Film House Research Articles

Root mass may affect soil water infiltration more strongly than the incorporated residue

Crop residue incorporation increases stable soil pores and soil water infiltration and reduces surface water runoff and soil erosion. However, few studies have examined the relationship between crop residue incorporation and water infiltration. A previous study showed that water infiltration increases depending on the quantity of applied wheat straw. In this study, we examined whether the relationship is applicable to different crop residues in a crop rotation. We grew corn, rose grass, and okra in crop rotation under plastic film houses and measured the water infiltration rate at the time of ridge making. A strong correlation was found between the quantity of applied residue and the soil water infiltration rate (r = 0.953), although there are outliers in the case of no prior crop. However, aboveground biomass of the prior crop showed a stronger correlation with water infiltration rate (r = 0.965), without outliers. Previous studies have revealed the exponential relation between plant root mass and soil erosion. Our data also show a positive relationship between resistance to erosion and root mass when assuming that aboveground biomass is proportional to the underground biomass. The result also showed that the effect of the prior crop root mass disappears within the next crop period. Our results indicate that maintaining a large root biomass is crucial for reducing soil erosion.

Optimum Range on Soil Physical Indicators Under Plastic Film House

The water and nutrients in the soil can be absorbed by the crop root. The soil physical properties affect the growth and penetration of crop root. The objectives of this study were to determine soil physical indicators that could inhibit the crop growth under plastic film house, and to establish the appropriate soil physical criterion depending on crop types. The soil physical (including effective rhizosphere, soil three phase, and bulk density) and chemical (including pH, EC, organic matter content, and available phosphate) properties were investigated in the mainly cultivated area for greenhouse crops including lettuce, strawberry, cucumber, tomato, oriental melon, and water melon from 2015 to 2017. For plastic film house, soil physical indicators were commonly chosen as bulk density, air porosity, and effective root depth. The optimum ranges for plastic film house soil were as follows; deeper than 50 cm for effective root depth, less than 1.5 Mg m-3 for bulk density and more than 10% gas phase. The optimum range of soil physical indicators for crops cultivated greenhouse. Greenhouse crops Effective root depth (cm) Bulk density (Mg m-3) Gas phase (%) Lettuce, Strawberry, Cucumber, Tomato, Oriental melon, Watermelon above 50 below 1.5 above 10

Agricultural Soil Management Practices by Assessing the Soil Chemical Properties of Plastic Film Houses in Korea

This study was designed to assess the changes of soil chemical properties in the intensive plastic film houses and develop sustainable agricultural practices on soil management. Soil testing data (158,227), uploaded on Korean soil information system (http://soil.rda.go.kr) from 2006 to 2015, were analyzed. The study showed that soil pH and organic matter (OM) have kept within the standard ranges and electrical conductivity (EC), available phosphate (Avail. P2O5) and exchangeable (Exch.) cations (K, Ca, and Mg) were increased from 2006 to 2015. Relative frequency distribution were 57% for pH 6.5<, 32% for OM 15-25 g kg-1 in 2015, and the contents of Exch. K, Ca, and Mg in 2015 was the highest in 0.2-0.5, 6.0-9.0, 2.0-4.0 cmolc kg-1, respectively. Soil pH, Exch. Ca and Mg were high levels in oriental melon growing region and OM, Avail. P2O5 and Exch. K were sufficient in tomato and pepper field. More than half of the farmlands below the standard range of OM contents and the ratio of high range in Exch. Ca and Mg were increased. Soil testing results including pH, OM and Exch. cations are essential parameters for crop growth. According to the results of the soil testing, adequate amount of fertilizer, compost and soil amendment should be supplied to ensure stable crop productivity. Changes in soil chemical properties in the plastic film house from 2006 to 2015 in Korea. Year pH EC† OM Avail. P2O5 Exch. cation No. of sample K Ca Mg (1:5) dS m-1 g kg-1 mg kg-1 ---------- cmolc kg-1 ---------- 2006 6.36f‡ 2.52de 22.9h 523f 0.99d 9.8b 3.0e 14,107 2007 6.43e 2.52de 23.6g 533ef 0.99d 9.1d 3.0e 13,578 2008 6.45e 2.52de 25.9c 612d 1.02c 8.8e 3.1d 12,883 2009 6.56c 2.64b 24.6f 539e 0.95e 9.3c 3.2c 17,373 2010 6.52d 2.49ef 24.8f 621cd 1.02c 8.5f 2.9f 11,467 2011 6.64a 2.55cd 25.5d 622cd 1.06b 9.3c 3.4b 12,657 2012 6.59b 2.60bc 25.2e 634b 1.04b 8.6f 3.0e 17,510 2013 6.55c 2.44f 26.4b 624bc 1.06b 9.4c 3.2c 17,276 2014 6.52d 2.65b 27.5a 630bc 1.11a 9.1d 3.1d 17,795 2015 6.62a 2.99a 25.9c 682a 1.11a 10.2a 3.4a 23,581 †EC, electrical conductivity; OM, organic matter.‡Means within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at the 5% level according to Duncan’s multiple range tests.

