Film Density Research Articles

Elucidating proper framework for determination of threading dislocation densities in semiconductor films: a comprehensive study based on Ge/Si(001)

Abstract Method of deducing threading dislocation densities (TDDs) from X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak widths has been reevaluated based on crystallography theories, and Ge/Si heteroepitaxial structures were taken as model materials for investigation. The procedure was tailored in accordance with the specific designs of modern XRD systems to minimize instrumental interference, while practical characteristics of heteroepitaxial films was also considered to avoid intrinsic errors. TDDs of samples grown with different epitaxy methods were investigated by using the newly implemented XRD method as well as etch pit density (EPD) method, and satisfactory agreement has been achieved among 3 independently calculated sets of TDD results: two from XRD and one from EPD. Those values were further corroborated by cross-sectional TEM analysis. Key considerations that are of scientific and technical importance in TDD studies were also discussed in detail. The current work has provided not only the most up-to-date elucidation on obtaining TDD values in semiconductor epitaxial films, but also insight into the long-existing ambiguity in TDD calculation methods, which will be helpful for future studies of defect density characterizations on various material systems.

Effect of slightly acidic hypochlorous water incorporation on the physical, mechanical, and antibacterial properties of chitosan film for chicken egg preservation

ABSTRACT Eggs, a rich source of protein, vitamins, and minerals, rapidly decline in nutritional quality post-laying due to physicochemical changes, exacerbated by poor storage. Chitosan, a biodegradable antibacterial polysaccharide, has the ability to enhance the preservation of egg when it combined with Slightly acidic hypochlorous water (SAHW). This study investigates the potential of chitosan-SAHW composite films for preserving egg quality by systematically evaluating the films’ properties across different SAHW concentrations. Results showed increased film density and decreased moisture content with SAHW addition. Optimal mechanical properties were observed at 20 mg/L SAHW, while 40 mg/L SAHW films were most effective against microbes. Eggs coated with these films, especially at 20 mg/L and 30 mg/L SAHW, maintained quality significantly better over 49 days, reducing weight loss, preserving the Haugh unit, and stabilizing pH. These findings suggest chitosan-SAHW films effectively extend egg shelf life, warranting further research for broader applications.

Impact of plasma power on plasma enhanced atomic layer deposited TiO2 as a spacer

As the size of devices is scaled down, micro-patterning technology is increasing in importance. In micro-patterning, spacers require precise thickness and uniform deposition at low temperature. To meet these requirements, atomic layer deposition (ALD), which can be controlled to an accurate thickness, was introduced. Therefore, we investigated plasma-enhanced ALD using radicals for high reactivity. Optical emission spectroscopy and a Langmuir probe were used to evaluate plasma properties such as radical intensity and plasma density at different plasma powers. Regardless of plasma power, growth per cycle and compositions of Ti and O remained constant. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that application of 500 W decreased the area of Ti2O3 from 20.2 % to 4.5 % compared with 100 W due to the increased amount of oxygen radicals. X-ray reflectivity results showed a 4.09 g/cm3 density of TiO2 film at 100 W, which increased to 4.2 g/cm3 at 500 W, indicating a decrease of Ti2O3. Meanwhile, the wet etch rate of TiO2 film was 1.72 Å/min at 100 W and 0.8 Å/min at 500 W, and the denser film had superior etch resistance. Finally, transmission electron microscopy showed that step coverage of TiO2 films improved from 90.9 % to 99.9 % with increasing power. Thus, application of high power effectively improved the properties of TiO2 films.

INFLUENCE OF THE RATIO OF GASE CONSUMPTION N<sub>2</sub>/Ar AND MAGNETRON POWER ON THE DENSITY AND STOICHIOMETRIC COMPOSITION OF TIN<sub>X</sub> FILMS SYNTHESIZED BY MAGNETRON SPUTTERING METHOD

