect on survival. The best water quality was found in treatment B, physical filter, chemical filter, band iological filter.Keywords: black tiger shrimp; Recirculating Aquaculture System; water quality

A Review Paper on Thermal Performance of Pulsating Heat Pipe

In past few years, as indirect convection cooling equipment, heat pipes have grown in favour for a variety of uses, including heat recovery and electronics. A sensible heat is categorized as not having a filter arrangement as a “pulsating heat pipe”. It transfers heat from its evaporator to condenser portions by moving the circulating flow back and forth a reaction of its ongoing phase shift that occurs inside of it. It is difficult to truly understand how it operates since the two-phase flow is the result of combining physical and thermodynamic factors. Despite this, the PHPs have caught the interest of researchers all over the world because of its simple design and large several scenarios necessitating an elevated heat transfer rate. Presented here begins and a preface outlining several researchers’ trying to model experimental explain how PHPs work. A short tabular review of the most recent experimental investigations on PHPs is offered. Novel ideas have been explored, including the use of Nano-fluids to improve PHP performance.

RPNet: Rotational pooling net for efficient Micro Aerial Vehicle trail navigation

Smart agile Micro Aerial Vehicles are becoming ubiquitous in industrial applications; however, their computational efficacy poses a constraint limiting their deployment. The challenge mentioned above is mitigated in the context of a Micro Aerial Vehicle vision-based navigation task. RPNet, a computational-efficient model, is proposed as a Micro Aerial Vehicle navigational controller. RPNet comprises a sequential arrangement of generic imaginary and real Gabor filters for computation reduction. Further, a novel rotational pooling mechanism that induces online feature descriptors augmentation is proposed and plugged after each convolutional block in RPNet for robustness and increase in performance. RPNet is initially trained on synthetic data for domain knowledge and further trained and tested in a real-world setting using a Micro Aerial Vehicle. Extensive experimental verification of RPNet based on four evaluation metrics shows satisfactory performance compared to the reference trajectories. Further, via comparisons, RPNet attains better error distribution of about ±5 m, and computational conservation of around 9% than the first runner-up comparator among the state-of-the-art models in the vision-based Micro Aerial Vehicle navigation task.

An efficient and continuous filter operation for dust‐laden flue gas based on a self‐cleaning stainless steel weaved filter

AbstractAdvanced filtration technologies of the high‐temperature flue gas are crucial for lower emission of dust particles and higher heat recovery. An efficient and continuous filter for high‐temperature flue gas based on a self‐cleaning stainless steel fabric is proposed in this article. Analysis of the microstructure of stainless steel fabric is conducted and derived the optimal structural parameters of the fabric. Considering uniformity of flow field, the structure of filter bag and arrangement of bags of the filter are optimized. Based on the optimal condition, single‐bag experiments are conducted, which show that the filtration efficiency and pressure drop got stabilized (i.e., 99.8% and 1222 Pa) with enough operation time and only affected by filtration superficial velocity. The dust cake structure could reach dynamic self‐equilibrium in the overall structure, verifying that self‐cleaning can be achieved applying stainless steel fabric. A pilot‐scale high‐temperature flue gas system is set up and the results indicate that the filtration efficiency reaches stable and maintains above 99.9% with 1440 h of uninterrupted service at 793 ~ 809°C, and the outlet dust concentration of flue gas is less than 8.3 mg/m3.

Influence of discrete arrangement of porous filters on pressure drop

One of the problems of the modern world is air pollution by harmful substances contained in the exhaust gases of cars. To solve this problem, diesel, and gasoline porous particulate filters are used. However, it is necessary that the porous filter create a minimum pressure drop while maintaining a high filtering capacity. The purpose of the study is to identify the feasibility of a discrete arrangement of filters to reduce the pressure drop. In this work, we carried out a study to determine the pressure drop in porous filters with porosity values ε=0.75 and ε=0.58. Experiments on measuring the pressure drop were carried out for a different number of filters (from 2 to 5), arranged continuously and discretely.

Experimental Demonstration of Nitric Oxide Measurement at Elevated Temperature in the Coal-Fired Boiler Exhaust

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) are among the most critical pollutants, leading to a variety of environmental concerns. This paper describes the demonstrates a high-temperature Quantum Cascade Laser-based (QCL) probe-based system for in-situ measurement of the pollutants in the flue gas. The system demonstrates a sensitivity of less than one ppm and a fast system response time of 60 seconds at high temperature (>300°C) and high dust-load (70 g/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ) flue gas from a coal-fired boiler. The system uses a pulsed 2f wavelength modulation spectroscopy technique for the NO concentration measurement at the core. The paper also elaborates on a novel optical design using hollow-core fibres to couple the laser and launch the laser beam into the measurement zone. A unique fibre cooling mechanism was adopted to shield the fibres from excessive temperatures. The filter arrangements and shielding mechanism on the measurement chamber prevent the dust from entering the measurement zone and maintain the stoichiometry of the flue gas during measurement. The probe was tested in a lab setup at 300°C for its sensitivity, response time and linearity. Field-test demonstrates designed performance and repeatability in a coal-fired power plant at an air-preheater (APH) inlet. The gas temperature was below 350°C. In conclusion, this paper demonstrats the useof a QCL based probe for in-situ gas concentration measurement in harsh conditions.

