Film-forming Properties Research Articles

A novel signal-on photoelectrochemical immunosensor based on anthocyanin-sensitized poly(indole-5-carboxylic acid) for ultrasensitive detection of CEA

A signal-on photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunosensor for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection was constructed using anthocyanin (ACN)-sensitized poly(indole-5-carboxylic acid) (P5ICA) nanofibers as the photoactive material. P5ICA is a p-π conjugated cathode photosensitive material with excellent optical and film-forming properties. P5ICA sensitized with ACN prevents hydrolysis of P5ICA, ensures the stability and further improves the base signal of the PEC immunosensor. The sensitive detection of CEA was achieved by introducing the signaling probe TiO2/In2S3 through biotin-avidin protein specific recognition. ACN-sensitized P5ICA and TiO2/In2S3 exhibit the effective matching of energy levels, which facilitates the separation and transfer of photogenerated e-/h+ pairs and achieves the amplification of PEC signals and the improvement of sensor sensitivity. Under optimal conditions, the range of detection for CEA was 0.01–500 ng mL−1 with lower detection limit of 3.3 pg mL−1. The PEC immunosensor has good stability and high detection sensitivity to CEA. This work provides a novel PEC assay platform for monitoring CEA in real serum samples, which has a promising application in the sensitive detection of tumor markers.

Enhanced surface antimicrobial, biocompatible and mechanical properties of 3D printed titanium alloys by electrophoretic deposition of chitosan/ZnO

In this study, to address the susceptibility of 3D-printed titanium implants to bacterial infection, we propose to form a chitosan/ZnO composite coating by electrophoretic deposition to enhance its antimicrobial, biocompatible, and mechanical properties. The surface morphology of the composite coating is relatively flat, showing good hydrophilicity and coating adhesion, and the corrosion current density is significantly lower than that of the untreated titanium alloy. According to the results of the study, the composite coatings containing more than 0.1g of ZnO (Z2, Z3, Z4 groups) showed excellent antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with antibacterial rates of more than 95%, and the medium-concentration ZnO coatings (Z2 group) showed good cellular activity, with cell viability rates of more than 80%. In contrast, the high-concentration ZnO coatings (Z3, Z4 groups) showed a certain degree of cytotoxicity. The inherent film-forming property of the composite coating enabled the cells to adhere well to the coating surface. It was found through SBF body fluid immersion that Zn²⁺ can increase the rate of hydroxyapatite precipitation and enhance bioactivity. These results emphasize the importance of precise control of the ZnO content in the improved antimicrobial and biocompatible chitosan-ZnO composite coatings to ensure excellent antimicrobial properties and necessary biocompatibility.

Exploring the potential of browntop millet (Urochloa ramosa) starch: Physicochemical, morphological, thermal and rheological properties across four cultivars

This comprehensive research explores the starch isolated from four browntop millet cultivars to determine physicochemical, thermal, morphological, powder flow, pasting, and rheological properties. Significant variations (p ≤ 0.05) were observed among the cultivars. Aerated bulk density (ABD) and Tapped bulk density (TBD) values ranged from 0.476 g/mL (BTM4) to 0.591 g/mL (BTM1), and 0.591 g/mL (BTM1) to 0.476 g/mL (BTM4). Amylose content varied from 22.55% (BTM4) to 25.86% (BTM3), influencing gelling strength and film-forming properties. Water absorption capacity ranged from 1.78 g/g to 1.92 g/g, while oil absorption capacity varied from 2.20 g/g to 2.47 g/g. DSC analysis showed gelatinization temperatures (Tp, and Tc) ranging from 85.44–91.61 °C, and 147.08–154.21 °C, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed A-type crystalline patterns, with relative crystallinity ranging from 22.66% (BTM3) to 27.81% (BTM2). Pasting properties exhibited variations among cultivars, with peak viscosity ranging from 2480 c P to 3119 cP, and pasting temperature from 77.50 °C to 82.35 °C. Rheological analysis indicated shear-thinning behavior. The findings offer insights into the diverse properties of browntop millet starch, contributing to its potential applications in various industries and potentially guiding future studies on browntop millet starch modifications and novel utilization.

