Filipino Research Articles

Physical Therapists' Social Responsibility in the Philippines Entails Adopting a Societal Practice Framework: A Qualitative Study.

The study's objective was to explore Filipino physical therapists' views on social responsibility and the competencies it entails. This study employed a constructivism-based qualitative design to inquire into the perspectives of physical therapist leaders and practitioners in the Philippines on Filipino physical therapists' social responsibility. Leaders were invited for their macro perspectives and influence on the profession; practitioners were invited to provide more practical viewpoints. Participants were interviewed one-on-one online. Interviews were transcribed, translated to English, and subjected to thematic analysis. Sixteen participants agreed to share their perspectives. Six themes were generated. Participants viewed the social responsibility of physical therapists in the Philippines as a professional duty that requires altruistic and social justice motivations. Socially responsible actions should address pressing issues affecting Filipino people's access to physical therapy and experience of health. The social responsibility of physical therapists in the Philippines entails engaging in roles aside from clinical practice to contribute to Filipino people's attainment of health. This calls for the expansion of their ethical and practice frameworks to include addressing not only client issues, but also the wider societal barriers to equitable access to physical therapy and better experiences of health. This study contributes to professional discourse on the increasing importance of social responsibility in the physical therapist profession amidst increasing rehabilitation needs and growing concerns on health inequity locally and globally, especially as worsened by the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. It informs the development of a societal practice framework for physical therapists in the Philippines and the desired changes in physical therapist policies and education to facilitate fulfillment of their societal obligations.

Equity in Health and the New Normal: The Philippine Universal Health Care Law

The Philippine Universal Health Care (UHC) Law, consistent with the WHO’s Primary Health Care (PHC) Declaration (1978, 2008 and 2018) strives to achieve Equity in Health and Health for all Filipinos by ensuring universal access to health care within a New Normal that ensures inclusive growth. While the series of PHC declarations address gross health inequities among nations; our UHC Law addresses health inequities within our nation. Fifty per cent of Filipinos, who die, continue to die without health professional attendance. Our health outcomes are improving but lag behind those of our ASEAN neighbors. We continue to face what the Department of Health (DOH) describes as the triple burden of disease. Our health inequities persist within a socio-economic context of non-inclusive growth. To address these inequities in health, we need to work for a new normal that would ensure inclusive growth. In health, we need to implement the UHC law based on the philosophy and principles of PHC. There have been initial advances in the implementation of UHC. To accelerate it further, the UHC SG recommended the prioritization of the establishment of an interoperable, real time national health information system to guide governance, human resource for health (HRH) production, deployment and distribution, the provision of medicines and technology, and health financing. In addition to health systems reform, we need to shock and awe the Filipino people with a comprehensive primary care benefit package that can be actually utilized by the poor, generate popular support for UHC, and have significant impact on decreasing Out-of-Pocket health expenditures. To achieve Health for All Filipinos and Equity in Health, we need to ensure universal access to quality health care (UHC) within a new normal that leads to inclusive growth.

Filipinler'in Amerikan Kontrolü Döneminde (1898-1916) Osmanlı Filipinler İlişkileri

The present study attempts to investigate the resistance of Philippine people against Spanish rule in 1521 and American rule in 1898, along with their resistance against the colonialists in the Philippines, island country of Southeast Asia. Additionally, the attitude of the Ottoman Empire towards these controlled and Ottoman-Philippine relations will also be analyzed. The Philippines remained under Spanish rule for several centuries until the Americans arrived. Given that the geographical location of the Philippine islands is on one of the historically important trade route networks stretching from Europe to the Far East and the China Sea, these relations have become more crucial. During this period Captain John P. Finley, the U.S. governor of Zamboanga in the Philippines made a visit to Istanbul and tried to persuade the Ottoman administration that Muslims should not resist the American occupation by using the influence of the caliph on Muslims. The main resources of our research are based on the documents in the Presidential Ottoman Archives and their background. National and international research on the Philippines have also guided us through our research.