The films of titanium nitride were deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering on the surface of singlecrystalline silicon samples in an Ar-N2 atmosphere for use as a diffusion barrier. The thickness and density of films were measured by X-ray reflectometry. The design of the MAGNA TM-200-01 installation has been changed to increase the supply of nitrogen into the chamber. The influences of sputtering conditions, including the flow rate of nitrogen and argon gases and their N2 /Ar ratios in the range of 1–60 in the chamber, magnetron power of 690–1400 W on the formation of TiNx films, their density and stoichiometric composition, were studied. It is shown that the value of x is affected not only by the N2 /Ar gas flow rate ratio, but also by the magnetron power. At the sputtering parameters 1200 W, N2 /Ar = 30, 0.8 Pa, 320 s and 100°C, a maximum density of 5.247 g/cm3 of a film was achieved, which corresponds to the composition TiN0.786 = Ti56N44. The presence of nanocrystalline film of titanium nitride and the absence of a nanocrystalline titanium phase were confirmed by photographic X-ray diffraction. It was found that for the synthesis of titanium nitride as close as possible to the stoichiometric composition TiN0.770 - TiN0.786, it is necessary to use magnetron power in the range of 900–1200 W, nitrogen rate of 30 cm3 /min with low argon flows of 1–5 cm3 /min.

Enhancing the corrosion properties and microhardness of titanium alloy by laser surface remelting

Laser surface remelting (LSR) was performed on the Ti80 alloy, and the effects of different laser powers with 50 W, 100 W and 200 W on the microstructure, microhardness and corrosion properties were systematically investigated. The results showed that after LSR treatment, the microstructure of the Ti80 alloy was significantly refined because of the rapid cooling effect of laser processing, and the microhardness of the remelted zone gradually increased with the increase of laser power. The electrochemical test results reveal that the corrosion resistance of the Ti80 alloy can be significantly improved after LSR treatment and the corrosion resistance in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was as follows from high to low: 100 W>50 W>200 W>As-received. It was concluded that the content of Ti2O3 decreased and TiO2 increased after LSR, and the stability of the passive film exhibited a corresponding improvement. The LSR can improve the surface hardness and corrosion resistance of the Ti80 alloy, which can be attributed to the homogenization of the composition of the remelting zone and the reduction of the point defect density of passive film. It is believed that results documented in this study can provide an important reference for deepening understanding of the surface modification mechanisms of LSRed Ti80 alloys.

Functionalized sp2 Carbon-Conjugated Covalent Organic Frameworks for Interfacial Modulation of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells.

Interfacial modulation utilizing functional materials is proven to be crucial for obtaining high photovoltaic performance in lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This study investigates, for the first time, the utilization of a pyrene-based sp2 carbon-conjugated covalent organic framework (sp2c-COF) as an interfacial layer in inverted PSCs. Functionalized with cyano (-CN) Lewis base groups, the sp2c-COF exhibits a dual effect, simultaneously passivating both the NiOx and the perovskite layers. Detailed characterization results highlight the role of sp2c-COF in reducing the Ni3+ defect density in NiOx films and forming Lewis acid-base adducts with undercoordinated Pb2+ on the perovskite surfaces, thereby inhibiting interfacial redox reactions and suppressing non-radiative recombination. Moreover, sp2c-COF leads to improved crystallinity of perovskite films. Benefiting from the synergistic effects, sp2c-COF-modified devices delivered a champion efficiency of 17.64%. These findings underscore the potential of sp2c-COF as a functional interface material for PSCs, offering enhanced efficiency and stability. The study contributes to advancing the understanding and application of covalent organic frameworks in photovoltaic technologies.

Exploring the efficiency enhancement of perovskite solar cells by chemical bath depositing SnO2 on mesoporous TiO2 electrode

This study presents a groundbreaking approach to enhance the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by employing Chemical Bath Deposited (CBD) SnO2 on mesoporous TiO2 (m-TiO2) as an electron transport layer (ETL) without a traditional compact TiO2 (c-TiO2) layer between FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide) and m-TiO2 ETL. Our investigation reveals that this method significantly improves carrier dynamics, as evidenced by reduced time constants compared to traditional ETLs. The CBD SnO2 not only augments electron transport but also effectively reduces defect density in m-TiO2 films. These enhancements are reflected in the improved photovoltaic parameters of the cells, including higher open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current (JSC), fill factor (FF), and an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding 23.62 %. The study further underscores the scalability of this technology, highlighting advancements in screen printing and chemical bath deposition techniques vital for large-area PSC applications. Remarkably, the uniformity of PCE across large-area cells confirms the efficacy and consistency of this approach, which provides a new and general strategy for preparing high-efficiency PSCs.