엽과비 조절이 무가온 하우스 하례조생 감귤의 비대 및 과실품질에 미치는 영향

엽과비 조절이 무가온 하우스 하례조생 감귤의 비대 및 과실품질에 미치는 영향

Root mass may affect soil water infiltration more strongly than the incorporated residue

Crop residue incorporation increases stable soil pores and soil water infiltration and reduces surface water runoff and soil erosion. However, few studies have examined the relationship between crop residue incorporation and water infiltration. A previous study showed that water infiltration increases depending on the quantity of applied wheat straw. In this study, we examined whether the relationship is applicable to different crop residues in a crop rotation. We grew corn, rose grass, and okra in crop rotation under plastic film houses and measured the water infiltration rate at the time of ridge making. A strong correlation was found between the quantity of applied residue and the soil water infiltration rate (r = 0.953), although there are outliers in the case of no prior crop. However, aboveground biomass of the prior crop showed a stronger correlation with water infiltration rate (r = 0.965), without outliers. Previous studies have revealed the exponential relation between plant root mass and soil erosion. Our data also show a positive relationship between resistance to erosion and root mass when assuming that aboveground biomass is proportional to the underground biomass. The result also showed that the effect of the prior crop root mass disappears within the next crop period. Our results indicate that maintaining a large root biomass is crucial for reducing soil erosion.

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Characteristics of Phosphorus Adsorption of Acidic, Calcareous, and Plastic Film House Soils

Continuous excessive application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer and manure in plastic film house soils can lead to an accumulation of P in soils. The understanding of P sorption by soils is important for fertilizer management. In this study, 9 samples were collected for acidic and calcareous soils as non-cultivated soil and plastic film house soils as cultivated soil Phosphorus sorption data of acidic soils fit the Langmuir equations, Freundlich equations in calcareous and plastic film house soils. In calcareous and plastic film house soils, the slope of isotherm adsorption changed abruptly, which could be caused P precipitation with <TEX>$CaCO_3$</TEX>. The calculated Langmuir adsorption maximum (<TEX>$S_{max}$</TEX>) varied from 217 to 1,250, 139 to 1,429, and <TEX>$714mg\;kg^{-1}$</TEX> for acidic soils, calcareous soils, and plastic film house soils with low available phosphate concentration, respectively. From this result, maximum P adsorption by the Langmuir equation could be regarded as threshold of P concentration to induce the phosphate precipitation in soil. Phosphate-sorption values estimated from one-point isotherm for acidic and calcareous soils as non-cultivated soils were comparable with the <TEX>$S_{max}$</TEX> values calculated from the Langmuir isotherm.

부지화 자근발생 감귤나무의 착화와 수량에 미치는 환상박피의 영향

부지화 자근발생 감귤나무의 착화와 수량에 미치는 환상박피의 영향

Characteristics of Phosphorus Adsorption of Acidic, Calcareous, and Plastic Film House Soils

Characteristics of Phosphorus Adsorption of Acidic, Calcareous, and Plastic Film House Soils

Reclamation of a coastal reclaimed tidal land soil by gypsum and rice straw

ABSTRACTThis study was to evaluate the application effect of gypsum and rice straw on the saline–sodic soils of coastal reclaimed tidal lands during newly reclamation process by leaching method. Soil used in the lysimeter experiment is classified as Greyic Hydragric Anthrosols (Sodic Arenic). The experiment was carried out over a period of 1 year from May 2014 to July 2015 inside a plastic film house. Saturated electrical conductivity (ECe) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values of soils in gypsum treatment and gypsum with rice straw treatment then reached the desalinization criteria (ECe = 4.0 dS m−1, ESP = 15%) after the five or six pore volumes leaching cycles. However, in spite the 10 pore volumes leaching cycles in control and rice straw alone treatment, the values did not reach the desalinization criteria. The results showed that effectiveness of improvement of sodicity and salinity in coastal reclaimed tidal land soils was in the order of gypsum = gypsum + rice straw > rice straw = control. Our study has shown that gypsum alone treatment or gypsum with rice straw treatment in a coastal reclaimed tidal land soils improves their physicochemical characteristics.

