Carbon Filaments Research Articles

Manufacturing technology of integrated textile-based sensor networks for in situ monitoring applications of composite wind turbine blades

Based on in situ strain sensors consisting of piezo-resistive carbon filament yarns (CFYs), which have been successfully integrated into textile reinforcement structures during their textile-technological manufacturing process, a continuous load of fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) components has been realised. These sensors are also suitable for structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. The two-dimensional sensor layout is made feasible by the usage of a modular warp yarn path manipulation unit. Using a functional model of a small wind turbine blade in thermoset composite design, the sensor function for basic SHM applications (e.g. static load monitoring) are demonstrated. Any mechanical loads along the pressure or suction side of the wind turbine blade can be measured and calculated via a correlative change in resistance of the CFYs within the textile reinforcement plies. Performing quasi-static load tests on both tensile specimen and full-scale wind turbine blade, elementary results have been obtained concerning electro-mechanical behaviour and spatial resolution of global and even local static stresses according to the CFY sensor integration length. This paper demonstrates the great potential of textile-based and textile-technological integrated sensors in reinforcement structures for future SHM applications of FRPs.

On thermodynamic equilibrium of carbon deposition from gaseous C-H-O mixtures: updating for nanotubes

AbstractExtensive literature information on experimental thermodynamic data and theoretical analysis for depositing carbon in various crystallographic forms is examined, and a new three-phase diagram for carbon is proposed. The published methods of quantitative description of gas-solid carbon equilibrium conditions are critically evaluated for filamentous carbon. The standard chemical potential values are accepted only for purified single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT). Series of C-H-O ternary diagrams are constructed with plots of boundary lines for carbon deposition either as graphite or nanotubes. The lines are computed for nine temperature levels from 200°C to 1000°C and for the total pressure of 1 bar and 10 bar. The diagram for graphite and 1 bar fully conforms to that in (Sasaki K, Teraoka Y. Equilibria in fuel cell gases II. The C-H-O ternary diagrams. J Electrochem Soc 2003b, 150: A885–A888). Allowing for CNTs in carbon deposition leads to significant lowering of the critical carbon content in the reformates in temperatures from 500°C upward with maximum shifting up the deposition boundary O/C values by about 17% and 28%, respectively, at 1 and 10 bar.

Effect of crystalline structure and pore geometry of silica based supported materials on the catalytic behavior of metallic nickel particles during methane decomposition to COx-free hydrogen and carbon nanomaterials

This paper aims to study the effect of crystalline structure and pore geometry of some silica supported materials on the catalytic performance of the active Ni component. Therefore, 40 wt.% Ni loaded ZSM-5(25), ZSM-5(400) and amorphous silica (AS) catalysts were prepared by conventional impregnation method and evaluated as catalysts for methane decomposition to COx-free hydrogen production. Several techniques such as XRD, BET, HRTEM, TPR, TGA and Raman spectroscopy were performed for characterizing the fresh and reacted catalysts. The results revealed that the crystalline structure and pore geometry of the supports play an essential role on the catalytic efficiency in terms of H2 yield and stability as well as on the morphology of as-deposited carbon material. The characterization results showed that the particle size and dispersion of NiO were strongly influenced by the crystalline structure of the support. The channels and cages of both zeolite samples could inhibit the agglomeration of NiO particles during the calcination and catalytic runs. On the other hand, the amorphous structure of SiO2 induced serious aggregation of NiO particles, leading to a remarkable inhibition in the activity. TEM images showed that different types of carbon nanomaterials were obtained on the catalysts depending on the crystalline nature of the support. Filamentous carbon was formed on both Ni/ZSM-5(25) and Ni/ZSM-5(400) catalysts, whereas graphene nanosheets were obtained over Ni/SiO2 catalyst.