A novel gelatin composite film with melt extrusion for walnut oil packaging

Gelatin have excellent film-forming and barrier properties, but its lack of biological activity limits its application in packaging. In this study, fish gelatin incorporated with apple polyphenol/cumin essential oil composite films were successfully prepared by melt extrusion. The cross-linking existed in gelatin and apple polyphenol improved the thermal stability and oxidation resistance of the film. The synergistic effect of apple polyphenols and cumin essential oil decreased the sensitivity of the film to water, especially the water solubility decreased from 41.60 % to 26.07 %. The plasticization of essential oil nearly doubled the elongation at break while maintaining the tensile strength of the film (11.45 MPa). Furthermore, the FG-CEO-AP film can inhibit peroxide value to extend the shelf life about 20 days in the walnut oil preservation. In summary, the apple polyphenol/cumin essential oil of FG film exhibits excellent comprehensive properties and high preparation efficiency for utilization as an active packaging material.

Polysaccharides from pineapple peel: Structural characterization, film-forming properties and its effect on strawberry preservation

The growing demand for food safety has stimulated the development of new environmentally friendly food packaging. It is the development trend of food packaging in recent years by using natural polysaccharides as carriers and adding bioactive ingredients extracted from plants to prepare multifunctional films with antioxidant, antimicrobial and biodegradable properties. Herein, three polysaccharide components (PPE40, PPE60, and PPE80) from pineapple peel were extracted by ultrasound-assisted hot water extraction combined with gradient ethanol precipitation method, which all showed a certain scavenging activities against DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical. Then, the composite films were prepared by adding PPE40, PPE60 and PPE80 to chitosan. The results of SEM, FT-IR and XRD analysis showed that PPE40, PPE60 and PPE80 could interact with chitosan matrix. Furthermore, the addition of PPE40, PPE60, and PPE80 could improve the mechanical properties of the films, and promote the antibacterial activity of the films against B. subtilis, S. aureus and E. coli. Finally, the application of the composite films to strawberries showed that the addition of PPE40, PPE60 and PPE80 could delay the rapid decay of strawberries during storage. The results of this study showed that pineapple polysaccharides have a potential to be applied in the field of food packaging.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) Film Formation and Friction Properties of Molybdenum Phosphate Additive in Combined Condition with Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate (ZnDTP)

This article describes experimental studies on low friction film formation of molybdenum phosphate (MoP) in combination with zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZnDTP). The spinning type friction tests were conducted, and in the test procedure, the test using ZnDTP containing oil was conducted following the test using MoP oil. The results showed that after switching to ZnDTP, the friction coefficient steeply decreased and reached approximately 0.06 in 1,353 ppm of sulfur concentration, and minimum friction coefficient depended on the concentration of sulfur in the oil with ZnDTP. Moreover, it is shown that the friction coefficient gradually increased, and that the coefficient at 1 h after switching to ZnDTP corresponded to that in ZnDTP alone. Raman spectroscopy demonstrated that, at 5 min after switching to ZnDTP, the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) film was formed on the contact surface. Also, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis results indicated that at 1 h after switching to ZnDTP, the film derived from ZnDTP was composed of phosphorus, oxygen, and sulfur. These results suggest the film formation mechanism of MoS2: molybdenum oxide, such as iron (II) molybdate (FeMoO4), formed in the test of MoP, was then transformed into MoS2 by sulfur or a sulfur containing compound from ZnDTP decomposition.

Photocatalytic Ag-MOF confers efficient antimicrobial activity to modified polyvinyl alcohol films

Antimicrobial packaging films are an effective means to avoid food infections. PVA has good film-forming and mechanical properties, but its water resistance and antimicrobial properties are insufficient. In this study, a rod-shaped Ag-MOF with photocatalytic properties was synthesized as an antimicrobial agent by a hydrothermal method using citrate esterified PVA as a film-forming substrate. The MICs of Ag-MOF against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 16 μg/mL and 32 μg/mL, respectively, and it had good biocompatibility. Under blue light irradiation, Ag-MOF induced the production of ROS, which increased the inhibition rate by more than 83.78%. The antimicrobial mechanism experiments showed that it caused irreversible damage to the bacterial cell membrane through the synergistic effect of Ag+ and ROS. The best mechanical properties of the films were obtained at 3% citric acid content, with the water vapor transmission rate, water solubility and swelling rate reduced by 0.19 g·mm·m−2·h−1·kPa−1, 65.33% and 11.26%, respectively. The antimicrobial rate of the composite film could reach more than 98% by adding only 1 MIC of Ag-MOF. In conclusion, photocatalytic antimicrobial agents have great potential for application in food packaging.