Soil Physico-chemical Properties by Land Use of Anthropogenic Soils Dredged from River Basins

This study was conducted to analyze soil physico-chemical properties of agricultural land composed from the river-bed sediments. We investigated the changes of soil physico-chemical properties at 30 different sampling sites containing paddy, upland and plastic film house from 2012 to 2015. pH, exchangeable calcium and magnesium decreased gradually in paddy soils during the four years, whereas the available P₂O 5 , exchangeable Ca, Mg and EC increased in upland and plastic film house soil. For the soil physical properties, bulk density and hardness of topsoil were 1.47 g cm -3 and 21.5 mm and those of subsoil were 1.71 g cm -3 and 25.7 mm in paddy soils. In upland soils, bulk density and hardness of topsoil were 1.48 g cm -3 and 15.9 mm and those of subsoil were 1.55 g cm -3 and 16.9 mm. In plastic film house soils, bulk density and hardness of topsoil were 1.42 g cm -3 and 14.4 mm and those of subsoil were 1.40 g cm -3 and 18.5 mm, respectively. The penetration hardness was higher than 3 MPa below soil depth 20 cm, and it is impossible to measure below soil depth 50 cm. As these results, in agricultural anthropogenic soils dredged from river basins, the pH, amount of organic matter and exchangeable cations decreased and soil physical properties also deteriorated with time. Therefore, it is needed to apply more organic matters and suitable amount of fertilizer and improve the soil physical properties by cultivating green manure crops, deep tillage, and reversal of deep soils.

Growth and Yield Response of Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) to Different Soil Water Potential as Irrigation Starting Point in Plastic Film House Soils

Growth and Yield Response of Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) to Different Soil Water Potential as Irrigation Starting Point in Plastic Film House Soils

Effects of Organic Acids on Availability of Phosphate and Growth of Corn in Phosphate and Salts Accumulated Soil

Accumulated Phosphate can be released by ligand exchange reaction of organic acids. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of the organic acids on the availability of phosphate and the growth of crop in phosphate and salts accumulated soil. Soil samples were collected from farmer’s plastic film house. Available phosphate and electrical conductivity of soil were 3,005 mg kg -1 and 16.63 dS m -1 which were 6 and 8 times higher than the optimum range of soil for crop growth, respectively. Corns were cultivated in pots for 2 months. Treatments were no treatment (control), phosphate fertilizer (P), citric acid (CA) 1, 5, 10 mM, and oxalic acid (OA) 1, 5, 10 mM. Water soluble phosphorus, available phosphate, corn growth and uptake were determined after cultivation. Results showed that organic acids increased water soluble phosphorus and available phosphate. For the level of 10 mM, the order of effectiveness of organic acids for water soluble P was citric acid (44%) > oxalic acid (32%). Height and dry weight of corns were increased significantly by the treatment of citric acid 1 and 5 mM. Also, corn absorbed more phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the treatment of citric acid 1 mM than these of other treatments. Even though phosphate availability of soil was enhanced by addition of citric acid 10 mM, the growth of corns decreased because high concentration of citric acid caused salt damage by increasement of electrical conductivity. Thus, the citric acid of 1 mM has the potential to improve the availability of phosphate and the healthy growth of corns.