Renewable hydrogen from glycerol reforming over nickel aluminate-based catalysts

Nickel aluminate (NiAl2O4) was synthesized by citrate method and used as a precursor for supported Ni catalysts. This bulk sample as well as an alumina-supported NiAl2O4 and a dual catalytic system obtained by its simple and straightforward physical mixture with alumina were investigated on glycerol reforming at different water:glycerol molar ratio conditions. All catalyst precursors and the reduced catalysts made thereof were characterized by XRF, porosity, H2-TPR, powder XRD and temperature-resolved XRD. Spent catalysts were complementarily analyzed by TPO/TGA-MS and FE-SEM in order to infer on deactivation process. NiAl2O4 precursor structure rendered highly active systems accomplishing a level of glycerol conversion to gaseous products roughly equivalent to glycerol global conversion. Therefore, hydrogen and CO2 were the main products obtained, reaching hydrogen yields usually higher than 80% with respect to the theoretical maximum production. The way NiAl2O4 phase is settled in catalyst formulation (bulk, supported or physically mixed) revealed an important influence on catalyst deactivation. Deactivation was associated with the formation of carbon filaments as no other type of carbon species, more or less reactive, could be identified.

Evaluation of electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of multi-axial fabrics and their reinforced PES composites

The usage of electrical and electronic equipments has been increasing in daily life, which has a potential hazardous impact on humans and other living organisms. In this paper, multi-axial fabrics containing steel yarns and carbon filaments, and their polyester (PES) resin-reinforced composites have been prepared for electromagnetic shielding applications. The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) of these structures was determined by using coaxial transmission line measurement technique. There were eight different multi-axial fabrics constructed. It was observed that the amount and the orientation of carbon and stainless steel yarns influenced the EMSE performances of multi-axial fabrics and their reinforced PES composites. The structures containing both carbon filaments and stainless steel yarns exhibited better EMSE than the ones including only one type of conductive yarns or filaments. Also, the EMSE performance of multi-axial fabrics was found better than their reinforced composites. The best EMSE results were obtained for the fabric, including two layers of yarns (steel and carbon) on top of each other in the centre with the angle of 45 and −45°.

Deactivation and regeneration of Raney-Ni catalyst during multiphase dehydrogenation of cyclohexane

Hydrogen production via dehydrogenation of cyclohexane is regarded as one of the most promising on-board hydrogen supplier system for hydrogen vehicles. In this study, the deactivation mechanism of Raney-Ni catalyst under “wet-dry” multiphase reaction conditions was studied by means of characterizations. The fresh and deactivated Raney-Ni catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), X-ray spectroscopy (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), mercury porosimetry and granularity analysis. It was found that the deposition of the filamentous carbon, which came from the side reactions of cyclohexane, on the outer layers of Raney-Ni particles was the main reason for the catalyst deactivation. Due to the strong external diffusion resistance during the multiphase reaction process, the carbon was concentrated in the orifices, and the amount of carbon was about 3.25wt.% of the catalyst. The decay of Raney-Ni was a typical orifice coking deactivation. The experimental study also showed that the deactivated Raney-Ni catalyst could be regenerated by coke elimination with water and recovered its activity. In addition, a regeneration mechanism of the deactivated catalyst by coke elimination was proposed.

High-loaded Ni[sbnd]Cu[sbnd]SiO2 catalysts for methane decomposition to prepare hydrogen and carbon filaments

NiSiO2 and NiCuSiO2 catalysts were prepared by a hetero-phase sol–gel method. Two types of kinetic experiments (routes I, II) were designed to test the catalytic performance of the NiCuSiO2 catalysts, and the textural properties of the carbon filaments were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. Compared to traditional method of catalytic decomposition of methane (CDM) reaction, where the reduction process and the decomposition of methane occurred at the same temperature (route I), the NiCuSiO2 catalysts exhibited superior catalytic performance at a reaction temperature of 750 °C using route II. This finding was attributable to the introduction of methane into the reactor at lower temperatures, which can prevent the NiCu particles from sintering into larger clusters during the thermal treatment processes, and the carbon filament by-product could play the role of a growing support to enhance the dispersion of the metal particles. However, when the catalyst decomposition occurred at 750 °C, NiCu alloy particles broke down, and a phase separation was observed, which might be related to the loss in catalytic activity. Due to the disordered carbon formed over the NiCuSiO2 catalysts during the CDM reaction, the generated carbon filaments might begin to crack methane at a higher temperature.