Comprehensive analysis of chemical composition, electronic, luminescent, and electrical properties of amorphous graphite-silicon carbide thin films: A comparative study of as-deposited and post-annealed states

Graphite/SiC (GSC) thin films were synthesized on silicon substrates via a spray method, depositing a Si-graphite solution on preheated silicon samples at 350 °C, followed by annealing at 800 °C for 4 h. A systematic approach was employed to ensure the effective incorporation of graphite into the SiC material during solution preparation. Various analytical techniques, including XPS, UPS, Reflection Energy Electron Loss Spectroscopy (REELS), PL, AFM, and Hall effect measurements, were employed for comparative analysis of the chemical composition, morphological, electrical, and optoelectronic properties of as-deposited and annealed GSC films. XPS analysis revealed the presence of Si—C and graphitic bonds in the as-deposited GSC, with a significant compositional shift to oxygen-rich graphite oxide/oxycarbides after annealing. REELS demonstrated increased bandgap and bulk plasmon energy due to surface oxidation, while UPS highlighted a high electronic density in the as-deposited film, diminishing after annealing. AFM revealed a tendency of as-deposited GSC grains to form smaller, sharper structures after annealing, resulting in smoother and more homogeneous surface morphology. Phase AFM confirmed graphite incorporation at grain boundaries and within the bulk, forming a composite structure. PL spectra of the as-deposited film exhibited a broad visible emission with distinct sub-peaks linked to SiC bandgap transitions and carbon-rich defects. Chromaticity diagrams indicated suitability for white LED applications. Hall effect measurements showed excellent electrical properties of the as-deposited GSC film, with high carrier density and mobility, which reduced significantly after annealing, transitioning the material to a more insulating state. These findings collectively provide a comprehensive understanding of GSC thin films’ properties and their potential applications.

Laterally Modulating Carrier Concentration by Ion Irradiation in CdO Thin Films for Mid‐IR Plasmonics

AbstractThis report demonstrates tunable carrier densities in CdO thin films through local ion irradiation, providing lateral control of mid‐IR optical properties. Ion‐solid interactions produce donor‐like defects that boost electron concentrations from the practical minimum of 2.5 × 1019 cm−3 to a maximum of 2.5 × 1020 cm−3 by metered ion exposure. This range is achieved using He, N, Ar, or Au ions at 1–2.8 MeV; when normalized by displacements per atom, all ion species produce comparable results. Since CdO is well‐described by the Drude model, irradiation‐tuned carrier densities directly alter the infrared dielectric function, and in turn, mid‐infrared optical properties. Further, it is demonstrated that by combining irradiation with traditional lithography, CdO films expose to ions in the presence of 3‐µm thick, patterned photoresist exhibit lateral carrier density profiles with ≈400‐nm resolution. Scanning near‐field optical microscopy reveals sharp optical interfaces with almost no companion contrast in surface morphology, microstructure, or crystallinity. Finally, CdO lateral homostructures supporting surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are demonstrated whose dispersion relation can be tuned through periodic patterning in a monolithic platform by simple nanofabrication. Numerical simulations show these polaritons result from strong coupling between excitations at CdO plasma frequencies and SPPs supported by the platinum substrate.

Effect of laser-induced grain growth on the electrochemical and immersion corrosion behavior of electrochemical deposited Ni coatings

In this study, the introduction of laser irradiation during the electrochemical deposition of Ni coatings was employed to investigate the evolution of surface morphology, microstructure, and residual stress. Furthermore, the impact of laser on corrosion performance was examined through electrochemical and immersion corrosion tests. The results showed that introducing a laser resulted in a uniform electrochemically deposited particle size distribution, and the shape evolved from granular to pyramidal. However, the average grain size increased from 0.4 ± 0.1 μm to 0.6 ± 0.3 μm after adding laser, and the grain morphology also transformed from equiaxed to columnar grains. In addition, the surface roughness increased from 34 ± 3 nm to 122 ± 16 nm compared to not adding a laser. The internal stress changed from 54 ± 17 MPa to −113 ± 19 MPa, indicating that the original tensile stress evolved into compressive stress. Electrochemical and immersion corrosion indicate that after adding laser, the passive current density decreased from 3.8 × 10−6 A·cm−2 to 6.9 × 10−7 A·cm−2 (reduced by approximately 81.8 %), indicating a significant improvement in corrosion resistance. This is attributed to the stability and density of the passive film. Although the average grain size and surface roughness increase, the uniformity of surface deposited particles improves the uniformity of electrochemical distribution, accelerates the formation of uniformly dense passive film, and limits the expansion of corrosion pits under the combined action of compressive stress.