Comparison of the Surface Chemical Properties of Plastic Film House, Upland, and Orchard Soils in Gyeongbuk Province

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the soil fertility about plastic film house, upland, and orchard in Gyeongbuk Province, Korea. The surface chemical properties of soil samples were investigated every 4 year from 2000 year at upland, 2001 year at orchard, and 2002 year at plastic film house. During 12 year's monitoring, mean soil pH was increased by 0.7 and 0.8 pH unit from pH 5.7 in upland and orchard, respectively, 0.5 pH unit from pH 6.5 in plastic film house. About 50% of all the field samples occupied within the recommended pH range (pH 6-7). Although soil organic matter (SOM) was gradually increased by about <TEX>$10g\;kg^{-1}$</TEX> for 12 years, 40% of orchard, 49% of plastic film house, and 77% of upland soil samples were still below the 3% SOM. The mean concentration of available phosphate for 12 years in upland, orchard, and plastic film house were 530, 600, and <TEX>$760mg\;kg^{-1}$</TEX>, respectively. The relative frequencies exceeding the recommended available phosphate range (<TEX>$300-550mg\;kg^{-1}$</TEX>) were 43%, 53%, and 66% at upland, orchard, and plastic film house soils, respectively. <TEX>$NH_4OAc$</TEX> exchangeable <TEX>$K^+$</TEX> of upland, orchard, and plastic film house in the last soil test were 0.8, 0.9, and <TEX>$1.6cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$</TEX>, respectively. The relative frequencies above the recommended K level were 56% and 70% of orchard and plastic film house soil samples, respectively. The levels of crop nutrients except exchangeable Ca and Mg in upland soil were tended to increase gradually in the three fields. Exchangeable Mg, EC, available phosphate, organic matter and soil pH could be used as principle components to differentiate the chemical properties of three land fields. This analysis revealed that the soil fertility was affected by cropping method and field management, although additional research is needed to assess the importance of management on soil chemical properties and many fields indicate an opportunity for improvement in fertilizer management.

시설재배지 염류집적 토양에 대한 추비 저감 처리가 토마토 수량 및 양분함량에 미치는 영향

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of reduced nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertigation as additional fertilizer on tomato yield and nutrient contents in excessively nutrients-accumulated soil. Shoot and root dry weights (DW), dry matter rate for shoot, root and fruit and number of fruit in both AF50 and AF100 (50 and 100% levels of additional fertilizer) treatments were increased in comparison with those in AF0 (0% level of additional fertilizer) treatment. In case of nutrient uptake by tomato, nitrogen, phosphorous (P) and potassium contents in all tomato parts (leaf, stem, root and fruit) in AF50 and AF100 treatment were lower than those in AF0 treatment. On the contrary, soluble sugar and starch contents in all tomato parts in AF50 and AF100 were higher than those in AF0 treatment. There were differences between AF0 and AF50 or AF100 in tomato growth, yield, nutrient level and contents of soluble sugar and starch. In contrast, the level and initiation point of fertigation did not significantly affect the parameters. Based on our results, the application of properly reduced level of additional fertilizer is possible to maintain the productivity of tomato and alleviate the nutrient accumulation in plastic film house soils.

휴경기 후작물 재배에 의한 참외 장기연작 비닐하우스 토양의 제염 효과

BACKGROUND: During the off-season, the cultivation of Chinese cabbage and water dropwort is often used to desalinize plastic film house soils. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of double-cropping systems on the salt removal in oriental melon cultivated plastic film house soils. METHODS AND RESULTS: Electrical conductivity (EC) and soluble salt contents were measured in soils collected from plastic film houses of oriental melon cultivation before and after the off-season crop cultivation. Also the same measurements were performed in the next oriental melon season to estimate the desalinization effect of double-cropping systems. During the cultivation of Chinese cabbage under open-field condition, ECe of surface soil was reduced from 6.0 to 0.8 dS/m. Double-cropping of water dropwort in flooded soil was also efficient in removing the salts accumulated during oriental melon cultivation. In the house soils where salts were removed during the off-season crop cultivation, soil ECe was maintained below 3 dS/m during the next oriental melon cultivation season. CONCLUSION: The off-season cropping under open-field or flooded condition was effective in desalinization of plastic film house soils. Since the salt removal effect is not expected to last for several years, the double-cropping system should be introduced every season to maintain soil EC below the critical level.