The Tensile Behavior of High-Strength Carbon Fibers.

Carbon fibers exhibit exceptional properties such as high stiffness and specific strength, making them excellent reinforcements for composite materials. However, it is difficult to directly measure their tensile properties and estimates are often obtained by tensioning fiber bundles or composites. While these macro scale tests are informative for composite design, their results differ from that of direct testing of individual fibers. Furthermore, carbon filament strength also depends on other variables, including the test length, actual fiber diameter, and material flaw distribution. Single fiber tensile testing was performed on high-strength carbon fibers to determine the load and strain at failure. Scanning electron microscopy was also conducted to evaluate the fiber surface morphology and precisely measure each fiber's diameter. Fiber strength was found to depend on the test gage length and in an effort to better understand the overall expected performance of these fibers at various lengths, statistical weak link scaling was performed. In addition, the true Young's modulus was also determined by taking the system compliance into account. It was found that all properties (tensile strength, strain to failure, and Young's modulus) matched very well with the manufacturers' reported values at 20 mm gage lengths, but deviated significantly at other lengths.

WE‐H‐204‐01: William D. Coolidge, Inventor of the Modern X‐Ray Tube

“William D. Coolidge, Inventor of the Modern X‐ray Tube”David J. Allard, M.S., CHP ‐ Director, PA DEP Bureau of Radiation ProtectionWilliam David Coolidge 1873–1975 was a research scientist and inventor of the modern X‐ray tube. Besides Roentgen, with his 1895 discovery and subsequent studies of X‐rays, perhaps no other individual contributed more to the advancement of X‐ray technology than did Coolidge. He was born in Hudson, MA and received his Bachelor of Science degree from MIT in 1896. That same year he went to Europe to study under renowned physicists of the time. Coolidge received his Ph.D. summa cum laude from the University of Leipzig in 1899 and soon after joined the staff of MIT. While studying at Leipzig, he met Roentgen. In 1905 he was asked to join the newly established General Electric Research Laboratory in Schenectady, NY. He promptly began fundamental work on the production of ductile tungsten filaments as a replacement for fragile carbon filaments used in incandescent light bulbs. This improved light bulb was brought to market by GE in 1911. It was subsequent application of his tungsten work that led Coolidge to his studies in X ray production. Circa 1910, the state‐of‐the‐art X‐ray tube was a “gas tube” or “cold cathode” type tube. These crude X‐ray tubes relied on residual gas molecules as a source of electrons for bombardment of low to medium atomic number metal targets. In 1912 Coolidge described the use of tungsten as an improved anode target material for X‐ray tubes. Shortly after in 1913 he published a paper in Physical Review describing “A Powerful Roentgen Ray Tube With a Pure Electron Discharge.” This tube used a tungsten filament as a thermionic source of electrons under high vacuum to bombard a tungsten anode target. Great improvements in X‐ray tube stability, output and performance were obtained with the “hot cathode” or “Coolidge tube.” With some variation in filament and target geometry, this 100 year old invention is the same basic X‐ray tube used today in medicine, research and industry. In 1932 Coolidge became Director of the GE Laboratory, then in 1940 Vice‐President and Director of Research. In 1941 he was a member of a small committee, appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, to evaluate the military importance of research on uranium. This committee's report led to the establishment of the Manhattan Engineering District for nuclear weapons development during WWII. Coolidge lived to be over 100 years old, he had 83 patents to his credit, numerous awards and honorary degrees, and in 1975 was elected to the National Inventor's Hall of Fame. At the time he was the only inventor to receive this honor in his lifetime. Dr. Coolidge was also the first recipient of the AAPM's highest science award ‐ named in his honor. From notes of a day‐long interview with Coolidge's son Lawrence in the mid‐1990s, previous biographies, publications, books, GE literature, historic photographs, e.g., a wonderful 1874 photo stereoview card with 1 year old baby “Willie Coolidge”, and other artifacts in the author's collection, this presentation will review Dr. Coolidge's amazing life, work, accomplishments and awards.“History and Archives Resources at AIP for AAPM and its Members” Gregory A. Good, Ph.D. ‐ Director, AIP Center for History of Physics Melanie J. Mueller, MLIS ‐ Acting Director, AIP Niels Bohr Library & ArchivesThe American Institute of Physics established the Center for History of Physics and the Niels Bohr Library & Archives in the 1960s. Our shared mission is: To preserve and make known the history of the physical sciences. This talk will explore the many ways that AIP's two history programs support the historical and archival activities of AAPM. Topics will include our ongoing oral history program, web outreach through exhibits and teaching guides, and archiving for AAPM and other Member Societies. We will focus in particular on materials in our collections related to the history of medical physics and to the history of AAPM. We will unveil and demonstrate a new “Archives Portal” that we are designing specifically to be useful to AAPM and its members. Learning Objectives: Study the background of the medical physicist ‐ William David Coolidge Examine the time‐line for his success Review the publications conceptualizing his works and progressions Realize what he invented Evaluate the importance of the invention Relate the success to national prominence Uncover how he influenced medical physicists today Find out how he was celebrated by the AAPM View the AIP established Center for History of Physics Consider the significant efforts and vision to preserve the history of medical physics Learn about the Niels Bohr Library & Archives Look back in time at medical physics in the 1960s Unveil and demonstrate a new “Archives Portal” that will be useful to AAPM