Reliability and Validity Evidence for Health Care-Seeking Behavior Questionnaire on Sexual Health Among Filipino Men: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

Background and Purpose: Healthcare-seeking behavior is an issue affecting the promotion of sexual health among Filipino men. However, tools to measure healthcare-seeking behaviors among men, in general, are scarce. This study aimed to find evidence of validity and reliability of the Health Care-Seeking Behavior Questionnaire (HCSBQ). Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among N = 464 Filipino men. Linear Structural Relations (LISREL®) was used for statistical analysis. Results: The HCSBQ demonstrates validity and reliability after data analysis. The overall Cronbach's alpha of 0.94 shows excellent internal consistency. The exploratory factor analysis revealed three latent variables, namely, interactional, intellectual, and active and decision-making. Cronbach's alpha for each latent variable is 0.91, 0.84, and 0.88, respectively. A confirmatory factor analysis shows an excellent goodness-of-fit indices (Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index [AGFI] = .95; Goodness-of-Fit Index [GFI] = .97; Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = .99; Incremental Fit Index [IFI] = .99; Expected Cross Validation Index [ECVI] = .45; and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = .03). Conclusions: The HCSBQ is a valid and reliable tool to measure healthcare-seeking behaviors among Filipino men.

The impact of COVID-19 on life expectancy among four Asian American subgroups

Background and objectiveTo date, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy for the Asian American (AA) population has been reported in aggregate. This study provides estimates of life expectancy at birth before and during the pandemic, with a set of demographic, health, and socioeconomic risk factors for the four largest subgroups: Asian Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, and Vietnamese. These estimates are placed in context of the broader U.S. population. MethodsThis study uses age-specific all-cause mortality from CDC WONDER and population counts from the American Community Surveys. We apply methodologies to address variability in population sizes over time (smoothing) and data quality issues at older ages (Brass relational model life table system) to produce three sets of sex-specific life expectancy estimates by subgroup for 2019, 2020, and 2021. ResultsAlmost all estimates show that the four AA subgroups experienced greater losses between 2019 and 2020 than Whites. These losses ranged from 1.1 to 3.9 years, with the largest drops among Chinese women (2.0–2.4) and Filipino men (3.5–3.9). Under all scenarios, losses in life expectancy were considerably smaller in 2021 than in 2020 among the four subgroups – with several subgroups experiencing a modest rebound – but these improvements did not compensate for the large increases in death rates in 2020. Filipino men had the largest decline in life expectancy from 2019 to 2021 among the four subgroups (3.4–4.2 years), and Vietnamese men and women experienced large losses which continued into the second year of the pandemic. ConclusionsDespite high pre-pandemic life expectancies, AAs suffered a large, and rarely acknowledged, increase in mortality during the pandemic, with substantial heterogeneity across subgroups and between women and men. This variability is due in part to the pronounced differences in risk factors for infection and severity which have been documented within the AA population.

“Yes, I’m Doing It”: Conflict-Induced Internally Displaced Filipino Men’s Enactments of Masculinity

Despite the Philippines’ history of five decades of prolonged violent conflicts and internal displacements, majority of which are in its southern island of Mindanao, studies exploring the enactments of masculinities of noncombatant men are few. Using 31 life stories of Filipino men who experienced conflict-induced internal displacement, complemented by in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and community profiles, the present article demonstrates how these Filipino men constructed an ideal masculinity compounded by imprints of a colonial history, especially the resistance towards integration into colonial Philippines by Muslims in Mindanao. Additionally, their constructions of idealized masculinities are reflective of their negotiation between context and adherence to local hegemonic masculinities in Philippine society that legitimizes unequal gender relations. We argue that Filipino men’s accounts of ideal masculinity and their aspirations to this model reflect ongoing negotiation between immediate circumstances and persistent adherence to local hegemonic masculinities.

A Network Imaging Biomarker of X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism.

The purpose of this study was to characterize a metabolic brain network associated with X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (XDP). Thirty right-handed Filipino men with XDP (age = 44.4 ± 8.5 years) and 30 XDP-causing mutation negative healthy men from the same population (age = 37.4 ± 10.5 years) underwent [18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Scans were analyzed using spatial covariance mapping to identify a significant XDP-related metabolic pattern (XDPRP). Patients were rated clinically at the time of imaging according to the XDP-Movement Disorder Society of the Philippines (MDSP) scale. We identified a significant XDPRP topography from 15 randomly selected subjects with XDP and 15 control subjects. This pattern was characterized by bilateral metabolic reductions in caudate/putamen, frontal operculum, and cingulate cortex, with relative increases in the bilateral somatosensory cortex and cerebellar vermis. Age-corrected expression of XDPRP was significantly elevated (p < 0.0001) in XDP compared to controls in the derivation set and in the remaining 15 patients (testing set). We validated the XDPRP topography by identifying a similar pattern in the original testing set (r = 0.90, p < 0.0001; voxel-wise correlation between both patterns). Significant correlations between XDPRP expression and clinical ratings for parkinsonism-but not dystonia-were observed in both XDP groups. Further network analysis revealed abnormalities of information transfer through the XDPRP space, with loss of normal connectivity and gain of abnormal functional connections linking network nodes with outside brain regions. XDP is associated with a characteristic metabolic network associated with abnormal functional connectivity among the basal ganglia, thalamus, motor regions, and cerebellum. Clinical signs may relate to faulty information transfer through the network to outside brain regions. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:684-695.