Effects of DTPA application on Growth of Red Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and Chemical Properties of Nutrient Accumulated Soil in Plastic film House

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA) treatment on growth of red pepper and nutrient availability to salt accumulated soil in the plastic film house. The treatments were no application (Control), chemical fertilizers (NPK), DTPA (0.06, 0.13, and 0.19 mM) and the half of chemical fertilizers (NPK) with DTPA 0.06 mM. Fruit yield of red pepper showed no significant difference between the treatments (control, NPK, DTPA 0.06 mM, 0.13 mM, except for DTPA 0.19 mM. Red peppers were killed by DTPA 0.19 mM treatment because the high concentration of DTPA was toxic to crop. However, dry mass (stem and leave) and nutrient uptake of red pepper in DTPA 0.06 mM treatment increased significantly compared with those of control. In particular, nutrient uptake of red pepper in DTPA 0.06 mM treatment increased in the order of Fe, Mn, and Zn > Ca and Mg > K, as the magnitude of the stability constants of DTPA. Thus the application of DTPA 0.06 mM was the most effective for the alleviation of nutrient accumulation in the plastic film house soils.

Occurrence and Variation of Soil Nematodes at Continuous Plastic Film House Cultivation in Hot Pepper

Occurrence and Variation of Soil Nematodes at Continuous Plastic Film House Cultivation in Hot Pepper

Physico-chemical Properties of Disturbed Plastic Film House Soils under Cucumber and Grape Cultivation as Affected by Artificial Accumulation History

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of profile disturbance with different artificial accumulation history on physico-chemical properties of soil under plastic film house. The investigations included soil profile description using soil column cylinder auger F10cm x h110cm, in situ and laboratory measurements of soil properties at five sites each at the cucumber (Site Ic ~ Vc) and grape (Site Ig ~ Vg) plastic film houses with artificial soil accumulation. The sites except sites Ic, IVc, IVg and Vg, belong to ex-paddy area. The types of accumulates around root zone included sandy loam soil for 3 sites, loam soil for 1 site, saprolite for 2 sites, and multi-layer with different accumulates for 3 sites. Especially, Site IIg has mixed plow zone (Ap horizon) with original soil and saprolite, whereas disturbed soil layers of the other sites are composed of only external accumulates. The soil depth disturbed by artificial accumulation ranged from 20 cm, for Site IIg, to whole measured depth of 110 cm, for Site IVc, Vc, and Site IVg. Elapsed time from artificially accumulation to investigation time ranged from 3 months, Site IIc, to more than 20 years, Site Vg, paddy-soil covering over well-drained upland soil during land leveling in 1980s. Disturbed top layer in all sites except Site Vg had no structure, indicating low structural stability. In situ infiltration rate had no correlation with texture or organic matter content, but highest value with highest variability in Site IIIc, the shortest elapsed time since sandy loam soil accumulation. Relatively low infiltration rate was observed in sites accumulated by saprolite with coarse texture, presumably because its low structural stability in the way of weathering process could result in relatively high compaction in agro-machine work or irrigation. In all cucumber sites, there were water-transport limited zone with very low permeable or impermeability within 50 cm under soil surface, but Site IIg, IIIg, and Vg, with relatively weak disturbance or structured soil, were the reverse. We observed the big change in texture and re-increase of organic matter content, available phosphate, and exchangeable cations between disturbed layer and original soil layer. This study, therefore, suggest that the accumulation of coarse material such as saprolite for cultivating cash crop under plastic film house might not improve soil drainage and structural stability, inversely showing weaker disturbance of original soil profile with higher drainage.

Effect of Nitrogen Application Levels on Nitrate Concentration in Soil Solution under Plastic Film House

This study was conducted to investigate investigated the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrate concentration in soil solution and to determine the relationship between yield and nitrate concentration in soil solution for cucumber cultivation under plastic film house. Nitrogen as urea was applied at rates of 0, 120, 240, 360, and <TEX>$480kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$</TEX> as an additional fertilizer by trickle irrigation during cucumber cultivation. Monitoring of nitrate concentration in soil solution was investigated using porous cups at 25 cm depth under soil surface. Nitrate concentration in soil solution increased with increasing the rate of additional nitrogen. Correlation coefficient between EC value and nitrate concentration was positive in soil and soil solution (p<0.05). An additional nitrogen of about <TEX>$300kg\;ha^{-1}$</TEX> was shown the highest yield of cucumber, and improved yield by 5% compared to N recommendation of <TEX>$240kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$</TEX>. The highest yield was determined at nitrate concentration of <TEX>$82mg\;L^{-1}$</TEX> in soil solution by regression equation (<TEX>$Y=74.2+0.73X+0.000504X^2$</TEX>, <TEX>$R^2=0.629^*$</TEX>). These results means indicate that nitrate concentration in soil solution would be useful method to rapid determination for additional nitrogen during cucumber cultivation under plastic film house.