Characterization of sodium alginate film containing zein-Arabic gum nanoparticles encapsulated with oregano essential oil for chilled pork packaging

Chilled pork retains most of its nutrients but is prone to deterioration during the production-to-consumption process. To address this issue this study aimed to develop zein-Arabic gum composite nanoparticles loaded with oregano essential oil (ZAG-OEO) and incorporate them into sodium alginate films to enhance the freshness and shelf life of chilled pork. Sodium alginate, known for its excellent film-forming properties, was selected as the matrix to prepare ZAG-OEO-containing sodium alginate films (SA-ZAG-OEO). The results revealed that the tensile strength and elongation at break of the prepared films were 47.73 ± 2.15 MPa and 6.27 ± 0.21 %, respectively, at a 2.5 % nanoparticle concentration. The water contact angle of the films incorporating nanoparticles reached 81.5 ± 1.95°. The incorporation of nanoparticles enhanced the thermal stability and antibacterial activity of the films. The prepared films were utilized for the storage of chilled pork, and the quality changes were analyzed. The results demonstrate that SA-ZAG-OEO films inhibit microbial growth and lipid oxidation, thereby delaying pork spoilage. This study offers new insights into extending the shelf life of chilled pork and developing advanced meat preservation methods for the future development of the meat industry.

Polymer Hosts Containing Carbazole-Dibenzothiophene-Based Pendants for Application in High-Performance Solution-Processed TADF-OLEDs.

The film-forming capability of the host plays a crucial role in effectively forming a light-emitting layer through a solution process in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this study, we synthesized two side-chain polymer hosts, PCz-DBT and P2Cz-DBT, consisting of carbazole and dibenzothiophene. The synthesis was carried out through radical polymerization using styrene-based host monomers. Their photophysical characteristics and molecular energy levels are similar to those of the reference small molecule hosts, namely, Cz-DBT and 2Cz-DBT. However, compared to the small-molecule hosts Cz-DBT and 2Cz-DBT, the two polymer hosts showed high thermal stability and good film-forming properties in the neat and host-emitter blend films. Specifically, bluish-green multiple-resonance (MR) thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) OLEDs, fabricated via solution processing with an emissive layer based on P2Cz-DBT, exhibited remarkable performance. These devices achieved a maximum external quantum efficiency of 17.4% without utilizing a hole transport layer. This polymer host design strategy is considered to significantly contribute to enhancing the performance of TADF-OLEDs fabricated through solution processing.

The Key to MOF Membrane Fabrication and Application: the Trade-off between Crystallization and Film Formation.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), owing the merits of ordered and tailored channel structures in the burgeoning crystalline porous materials, have demonstrated significant promise in construction of high-performance separation membranes. However, precisely because this crystal structure with strong molecular interaction in their lattice provides robust structural integrity and resistance to chemical and thermal degradation, crystalline MOFs typically exhibit insolubility, infusibility, stiffness and brittleness, and therefore their membrane-processing properties are far inferior to the flexible amorphous polymers and hinder their subsequent storage, transportation, and utilization. Hence, focusing on film-formation and crystallization is the foundation for exploring the fabrication and application of MOF membranes. In this review, the film-forming properties of crystalline MOFs are fundamentally analyzed from their inherent characteristics and compared with those of amorphous polymers, influencing factors of polycrystalline MOF membrane formation are summarized, the trade-off relationship between crystallization and membrane formation is discussed, and the strategy solving the film formation of crystalline MOFs in recent years are systematically reviewed, in anticipation of realizing the goal of preparing crystalline membranes with optimized processability and excellent performance.