Emotional Weather Reports: Online performance as affective practice in the MonoVlogs of Layeta Bucoy and Olivia Kristine Nieto

At the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines, playwright Layeta Bucoy and performance maker Olivia Kristine Nieto collaborated to produce what they call a MonoVlog. A portmanteau combining the terms ‘monologue' and ‘vlog', this form of brief, technologically mediated and completely online production aided Bucoy and Nieto to transmit various emotional and social weather reports from the privacy of Nieto’s home to the communal spaces of the Internet. Ranging from six to twenty-six minutes long, episodes of the MonoVlog feature Nieto wearing either special costumes or ordinary outfits; delivering before her web camera spiels layered with personal anecdotes, social commentaries, and thoughts on diverse matters; and initiating virtual conversations and interactions with her actual or make-believe spectators. First streamed via Facebook Live in March 2020, the MonoVlog is often hilarious, aimless, frivolous, satirical, and amateur in both form and content. But it can also be overtly or obliquely laced with critical insights, disturbing ironies, and subversive acts and utterances. In this article, I make a case for the MonoVlog as a kind of performance and a performative practice that shows how Bucoy and Nieto sought to at once lay bare their affective states or structures of feeling and chronicle the social histories of their time. Despite or maybe because of their exhaustion, sadness, and despair in the pandemic-stricken Philippines, Bucoy and Nieto developed and deployed their MonoVlogs as testaments to how the Filipino people, while mired in the national consequences of a global health crisis (i.e. rising unemployment rates, ballooning prices of market commodities and diminishing quality of life in the country), continue to put up a fight, reach out to others and affirm their desires of participating in and contributing to a highly compromised but never vanquished public culture. Hence, as a response to a generation-defining period rife with political and pathological risks, these MonoVlogs show how Filipino performers and artists have asserted their will to live and demonstrated their agency not only to document everyday life but also imagine and, even more importantly, externalize creative modes of survival under conditions of suffering and emergency.

Between Doctrine and Democracy: Examining Church-State Relations and Reproductive Health Policies in The Philippines, 1990-2017

The question remains as to why the Catholic Church, with its moral authority and political influence, was unable to effectively oppose the implementation of reproductive health policies in a predominantly Catholic Philippines. Thus, this study examined the relationship dynamics of the Church and the state in the context of reproductive health policies in the country. Using the historical method, the data were mainly gathered from the Pastoral Letters issued by the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, the Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines and surveys conducted by opinion polling bodies. The collected data were then analyzed using historical approach and source criticism. The study revealed that the opposition of the Catholic Church to reproductive health policies has been always based on its teachings and doctrines on the dignity of the human person, the nature of marriage and purpose of sexual intercourse. Moreover, it also showed that political support and regime survival were important factors that determined the response of the government officials to Church criticisms and opposition to reproductive health policies. The wide public support for reproductive health policies and its successful implementation despite strong opposition from the Church implied that the stand of the Catholic Church on the issue failed to adapt to sociopolitical changes and respond to the changing needs of the Filipino people.&#x0D;

Reliability and Validity Evidence for Brief Sexual Attitudes Scale Among Filipino Men: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

Background and Purpose: It is essential to address sexual health to ensure quality of life and sexual well-being; however, studies to measure sexual attitudes remain scarce. This study aimed to find reliability and validity evidence of the Brief Sexual Attitudes Scale (BSAS) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) among Filipino men. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Results: BSAS shows coefficient alpha of 0.90. CFA demonstrates goodness of fit (adjusted goodness-of-fit index = .82; goodness-of-fit index = .86; comparative fit index = .91; incremental fit index = .91; expected cross-validation index = 2.27; root mean square error of approximation = .08; [χ2 (213) = 927.45, p ≤ .001], χ2/df ratio = 4.35). Conclusions: BSAS is a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess sexual attitudes among Filipino men. Further research is needed to evaluate sexual attitudes in the promotion of sexual health across cultures.