Deep Demosaicing for Polarimetric Filter Array Cameras.

Polarisation Filter Array (PFA) cameras allow the analysis of light polarisation state in a simple and cost-effective manner. Such filter arrays work as the Bayer pattern for colour cameras, sharing similar advantages and drawbacks. Among the others, the raw image must be demosaiced considering the local variations of the PFA and the characteristics of the imaged scene. Non-linear effects, like the cross-talk among neighbouring pixels, are difficult to explicitly model and suggest the potential advantage of a data-driven learning approach. However, the PFA cannot be removed from the sensor, making it difficult to acquire the ground-truth polarization state for training. In this work we propose a novel CNN-based model which directly demosaics the raw camera image to a per-pixel Stokes vector. Our contribution is twofold. First, we propose a network architecture composed by a sequence of Mosaiced Convolutions operating coherently with the local arrangement of the different filters. Second, we introduce a new method, employing a consumer LCD screen, to effectively acquire real-world data for training. The process is designed to be invariant by monitor gamma and external lighting conditions. We extensively compared our method against algorithmic and learning-based demosaicing techniques, obtaining a consistently lower error especially in terms of polarisation angle.

The filter-house of the larvacean Oikopleura dioica. A complex extracellular architecture: From fiber production to rudimentary state to inflated house.

While cellulose is the most abundant macromolecule in the biosphere, most animals are unable to produce cellulose with the exception of tunicates. Some tunicates have evolved the ability to secrete a complex house containing cellulosic fibers, yet little is known about the early stages of the house building process. Here, we investigate the rudimentary house of Oikopleura dioica for the first time using complementary light and electron microscopic techniques. In addition, we digitally modeled the arrangement of chambers, nets, and filters of the functional, expanded house in three dimensions based on life-video-imaging. Combining 3D-reconstructions based on serial histological semithin-sections, confocal laser scanning microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and focused ion beam (FIB)-SEM, we were able to elucidate the arrangement of structural components, including cellulosic fibers, of the rudimentary house with a focus on the food concentration filter. We developed a model for the arrangement of folded structures in the house rudiment and show it is a precisely preformed structure with identifiable components intricately correlated with specific cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that structural details of the apical surfaces of Nasse cells provide the exact locations and shapes to produce the fibers of the house and interact among each other, with Giant Fol cells, and with the fibers to arrange them in the precise positions necessary for expansion of the house rudiment into the functional state. The presented data and hypotheses advance our knowledge about the interrelation of structure and function on different biological levels and prompt investigations into this astonishing biological object.

Study on the Influence of Inlet Drag at Front and Rear Sides of Compressor on the Performance of Supercharged Engine

In this paper, the influence of inlet drag at the front and rear sides of a compressor on the performance of a supercharged engine is tested. The test results show that the air flow into the engine, the combustion pressure and the engine output power decrease, the specific fuel consumption and the exhaust temperature behind the turbine increase with the increase of air intake drag. Especially when the engine at low speed operation, with the increase of inlet drag, engine performance will worsen sharply. Compared with the influence of the drag after compressor on the engine performance, the drag before compressor is more sensitive to the influence of the engine performance. When the engine speed is 1500r/min, 1900r/min and 2400r/min, the reduction in engine power caused by inlet drag in front of the compressor is 2.63 times, 4.1 times and 7.5 times that caused by the same inlet drag after the compressor. Also, the former results in an increase in specific fuel consumption 2.18 times, 3.1 times and 5.16 times of the latter. So optimizing the structure of the inlet system in front of the compressor can reduce the performance loss of the engine more effectively. The conclusions of this paper will provide guidance for the selection and matching of air filters, the spatial arrangement of multi-stage air filters in turbocharged engines, and the structural design of air intake system.

Quantification of CRP in human serum using a handheld fluorescence detection system for capillary-based ELISA

We developed a handheld fluorescence detection system for capillary-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The detection system implements both a long-pass filter and perpendicular optical arrangement, i.e., a power LED and a palm-sized spectrometer, to minimize background signals from the excitation light and optical scattering. The lower detection limit for resorufin was 0.13 μM. The detection system was applied to the quantification of C-reactive protein (CRP) in human serum with a capillary-based ELISA. The lower detection limit for CRP was 31 ng/ml, and the observed CRP levels in human serum were comparable to those obtained with a conventional ELISA system.