WE‐H‐204‐00: History Committee Symposium

“William D. Coolidge, Inventor of the Modern X‐ray Tube”David J. Allard, M.S., CHP ‐ Director, PA DEP Bureau of Radiation ProtectionWilliam David Coolidge 1873–1975 was a research scientist and inventor of the modern X‐ray tube. Besides Roentgen, with his 1895 discovery and subsequent studies of X‐rays, perhaps no other individual contributed more to the advancement of X‐ray technology than did Coolidge. He was born in Hudson, MA and received his Bachelor of Science degree from MIT in 1896. That same year he went to Europe to study under renowned physicists of the time. Coolidge received his Ph.D. summa cum laude from the University of Leipzig in 1899 and soon after joined the staff of MIT. While studying at Leipzig, he met Roentgen. In 1905 he was asked to join the newly established General Electric Research Laboratory in Schenectady, NY. He promptly began fundamental work on the production of ductile tungsten filaments as a replacement for fragile carbon filaments used in incandescent light bulbs. This improved light bulb was brought to market by GE in 1911. It was subsequent application of his tungsten work that led Coolidge to his studies in X ray production. Circa 1910, the state‐of‐the‐art X‐ray tube was a “gas tube” or “cold cathode” type tube. These crude X‐ray tubes relied on residual gas molecules as a source of electrons for bombardment of low to medium atomic number metal targets. In 1912 Coolidge described the use of tungsten as an improved anode target material for X‐ray tubes. Shortly after in 1913 he published a paper in Physical Review describing “A Powerful Roentgen Ray Tube With a Pure Electron Discharge.” This tube used a tungsten filament as a thermionic source of electrons under high vacuum to bombard a tungsten anode target. Great improvements in X‐ray tube stability, output and performance were obtained with the “hot cathode” or “Coolidge tube.” With some variation in filament and target geometry, this 100 year old invention is the same basic X‐ray tube used today in medicine, research and industry. In 1932 Coolidge became Director of the GE Laboratory, then in 1940 Vice‐President and Director of Research. In 1941 he was a member of a small committee, appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, to evaluate the military importance of research on uranium. This committee's report led to the establishment of the Manhattan Engineering District for nuclear weapons development during WWII. Coolidge lived to be over 100 years old, he had 83 patents to his credit, numerous awards and honorary degrees, and in 1975 was elected to the National Inventor's Hall of Fame. At the time he was the only inventor to receive this honor in his lifetime. Dr. Coolidge was also the first recipient of the AAPM's highest science award ‐ named in his honor. From notes of a day‐long interview with Coolidge's son Lawrence in the mid‐1990s, previous biographies, publications, books, GE literature, historic photographs, e.g., a wonderful 1874 photo stereoview card with 1 year old baby “Willie Coolidge”, and other artifacts in the author's collection, this presentation will review Dr. Coolidge's amazing life, work, accomplishments and awards.“History and Archives Resources at AIP for AAPM and its Members” Gregory A. Good, Ph.D. ‐ Director, AIP Center for History of Physics Melanie J. Mueller, MLIS ‐ Acting Director, AIP Niels Bohr Library & ArchivesThe American Institute of Physics established the Center for History of Physics and the Niels Bohr Library & Archives in the 1960s. Our shared mission is: To preserve and make known the history of the physical sciences. This talk will explore the many ways that AIP's two history programs support the historical and archival activities of AAPM. Topics will include our ongoing oral history program, web outreach through exhibits and teaching guides, and archiving for AAPM and other Member Societies. We will focus in particular on materials in our collections related to the history of medical physics and to the history of AAPM. We will unveil and demonstrate a new “Archives Portal” that we are designing specifically to be useful to AAPM and its members. Learning Objectives: Study the background of the medical physicist ‐ William David Coolidge Examine the time‐line for his success Review the publications conceptualizing his works and progressions Realize what he invented Evaluate the importance of the invention Relate the success to national prominence Uncover how he influenced medical physicists today Find out how he was celebrated by the AAPM View the AIP established Center for History of Physics Consider the significant efforts and vision to preserve the history of medical physics Learn about the Niels Bohr Library & Archives Look back in time at medical physics in the 1960s Unveil and demonstrate a new “Archives Portal” that will be useful to AAPM