Sex differences in the psychometric properties of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale in older Filipinos.

The literature has yet to fully account for sex differences in the symptomatology and measurement of depressive symptoms, especially in developing settings like the Philippines. Thus, we established the factor structure and assessed the reliability of the 11-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale for assessing depressive symptoms in older Filipino men and women. Using cross-sectional data from 5,209 community-dwelling Filipinos aged 60 and above from a nationally representative survey, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and methods in Item Response Theory (IRT) were applied to provide complementary insights into the properties of the scale and its individual items. CFA supported the multidimensionality of the scale. The scale is also sex-invariant, but the relationship between the subfactors and the higher-order factor may differ between men and women. In addition, findings from IRT analysis confirmed the overall utility of the CES-D scale, but positively stated items were found to be internally inconsistent with the rest of the scale. The scale is desirably informative for assessing more severe symptoms, although sex differences were found in the precision of individual items. In general, the 11-item CES-D Scale is an adequate multidimensional tool for assessing moderate to severe depressive symptoms in the older population, especially in older men.

Two Holes in One: A Rare Case of Congenital Mitral Valve Anomaly

Double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) is a rare anomaly, characterised by a mitral valve with a single fibrous annulus resulting in two orifices. Since its discovery in the late 19th century, around 200 cases have been reported. In the Philippines, this mitral valve anomaly has not been reported in literature. The authors are reporting this case to provide information in identifying DOMV using 2D and 3D imaging. The case involves a 26-year-old Filipino man with an incidental finding of an isolated double-orifice mitral valve. Additional imaging using 2D and 3D transoesophageal echocardiography was performed to assess the mitral valve morphology, function and possible associated anomalies. The en face view of the mitral valve showed a complete bridge of tissue extending from the middle of the anterior to the posterior leaflet, creating medial and lateral orifices. The patient presented with an isolated DOMV; hence, no intervention was necessary. However, long-term follow-up is advised.

Nature in Philippine Folktales

Nature allows human beings to become stewards and to interface with animals. By acting as the cornerstone, human beings create meanings to their existence through their experiences with animals and other elements of nature. Folktales are not only mere stories of people but are stories that are didactic in nature. Folktales seek to promote the collective knowledge as well as serve as guide in directing people improve their relationship with nature. However, scholarship on how folktales handled nature and environment in different cultures is wanting. Therefore, this study analyzed 4 folktales to determine how nature and environment were handled as well as the different concepts of nature in the different cultures. The study utilized content-analysis based qualitative research method. The findings of the study revealed that nature is a friend of the Filipino people. Through nature, people find an abode or the dwelling place of something precious like enlightenment or wisdom, as mystery but may cause suffering, as a friend and as something mysterious. The folktales express an awe of the Filipino people to nature and a reminder of what the Filipinos need to do aligned to national goals on protecting the environment. This study provides a framework of analyzing Filipino folktales and similar works in order to promote the collective knowledge of the Filipinos about nature.