Engineering Carrier Density and Effective Mass of Plasmonic TiN Films by Tailoring Nitrogen Vacancies.

The introduction of nitrogen vacancies has been shown to be an effective way to tune the plasmonic properties of refractory titanium nitrides. However, its underlying mechanism remains debated due to the lack of high-quality single-crystalline samples and a deep understanding of electronic properties. Here, a series of epitaxial titanium nitride films with varying nitrogen vacancy concentrations (TiNx) were synthesized. Spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements revealed that the plasmon energy could be tuned from 2.64 eV in stoichiometric TiN to 3.38 eV in substoichiometric TiNx. Our comprehensive analysis of electrical and plasmonic properties showed that both the increased electronic states around the Fermi level and the decreased carrier effective mass due to the modified electronic band structures are responsible for tuning the plasmonic properties of TiNx. Our findings offer a deeper understanding of the tunable plasmonic properties in epitaxial TiNx films and are beneficial for the development of nitride plasmonic devices.

Achieving Significantly Boosted Dielectric Energy Density of Polymer Film via Introducing a Bumpy Gold/Polymethylsilsesquioxane Granular Blocking Layer.

Polymer dielectrics are the key materials for pulsed energy storage systems, but their low energy densities greatly restrict the applications in integrated electronic devices. Herein, a unique bumpy granular interlayer consisting of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and polymethyksesquioxane (PMSQ) microspheres is introduced into a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) film, forming trilayered PVDF-Au/PMSQ-PVDF films. Interestingly, the Au/PMSQ interlayer arouses a dielectric enhancement of 47% and an ultrahigh breakdown strength of 704MVm-1, which reaches 153% of pure PVDF. It is revealed that the greatly enhanced breakdown strength originated from the Coulomb-blockade effect of Au NPs and the excellent insulating properties of PMSQ microspheres with a special molecular-scale organic-inorganic hybrid structure. Benefiting from the concurrently enhanced dielectric and breakdown performances, an outstanding energy density of 22.42Jcm-3 with an efficiency of 67.1%, which reaches 249% of that of the pure PVDF, is achieved. It is further confirmed that this design strategy is also applicable to linear dielectric polymer polyethyleneimine. The composites exhibit an energy density of 8.91Jcm-3 with a high efficiency of ≈95%. This work offers a novel and efficient strategy for concurrently enhancing the dielectric and breakdown performances of polymers toward pulsed power applications.

Controllable Iodoplumbate-Coordination of Hybrid Lead Iodide Perovskites via Additive Engineering for High-Performance Solar Cells.

The crystallization and growth of perovskite crystals are two crucial factors influencing the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Moreover, iodoplumbate complexes such as PbI2, PbI3-, and PbI42- in perovskite precursor solution dictate both the quality of perovskite crystals and the optoelectrical performance of PSCs. Here, we propose an iodoplumbate-coordination strategy that employs pentafluorophenylsulfonyl chloride (PTFC) as an additive to tailor the crystal quality. This strategy directly affects the thermodynamics and kinetics of perovskite crystal formation by regulating hydrogen bonds or coordination bonds with Pb2+ or I- ions. Subsequently, the synergistic effect of the PTFC and FA+ complex was beneficial for intermediate-to-perovskite phase transition, improving the crystalline quality and reducing the defect density in the perovskite film to suppress nonradiative recombination loss. Consequently, the treated PSCs achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.61%, demonstrating enhanced long-term stability under both light and thermal stress. The developed device retained 92.53% of its initial PCE after 1200 h of continuous illumination and 88.6% of its initial PCE after 600 h of 85 °C thermal stability tests, respectively, both conducted in N2 atmospheres.