An improved image denoising technique using differential evolution-based salp swarm algorithm

This paper proposes an improved denoising method based on the cascaded arrangement of filters. The different combinations of filters are obtained optimally through the improved performance of the salp swarm algorithm and cascading four filters out of twelve different types of filters. The searching ability of standard salp swarm algorithm is enhanced following the strategies in differential evolution, and hence the algorithm is named as differential evolution-based salp swarm algorithm (DESSA). Most of the existing image denoising algorithms are suitable to remove either Gaussian, Salt & Pepper, or Speckle noise. Alternatively, due to the optimal combination of filters in the cascaded arrangement, the proposed denoising method exhibits its effectiveness in the removal of all three noises and the denoised images are better in terms of both quantitative analysis and visual quality. The denoising performance of the proposed method is also tested on the mixed noise which demonstrates the significant improvements compared to state-of-the-art algorithms. Further, the experiment on CEC 2014 benchmark functions indicates that the proposed DESSA achieves better optimal solutions than existing algorithms.

Design and Accomplishment of Fir Filters for High Accuracy Reconfigurable Applications

The top function of the job is to establish transpose style Finite Impulse Response filters. That is pipelined along with furthermore constantly aids a variety of regular Entertainments come close to that cause conserving of calculation. Change kind of filter arrangement does say goodbye to straight support the block taking care of process. The MCM is instead much safer in Transpose variety when the normal operand is a couple of with the celebration of routine coefficients that diminish the computational hold-up. The execution of MCM approach is much less complicated out of commission coefficient Transpose design FIR filter however centre in reconfigurable coefficients. In arranged coefficients change FIR filter, area equally as great as hold-up is decreased by making use of MCM strategy. The low-complexity kind utilizing the MCM system is made an application for dealt with coefficients change design FIR filters like multiplier-established design is benefited from for reconfigurable transpose kind FIR filter. Critiques of the end results obtained guidance that efficiency metrics of the recommended execution is considerably harmonies with academic presumptions. Moreover, the recommended FPGA energy lies to include substantially so much less discipline-delay complexity on the other hand with the controlling DA-established implementations of FIR filter. For the actually the very same filter measurement similar to the similar block measurement, the advertised constitution needs thirteen% a lot less ADP as well as also 12.8% a lot less EPS than that of the present direct-from obstructs FIR structure. Based on these findings, we provide a scheme for the selection of direct-type and also transpose-kind company based on the filter dimensions and also block-length for obtaining subject-extend as well as furthermore power superior block FIR frameworks.

Passages of Light: Analogue and Digital Moving Image Installation.

Within a rapidly changing media landscape, light remains an intrinsic and potentially expressive aspect of moving imagery, regardless of the shape, form and resolution that specific capture and display devices might take. The practice of light in moving imagery is typically considered through an arrangement of sources, filters and modifiers that sculpt the aesthetic appearance of a two-dimensional frame and is often studied in relation to mainstream Hollywood films. This practice-research investigation seeks to compliment such discourse by extending the consideration of lighting practices beyond conventional cinematography to an installation context. Through the presentation of several artworks, this exposition reveals a distinction between the light ‘of’ an image and the light ‘within’ an image. It also explores the material considerations of a practitioner’s control of projected light. Each artwork seeks to create an interoperation between analogue and digital moving imagery, weaving together various technologies in order to reveal an array of textures and qualities of light. Drawing primarily on autoethnographic notation captured during the creation of these artworks, as well as discussion of a range of film and video texts, this exposition investigates material tensions of mediated illumination.

Color Sensing by Optical Antennas: Approaching the Quantum Efficiency Limit

Color image sensing is commonly carried out by an array of color pixels. Each of the color pixels consists of at least three sensing elements in combination with optical filters for red, green and blue. The filters are arranged side-by-side limiting the total quantum efficiency of a color pixel to 1/N, where N is the number of color channels per color pixel. Hence, in the most basic filter arrangement, just consisting of a red, green, and blue filter, the upper limit of the quantum efficiency is equal to 1/3, limiting the dynamic range and color contrast of the detected optical input signal. In order to increase the quantum efficiency and improve the image quality, an alternative sensor device is proposed, which can be realized by using current semiconductor technology. The proposed sensor uses silicon optical antennas to detect the incident light. The sensor allows for detecting the color information, with quantum efficiencies approaching unity. The design of the optical antennas is described, and optimization strategies are discussed.