P313 AN UNUSUAL CASE OF SEVERE LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION: MILANESE ‘BREAKING BAD‘

Abstract A 39–year–old Filipino man was admitted for dyspnea and lower limb edema for about a month, in combination with stable cardiac enzymes movement (TnT 128&amp;gt;78&amp;gt;115 ng/dl), fluctuating unspecific inflammatory profile and hepatic impairment. Trans–thoracic echocardiography confirmed heart failure (HF) in a setting of eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy, diffuse hypokinesia and severe global functionreduction. Despite the absence of typical chest pain, the presence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (DMT2, smoking, dyslipidemia), previous alcoholism and the finding of widespread ventricular repolarization ECG changes seemed to suggest an ischemic or multifactorialorigin of the HF. After the finding of a critical trivascular coronary artery disease on coronarography and a pulmonary nodule on chest CT, the cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) confirmed the diagnosis of severe dilated HF with evidence of a diffuse wall signal hyperintensity in STIR sequences and a intramyocardial and subepicardial patchy LGE pattern of non–ischemic meaning. The possible ischemic etiology was thus overlaid with an inflammatory disease, leading to assume sarcoidosis or myocarditis be the cause of HF. The main screening tests (ACE and immunologic–infectious profile) were negative a a PET/CT scan confirmed a diffuse cardiac inflammation with no focal hypercaptant lesions. Therefore, sarcoidosis was ruled out, and an endomyocardial biopsy (BEM) was performed, and resulted, however, inconclusive. Following, an unexpected finding revealed through a more scrupulous anamnesis: a long–time abuse of a methamphetamine (MDMA) prevalent in the Filipino community called Shaboo. This type of MDMA is accompanied by multiple CV system impacts, including MDMA–associated cardiomyopathy (MACM), a clinical picture compatible with the findings obtained by CMR and BEM performed. After discussion in Heart Team and therapeutic optimization, the patient was candidate for coronary artery bypass. Thus, with the correct diagnostic definition and treatment of HF triggers, an improvement in clinical and left ventricularfunction was marked (EF 45%). Monitoring will allow evaluation of the evolution of the changes found at CMR and will document eventually reversibility of MACM after protracted abstention from MDMA abuse.

Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome: A Case Report in a Filipino Male Adolescent

A previously well young Filipino boy presented with prolonged recurrent left focal to bilateral seizure. He was born of a non-consanguineous marriage, home-delivered vaginally, full term with no perinatal complications. He had normal growth and developmental milestones until at the age of 7 months when he developed febrile status epilepticus. Since then, he was left with residual left hemiplegia, dysarthria, cognitive delay and recurrent seizures occurring twice daily. He was poorly compliant on multiple anti-seizure medications. He was able to go to school and do activities of daily living with minimal supervision from his family. Symptoms of refractory seizures, hemiparesis, facial asymmetry, and intellectual disabilities along with brain imaging evidence of cerebral hemi-atrophy with compensatory calvarial thickening and subsequent hyperpneumatization is consistent with Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome (DDMS). A rare clinico-neuroradiologic condition occurring in fetal or early childhood period as a consequence of chronic brain insult. Diagnosis is established clinically with a characteristic cranial imaging finding. Hemi-spherectomy is the treatment of choice. This case will enlighten our mind as well as aid us in the prompt recognition of this uncommon syndrome with a classic clinico-radiologic presentation. Multidisciplinary intervention is essential, primarily to optimize seizure control as well as provide quality of life.

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in a Filipino Boy Reaching Adulthood, and Nine Years into Oral Corticosteroids: A Case Report

Rationale: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a disease that primarily manifests in the early stages of life and progressively affects muscle strength resulting in quadriparesis and ultimately resulting in premature death secondary to cardiac or respiratory failure. DMD is the most common x-linked genetic disorder in children that is because of an alteration of a protein called “dystrophin” which is responsible for strengthening muscle fibers and protecting them from injury as muscles contract and relax. Objective: To highlight the case of a 19-year-old male who was diagnosed with DMD at 8 years of age and treated with oral corticosteroid and rehabilitation. Case: We present the case of a 19-year-old male who developed difficulty climbing stairs and was diagnosed with DMD at 8 years old with the use of clinical exome sequencing. Corticosteroid therapy was initiated and rehabilitation perpetuated which dramatically improved his life expectancy. Discussion and Summary: Clinical exome sequencing was employed on our patient to confirm the diagnosis of DMD from other neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases. Most cases of DMD succumb to cardiopulmonary arrest before reaching adulthood; however, this case exemplifies DMD from other cases since our patient was able to prolong his life with continuation of oral corticosteroid and rehabilitation and in the absence of extensive life support. Key words: Progressive muscle weakness, Dystrophin, Premature death, DMD

Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus in a Patient With X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism. (P11-11.001)