Effect of Grease Composition on Impact-Sliding Wear

Impact-sliding experiments were performed by using four self-made lithium-based greases, namely Yangtze Grease 1, Yangtze Grease 2, Yangtze Grease 3, and Yangtze Grease 4. The influence of base oil viscosity, thickener content, and morphology of thickener fiber clusters on the lubricating state were visually explored, combined with field-emission microscopy and two-light interference technology. The grease film distribution at the middle section was measured using Dichromatic Interference Intensity Modulation (DIIM) software. All experiments were executed in a completely flooded environment. The results show that among the components of grease, the base oil’s viscosity has the greatest impact on the anti-wear performance of the grease. As the viscosity of the base oil increases, the grease exhibits better anti-wear performance. The grease film thickness under the condition of high-viscosity base oil is about 10 times higher than that under the condition of low-viscosity base oil. Secondly, the content of thickener in the grease needs to be controlled within a reasonable range. The experiments indicate that the effect of thickener content on the grease’s film-forming properties becomes more pronounced at higher speeds. From the experiment using YG 4, it can be seen that a higher thickener content under high-speed conditions increases the thickness of the lubricating grease film by about 10 times. The dimensions of the thickener fibers and the density of their entanglement structure significantly influence the rheological properties and load-bearing capacity of the grease. Larger fiber sizes and higher entanglement densities result in reduced grease fluidity and recovery but enhance its load-bearing capabilities. In order to obtain the best anti-wear performance during impact-sliding motion, the size of the thickener fiber and the density of the entanglement structure need to be controlled within an appropriate range.

Preparation and corrosion behavior of MAO based MOFs coatings with excellent film-forming and adhesion properties

Magnesium (Mg) alloys can be applied in many fields, but their poor corrosion resistance limits their widespread applications. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are often used as fillers in the field of corrosion protection due to their poor adhesion. In order to improve the film-forming performance and adhesion of MOFs coatings, and enhance the corrosion resistance of AZ31 Mg alloys, various MOFs coatings were prepared on the Mg alloy micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coating. The results demonstrated that the MAO facilitated film-forming of MOFs and enhanced their adhesion. Moreover, MOFs crystals can seal the pores of MAO, capture corrosive ions, and form insoluble chelates, significantly improving the corrosion resistance of Mg alloys. Among them, the Ce-MOF exhibited the highest corrosion resistance and the lowest corrosion rate, with a corrosion current density of 8.68 × 10−8 A/cm2 after immersing for 30 min. Moreover, MOFs coatings exhibited good stability and durability, and even after immersing in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for 14 days, their corrosion protection effects were still superior than MAO.

Toward highly ionic polyelectrolyte membrane: Synthesis, characterization, membrane performance and theoretical studies of PVDF-g-PAN/PAMPS hybrid membranes

Novel highly ionic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes grafted with an acrylonitrile monomer to yield the target (PVDF-g-PAN) via radical polymerization and then blended with the amphiphilic copolymer poly (2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-Propane sulfonic acid (PAMPS) via physical interactions (PVDF-g-PAN)/(PAMPS), were designed and constructed. The new functional groups obtained (fluoride, nitrile, and sulfonic functions) were confirmed via FTIR analysis, and the prepared membranes were characterized using SEM, TGA, tensile strength, water contact angle, and mechanical stability instruments. The essential characteristics of the polyelectrolyte membranes, including the IEC, ionic conductivity, methanol permeability, thermal stability, and high mechanical qualities, were examined. It was discovered that, the oxidative stability of the modified membrane (P3) with a high concentration of conductive PAMPS affected the percentage of weight loss (5.25 %) at the end of 24 h. In addition, the water absorption capacity increased with increasing in the concentration of PAMPS. Similarly, the highly concentrated PAMPS modified membranes (P3) have an ionic exchange capacity and proton conductivity equal to IEC= 1.93 meq/g, which is greater than that of the Nafion membrane by 0.91 meq/g. Furthermore, appropriate DFT theoretical studies such as EHOMO, ELUMO, energy band gap and dipole moment (µ) were thoroughly examined and employed to validate the highly ionic system. It was found that, the energy band gap of PVDF-g-PAN/PAMPS was 5.19 eV, which is lower than that of the grafted polymer value (7.17 eV), confirming that the electrons are transferred readily from the HOMO level to the LUMO level. In addition, the dipole moment of the PVDF-g-PAN/PAMPS was 7.10 Debye, which is greater than the dipole moment value of the grafted polymer (2.07 Debye), indicating the highly ionic character of the hybrid polymer. Finally, the promising results obtained demonstrated favorable film-forming and structural properties, making it a promising option for polyelectrolyte membranes. It also has the added advantage of being cost-effective and can be applied in many electrochemical applications.