Zr-based conversion film fabricated on cold rolled steel by separately providing zirconium and fluorine ions: Performance and mechanism study

Controlling the concentrations of Zr4+ and F− in traditional Zirconium (Zr)-based film-formation solution is challenging due to their dependence on the hydrolytic equilibrium of H2ZrF6. In this study, Zr-based films were prepared on cold rolled steel surface through the film-formation solution prepared by mixing Zr(NO3)4 and different amount of HF. The electrochemical results demonstrated that the Zr-based film prepared by Zr(NO3)4 and HF exhibited superior corrosion resistance compared to H2ZrF6. Under optimal film formation conditions, the protective efficiency of the prepared film reached 74.4 % which was higher than that of film fabricated in H2ZrF6. The electrochemical results concurrently demonstrated the self-reinforcing anti-corrosion performance of the prepared films. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the Zr film, prepared in Zr(NO3)4 and HF, exhibited excellent corrosion resistance attributed to its high film density. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopic results indicated the presence of a fluoride layer on the surface of the Zr film. The F− ions can chelate with the corrosion products and selectively deposit onto the damaged areas of the film, thereby effectively contributing to the repair of the film layer. The results of density functional theory calculations demonstrated that Zr4+ readily forms Zr(OH)4 rather than ZrF62−. The present study offers an enhanced approach for regulating the properties of films prepared via H2ZrF6 by separately providing zirconium and fluorine ions.

Improved surface morphology and reduced V-pits density of lattice-matched AlInN films grown by atmospheric pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

AlInN has emerged as a promising material for advanced optoelectronic and electronic devices due to its unique properties. However, achieving AlInN layers with excellent surface morphology remains challenging. Here, Al0.83In0.17N layers lattice-matched to GaN/sapphire were grown by atmospheric-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition at 875 °C. The lowest surface roughness measured by atomic force microscopy was 0.37 nm after optimizing the growth temperature and flux of precursors. The roughness value was constant in the range of 15–72 nm film thickness. Introducing a TMI pre-flow period before AlInN growth, further reduced roughness to 0.28 nm, although a graded inclusion of Ga into the AlInN near the GaN/AlInN interface was observed. This improved surface morphology was interpreted by the In-surfactant effect enriched by the pre-flow in the early stage of AlInN. Additionally, the V-pits density was as low as 2×105 cm−2, primarily due to high growth pressure and also influenced by relatively high growth temperature. Analysis of Al incorporation using second-order reaction model suggests that the severe parasitic reactions between TMA and NH3 at atmospheric pressure can be effectively eliminated by a high total gas flow rate of 72 slm, ensuring in-plane uniformity in surface morphology and relatively good crystalline quality.

Effects of structure and thickness of Ce0.9Pr0.1O2 electrodes of YSZ-based gas sensors on VOC-sensing properties

Dense CeO2-doped with 10 mol% Pr (Ce0.9Pr0.1O2, PCO) films were fabricated as sensing electrodes of YSZ-based gas sensors by using radio-frequency magnetron sputtering method, and their sensing properties to toluene were evaluated in this study. The microstructure of the SEs was basically dense, but the rod-like microstructure was observed when the chamber pressure during sputtering was low. The toluene response of the sensors attached with the rod-like structured PCO films showed a higher increase rate with toluene concentration than those with the dense-structured PCO films in the higher toluene-concentration range. On the other hand, the toluene response of the sensors attached with the dense-structured PCO films was much larger than with the rod-like structured PCO films in the lower toluene-concentration range. The electrochemical impedance measurements indicated that the toluene response is comprised of electrochemical reactions between the triple phase boundaries (PCO/YSZ/gas) and the double phase boundaries (DPBs, PCO/gas). In addition, the increased density of the thin PCO film enhances the contribution of DPBs on toluene response, resulting in the increased toluene response in the lower toluene-concentration range.

Nonvolatile ferroelectric control of electronic properties of Bi2Te3

Abstract Nonvolatile electric-field control of the unique physical characteristics of topological insulators (TIs) is essential for fundamental research and development of practical electronic devices. Electrically tunable transport properties through electrostatic gates have been extensively investigated. However, the relatively weak and volatile tunability limits its practical applications in spintronics. Here, we demonstrate the nonvolatile electric-field control of Bi2Te3 transport properties via constructing ferroelectric Rashba architectures, i.e., 2D Bi2Te3/α-In2Se3 ferroelectric field effect transistors. Through switching the polarization states of the α-In2Se3, the Fermi level, resistance, Fermi wave vector, carrier mobility, carrier density, and magnetoresistance (MR) of the Bi2Te3 film can be effectively modulated. Importantly, a shift of Fermi level toward band gap with surface state occurs as switching to negative polarization state, the contribution of the surface state to the conductivity increases, thereby increasing carrier mobility and electron coherence length significantly, and resulting in enhanced WAL effect. These results provide a nonvolatile electric-field control method to tune the electronic properties of TI and can further extend to the quantum transport properties.