<h3>Objective:</h3> N/A <h3>Background:</h3> X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (XDP) is one of the genetic causes of generalized dystonia. Both dystonia and parkinsonism components of the disease are frequently resistant to pharmacologic treatment. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus pars interna (GPi) is an effective treatment modality, especially for dystonic manifestations of XDP. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a known DBS target in Parkinson disease but it is less frequently used for treatment of dystonia. In our case report we describe a patient with XDP who underwent bilateral STN DBS with notable improvement in parkinsonism and dystonia. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> N/A <h3>Results:</h3> Our patient is a right-handed Filipino man from the island of Panay. He developed bilateral parkinsonism, blepharospasm, oromandibular and cervical dystonia at the age of 51. Diagnosis of XDP was confirmed with genetic testing. Marked improvement of Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score in response to levodopa administration was demonstrated (65 off and 36 on). His pre-DBS Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) was 27.5. Bilateral GPi were initially selected as a target for DBS lead placement based on previously published data. Surgical target was subsequently changed to bilateral STN due to distortion in GPi anatomy likely secondary to long-standing disease. Medtronic Percept PC neurostimulator with Sensight DBS leads were used. There was no surgical complications. Patient had an immediate improvement in tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity after his first programming visit; antidystonic effects of stimulation became evident over the next few weeks. There was substantial improvement in limb and oromandibular dystonia and mild effect on cervical dystonia and blepharospasm. His speech clarity became better as well. His motor UPDRS and BFMDRS decreased to 21 and 19, respectively. Gait, posture, ability to perform activities of daily living significantly improved. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> The subthalamic nucleus may be considered an alternative deep brain stimulation target in patients with X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Redko has nothing to disclose. Brian Kopell has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Medtronic. Brian Kopell has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Abbott Neuromodulation. Brian Kopell has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Enspire DBS. Dr. Tse has nothing to disclose.

A 35-year-old Hemophiliac with Pseudotumor of the Thigh

The patient is a 35-year-old Filipino man, diagnosed with Hemophilia A since birth, who presented with an enlarged right thigh with multiple masses. This paper will discuss the following issues: 1) how to differentiate pseudotumor from primary bone malignancy and 2) to describe how patients with hemophilia should be prepared for surgery.

SAYAW NG BATI: A PERSPECTIVE ON TRANSCULTURATION OF THE SPANISH COLONIAL HERITAGE IN THE SOUTHERN TAGALOG REGION OF THE PHILIPPINES

Just like other dances that developed during the Christianization of the Philippines, the Sayaw ng Bati (Dance of Greeting), a dance performance conducted during the dawn of Easter Sunday in the Southern Tagalog Region, is a byproduct of transculturation, a process where the subordinate culture (the colonized) selects certain cultural items in the dominant culture (the colonizer) that fits their contexts and preferences. This paper then aims to elucidate how transculturation occurred in the Philippines that dramatically altered the precolonial heritage of the Filipino people during the Spanish colonization of the country. Using a variety of sources from reputable Filipino scholars in the field of cultural anthropology and dance, the precolonial and Spanish colonial experiences were reviewed and contrasted to understand how transculturation happened in Philippine society and to look for parallels between the two historical contexts, which also affected how dance forms imported from Europe were perceived and developed through the ingenuity of Filipinos during the colonization of the archipelago.

Diabetes-Related Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality in Asian American Subgroups

BackgroundAsian Americans experience heterogeneity in cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease, with a particularly high burden of diabetes in several Asian subgroups. ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to quantify diabetes-related mortality in Asian American subgroups and compare this with Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic White individuals. MethodsUsing national-level vital statistics data and concurrent population estimates, age-standardized mortality rates and proportional mortality from diabetes-related mortality were calculated for non-Hispanic Asian (and subgroups: Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese), Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic White populations in the United States, 2018-2021. ResultsDiabetes-related deaths numbered 45,249 in non-Hispanic Asian, 159,279 in Hispanic, 209,281 in non-Hispanic Black, and 904,067 in non-Hispanic White individuals. Among Asian Americans, age-standardized mortality rates of diabetes-related mortality with cardiovascular disease as underlying cause ranged from 10.8 (95% CI: 9.9-11.6) per 100,000 in Japanese females to 19.9 (95% CI: 18.9-20.9) per 100,000 in Filipina females, and from 15.3 (95% CI: 13.9-16.8) per 100,000 in Korean males to 37.8 (95% CI: 36.1-39.5) per 100,000 in Filipino males. The proportion of all deaths related to diabetes was higher in all Asian subgroups (9.7%-16.4% for females; 11.8%-19.2% for males) compared with non-Hispanic Whites (8.5% for females; 10.7% for males). The highest proportion of diabetes-related deaths occurred in Filipino adults. ConclusionsThere was an approximately 2-fold variation in diabetes-related mortality among Asian American subgroups, with Filipino adults experiencing the greatest burden. All Asian subgroups experienced higher proportional mortality for diabetes-related mortality compared with non-Hispanic White individuals.