Chitin and Chitosan Production from Shrimp Wastes by a Two-Step Process Consisting of Molasses-Based Lactic Fermentation and Chemical Deacetylation: Insights into the Antimicrobial, Microsphere and Film-Forming Properties of Chitosan

Chitin and Chitosan Production from Shrimp Wastes by a Two-Step Process Consisting of Molasses-Based Lactic Fermentation and Chemical Deacetylation: Insights into the Antimicrobial, Microsphere and Film-Forming Properties of Chitosan

All-solution preparation of perovskite light-emitting diodes in ambient air through film-forming regulation of light-emitting layers based on dual-additive doping and oxygen plasma treatment

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites are promising for optoelectronics owing to their high color purity, tunable bandgaps, and low nonradiative recombination rates. However, challenges such as rough surfaces and poor film-forming properties constrain the optoelectronic performance of light-emitting devices. Herein, the PEDOT:PSS film treated by oxygen plasma serves as the hole transport layer, while the formation of perovskite films is optimized by dual-additive doping of PEO and TPBi in ambient air. The results show that the PEDOT:PSS films with PSSH-rich after oxygen plasma treatment provide more nucleation sites, favoring the formation of the perovskite film. Meanwhile, the dual-additive prompts to form a dense and uniform film as well. The intrinsic mechanisms involve PEO as a binder to fill grain gaps and improve water-oxygen stability in the perovskite film, while TPBi acts as a passivator to stimulate uniform nucleation and dense crystallization, improving the grain coverage of the light-emitting layer. Under atmospheric conditions, all-solution processed perovskite devices reach a maximum luminance of 810.4 cd m−2 and a maximum current efficiency of 0.437 cd A−1. This work highlights the significance of using oxygen plasma treatment and additives to improve the performance of perovskite films and achieve superior PeLEDs.

Small molecule perylene diimide derivatives with different bay site modifications as cathode interface layers for organic solar cells

Cathode interface layers (CILs) can effectively elevate the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs), and the development of CILs with high thickness insensitivity is the focus of commercializing OSCs. Perylene diimide (PDI) derivatives proved to be potential CILs, and bay modification could further adjust the coplanarity and optimize the film-forming properties of PDI-based CILs. Thus, two novel CILs with intermediate-sized spacer groups were synthesized (PDINN-P3P and PDINN-TPA). In contrast to PDINN-P3P with m-diphenylbenzene, PDINN-TPA with triphenylamine can form stronger self-doping between the side chain of triphenylamine and the PDI backbone, resulting in higher charge transport capacity and better interface regulation ability. PDINN-TPA-based OSCs demonstrated a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.11 % in the PM6:Y6 system, outperforming the PCE of PDINN-P3P-based OSCs (15.00 %). Meanwhile, PDINN-TPA expressed a favorable thickness processing range, a PCE of 14.19 % can be maintained with a thickness up to 35 nm. After storing in the glove box for 114 h, PDINN-TPA-based OSCs can exhibit excellent long-term stability (over 90 % of the optimal PCE). Besides, PDINN-P3P and PDINN-TPA were further utilized CILs in the PM6: BTP-eC9 system, and the PDINN-TPA-based OSCs acquired a PCE of 16.91 % (15.54 % for PDINN-P3P-based OSCs), highlighting the broad applicability of PDINN-P3P and PDINN-TPA. This study confirms that the synergistic effect of bay site modification and n-type self-doping on PDI can simultaneously optimize the thickness insensitivity and long-term stability of PDI-based CILs.