Effects of Diethoxymethylsilane/Helium Flow Rate Ratio on Low-k Films Deposited by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition

As the semiconductor industry has continuously reduced the integrated circuit (IC) chip size, a resistance-capacitance (RC) delay emerged, causing deterioration of the chip performance. To reduce the RC delay, low dielectric constant (low-k) films with suitable mechanical strengths have been adopted as intermetal dielectrics (IMDs). In this study, low-k plasma-polymerized diethoxymethylsilane (ppDEMS) films were fabricated by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of the DEMS precursor with a flow rate ratio of the DEMS precursor to helium (He) carrier gas (DEMS/He FRR) as a key parameter. As the DEMS/He FRR increased, the refractive index was reduced from 1.401 to 1.386, and the k value decreased from 2.77 to 2.10. From high-resolution scans of C1s, O1s, and Si2p peaks of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the carbon contents increased, and the oxygen contents decreased, along with a decrease in the film density. With the increased DEMS/He FRR, hardness decreased from 2.5 to 1.8 GPa, and elastic modulus decreased from 17.08 to 11.50 GPa. Leakage current densities for all the ppDEMS films were less than 10−7 A cm−2 at 1 MV cm−1. The ppDEMS films could be suggested as the IMDs according to their electrical and mechanical performance.

Columnar Macrocyclic Molecule Tailored Grain Cage to Stabilize Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells with Suppressed Halide Segregation

AbstractSolidifying the soft lattice of all‐inorganic mixed‐halide perovskites is of great importance to restrain the notorious halide segregation under persistent light illumination. Herein, a multifunctional columnar macrocyclic molecule additive, namely cucurbituril into perovskite precursor to enhance the crystallization and reduce the defect density in the final perovskite film is introduced. Based on the theoretical calculation and simulation, the cucurbituril molecule with a strong double‐ended negatively‐charged cavity surrounded by terminated oxygen atoms not only coordinates with dangling Pb2+ ions to form host‐guest complexation but also induces an electric dipole field at perovskite grain boundary to effectively repel the iodide ion migration from the inside grain to the defective boundary, significantly suppressing the halide segregation and improving the device performance. As a result, the carbon‐based, all‐inorganic CsPbI2Br solar cell achieves an enhanced efficiency of 15.59% with great tolerance to environmental stresses. These findings provide new insights into the development of a novel passivation strategy with macrocyclic molecules for making high‐efficiency and stable perovskite solar cells.

Impact of agar–glycerol ratios on the physicochemical properties of biodegradable seaweed films: A compositional study

To develop technology more applicable to industrial settings, this study aimed to produce agar-based bioplastic films using extrusion followed by hot compression. The research examined various amounts of glycerol incorporation as the plasticizer, which also facilitated the flowability of the extrusion process. These variations included agar–glycerol ratios of 75:25, 70:30, 65:35, 60:40, and 55:45 (% w/w). Moreover, the films underwent thorough testing to assess their physical, mechanical, chemical, water sensitivity, surface imaging, and biodegradability properties. The results showed that increasing the amount of glycerol in the agar film matrix generally made the films more sensitive to water, resulting in greater hydrophilicity. This change was primarily owing to the increased presence of hydroxyl groups. It also affected other characteristics, such as enhancing the film's stretchability and thermal stability. Furthermore, a decrease in film density was observed, leading to reduced tensile strength and barrier properties. Moreover, the higher glycerol content improved its surface wettability and the higher agar content accelerated the film's biodegradability rate. Microstructural examination using scanning electron microscopy and chemical analysis (FTIR) revealed a homogeneous mixture of agar and glycerol produced through the extrusion process. These findings demonstrate the potential of extrusion techniques for the large-scale production of agar-based bioplastics.