Filler In Poly Research Articles

Lignocellulosic flour‐reinforced poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐valerate) composites

AbstractResidual lignocellulosic flour from spruce and ground olive stone was used as a natural filler in poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐valerate) (PHBV)‐based composites. The morphology and the thermal properties of these composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. Lignocellulosic fillers acted as nucleating sites for the crystallization of PHBV and strongly enhanced its degree of crystallinity. Dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile properties of these materials were also studied. A significant reinforcing effect was displayed by dynamic mechanical analysis at temperatures higher than the glass–rubber transition of the matrix. In addition, for low‐particle‐size spruce, a stabilization of the modulus was observed up to 500 K. High‐strain tensile properties did not show any reinforcing effect. This apparent disagreement was explained by the poor adhesion between the hydrophilic lignocellulosic filler and the hydrophobic polymeric matrix. To validate this hypothesis, the experimental data were compared with predicted data involving the percolation concept. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1302–1315, 2003

Use of pyrolyzed oil shale as filler in poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) with different vinyl acetate contents

Use of pyrolyzed oil shale as filler in poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) with different vinyl acetate contents

Use of pyrolyzed oil shale as filler in poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) with different vinyl acetate contents

AbstractPyrolyzed oil shale (POS) obtained from the pyrolysis of bituminous rock was used as filler in poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (EVA). The effects of the VA content of EVA and the particle size of POS on the mechanical properties were investigated. The composites were prepared in a rotor mixer at 180°C with a concentration of POS of up to 30 wt %. The stress–strain plots of the compression‐molded composites are similar to the EVA (18% VA content) behavior for low concentrations (1–5 wt %) of POS with a particle size lower than 270 mesh. It was observed that decreasing the POS particle size and increasing the VA content of EVA produced better compatibility between the polymer and filler. The mechanical properties, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis also demonstrated the compatibility between EVA and POS under the increase of the VA content in the EVA. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1544–1555, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10494

Composites of poly(vinyl acetate) filled with calcium carbonate: Microscopy, diffractometry and thermophysical properties

AbstractCalcium carbonate (CaCO3) is used as filler in poly(vinyl acetate)(PVAc) composites to enhance the mechanical properties. The filler is often commercially surface treated with stearic acid to optimize the interfacial bonding and wetting. The effects of the interface on properties were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of films with initial and deformed morphologies. Plasticizing additives cause a significant change in the appearance of the films and a reduction in the glass transition temperature of the matrix from 40°C to ≈ 18°C, which was not altered by further addition of the filler. A PVAc composite fracture surface shows the particles adhering well to the matrix, suggesting good adhesion and reinforcement. The SEM study is complemented by WAXD, SEM/X‐SEM, XPS, and thermal analysis.

Fatigue-resistant silicone elastomer formulations

Fatigue-resistant elastomers have been prepared using various metal oxides as fillers in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based elastomers. The judicious choice of inorganic fillers produced elastomers that were stable under cyclic testing at elevated temperatures. These experiments were carried out using the Mechanical Energy Resolver, an instrument modified to reduce testing time from approximately 6 weeks to 60 h. Four elastomers showed stable storage moduli, were creep resistant, and showed less than 1% weight loss after 60 h. By comparison, a formulation prepared with alumina as the filler showed high rates of creep and greater than 10% weight loss. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 70: 1633–1641, 1998

PVC filled with vacuum pyrolysis scrap tires‐derived carbon blacks: An investigation on rheological, mechanical, and electrical properties

AbstractPyrolysis of scrap tires produces oil and carbon black (CB). The purpose of this work is to compare pyrolytic CBs with commercial grades as fillers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Blending of PVC with CB was performed in the melt at 180°C. The compositions prepared were 1,5,10,20, and 30 wt % of CB. The dynamic rheological, mechanical, and electrical properties of the PVC–CB composites were investigated. The results obtained for the storage modulus and complex viscosity of the composites of PVC with the pyrolytic CBs were between those of a high‐grade (Monarch 1100) and a low‐grade (Sterling R) commercial CBs. Intermediate tensile modulus, elongation at break, and electrical conductivity were also obtained. The specific surface area of the CB was shown to influence the composite properties. Reduction of the volatile matter and ash contents of the pyrolytic CB led to better properties of the PVC composites. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

資源循環の化学 排煙脱硫セッコウの特性と塩化ビニル充填剤としての利用

火力発電所において石灰-セッコウ法で得られる排煙脱硫セッコウの物理化学的特性を明らかにするために,化学分析,粒度分布,比表面積,X線回折,示差熱分析,流動性および噴流性などの測定を行った。また,β半水セヅコウおよびβ可溶性無水セッコウを製造し,プラスターとしての諸特性を検討した。さらに,塩化ビニル樹脂50部,可塑剤25部,安定剤3部,排煙脱硫セッコウ25部を165℃ で10分間混練し,プレス温度160℃,150kg/cm2で加圧成形したシートの特性をJISK-6723に準じて試験した。排煙脱硫セッコウの混練,成形の作業性は良好である。電線用としての耐寒性は若干劣るが,他の用途についての実用化の可能性は十分あるものと考えられる。

Barus effect in filled polymer melts

AbstractThe influence of fillers on the post‐extrusion swelling (Barus effect) of polymer melts is explored with the use of three model fillers in poly(styrene–acrylonitrile). The filler effect is shown to be more complex than simple dilution of the polymer. The role of such factors as melt rigidity, tendency toward plug flow, trapping of matrix in filler aggregates, and filler migration are considered.