Study on the film-forming properties of Mo–Na ceramic targets

In order to provide sufficient and stable Na+ for the CIGS flexible thin film solar cells, Mo–Na ceramic targets were prepared by the plasma-assisted cold sintering process (CSPS). And the film-forming properties of the Mo–Na targets were studied. The Mo–Na targets were prepared with MoO3 as precursor. The Mo–Na targets were successfully prepared with uniformity, compactness and high relative density (98.19 %). Then, the Mo–Na monolayer films were prepared by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. The results show that Mo–Na monolayer films are homogeneous and compact. Significantly, abundant Na+ are stored in the Mo–Na monolayer films. To verify the application of Mo–Na targets in the CIGS cells, the sandwich structure (Mo/Mo–Na/Mo) films and co-sputtered films were studied. The results show that the co-sputtered films have sufficient Na+, and show good photoelectric and mechanical properties. In addition, after heat treatment, Na+ can diffuse to the surface of the sandwich films, which can provide sufficient and stable Na+ for CIGS thin film cells.

Effect of ultrasound/CaCl2 co-treatment on the microstructure, gelatinization, and film-forming properties of high amylose corn starch

The effect of ultrasound/CaCl2 co-treatment on aggregation structure, thermal stability, rheological, and film properties of high amylose corn starch (HACS) was investigated. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed the number of starch fragments and malformed starch granules increased after co-treatment. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed the co-treated HACS got a lower gelatinization temperature (92.65 ± 0.495 °C) and enthalpy values (ΔH, 4.14 ± 0.192 J/g). The optical microscope images indicated that lesser Maltase crosses were observed in co-treated HACS. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated ultrasound influenced the compactness of amorphous zone and CaCl2 damaged the crystalline region of HACS granules. Additionally, the rheology properties of HACS dispersion demonstrated the apparent viscosity of co-treated dispersion increased as the ultrasound time prolonged. The mechanical strength and structural compactness of HACS films were improved after ultrasound treatment. The mechanism of ultrasound/CaCl2 co-treatment improved the gelatinization and film-forming ability of HACS was that (i) ultrasound wave loosened the HACS granules shell, promoted the treatment of CaCl2 on HACS granules, and (ii) ultrasound wave improved the uniform distribution of HACS dispersion, increased the interaction between CaCl2 and starch chains during the process of film-forming.

Meshed, Flexible, and Self-Supported Humidity Sensors by Direct-Writing with Multifunctional Applications.

Flexibility endows humidity sensors with new applications in human health monitoring except for traditionally known environmental humidity detection in recent years. In this study, a flexible, mesh-structured, and self-supported humidity sensor was designed and manufactured by direct writing in a homemade two-dimensional stepping numerical control workstation. Bacterial cellulose with humidity sensitivity and good film-forming properties was applied as the self-supporting substrate, in which conductive activated carbon and water-absorptive magnesium chloride (MgCl2) were incorporated. The humidity sensing performance of the printed sensor was measured and optimized. Besides, the fundamental insight into the sensing mechanism of the printed humidity sensor was analyzed by a complex impedance spectrum. The multifunctional applications of the self-supported humidity sensor were demonstrated by human breathing detection, noncontact distance sensing, and speaking recognition. The simple self-supported structure combined with the meshed attribute of the flexible sensor showed large use potential in real-time monitoring of human respiration, voice detection, environmental humidity monitoring, and noncontact switches.

Mechanism of transglutaminase on film-forming and structural properties of soybean protein and its fractions: A study in different pH environments

In this study, transglutaminase (TGase) was introduced into soybean protein isolate (SPI) and its major fractions, 7S and 11S globulins combined proteins (CP), and the effects of TGase on the physicochemical properties of SPI and CP films were explored in pH values of 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0. The results suggested that TGase facilitated the conversion of β-turn and random coil to β-sheet structure in protein films, resulting in a more ordered and table protein network. Homogeneous and dense microscopic films were observed and resulted in a reduction of over 20% in the water vapor permeability (WVP) for both TGase-modified SPI and CP films. However, the effect of enzymatic action also greatly depends on the regulation of protein conformation by pH environment. The tensile strength of CP films prepared at pH 6.0 modified by TGase increased by more than 26% (from 6.21 MPa to 7.87 MPa), and the elongation of all film samples prepared at pH 7.0 and 8.0 modified by TGase increased by more than 76% (from 16.25%–19.24% to 33.92%–36.35%). Consequently, it is proposed that the mechanism of TGase-catalyzed film formation of soybean protein is related to the catalytic affinity of TGase for different subunits and the type of crosslinks formed. This aims to provide a valuable theoretical reference for the rational application of crosslinkers in protein-based products.