WE‐H‐204‐03: Part 2: History and Archives Resources at AIP for AAPM and Its Members

“William D. Coolidge, Inventor of the Modern X‐ray Tube”David J. Allard, M.S., CHP ‐ Director, PA DEP Bureau of Radiation ProtectionWilliam David Coolidge 1873–1975 was a research scientist and inventor of the modern X‐ray tube. Besides Roentgen, with his 1895 discovery and subsequent studies of X‐rays, perhaps no other individual contributed more to the advancement of X‐ray technology than did Coolidge. He was born in Hudson, MA and received his Bachelor of Science degree from MIT in 1896. That same year he went to Europe to study under renowned physicists of the time. Coolidge received his Ph.D. summa cum laude from the University of Leipzig in 1899 and soon after joined the staff of MIT. While studying at Leipzig, he met Roentgen. In 1905 he was asked to join the newly established General Electric Research Laboratory in Schenectady, NY. He promptly began fundamental work on the production of ductile tungsten filaments as a replacement for fragile carbon filaments used in incandescent light bulbs. This improved light bulb was brought to market by GE in 1911. It was subsequent application of his tungsten work that led Coolidge to his studies in X ray production. Circa 1910, the state‐of‐the‐art X‐ray tube was a “gas tube” or “cold cathode” type tube. These crude X‐ray tubes relied on residual gas molecules as a source of electrons for bombardment of low to medium atomic number metal targets. In 1912 Coolidge described the use of tungsten as an improved anode target material for X‐ray tubes. Shortly after in 1913 he published a paper in Physical Review describing “A Powerful Roentgen Ray Tube With a Pure Electron Discharge.” This tube used a tungsten filament as a thermionic source of electrons under high vacuum to bombard a tungsten anode target. Great improvements in X‐ray tube stability, output and performance were obtained with the “hot cathode” or “Coolidge tube.” With some variation in filament and target geometry, this 100 year old invention is the same basic X‐ray tube used today in medicine, research and industry. In 1932 Coolidge became Director of the GE Laboratory, then in 1940 Vice‐President and Director of Research. In 1941 he was a member of a small committee, appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, to evaluate the military importance of research on uranium. This committee's report led to the establishment of the Manhattan Engineering District for nuclear weapons development during WWII. Coolidge lived to be over 100 years old, he had 83 patents to his credit, numerous awards and honorary degrees, and in 1975 was elected to the National Inventor's Hall of Fame. At the time he was the only inventor to receive this honor in his lifetime. Dr. Coolidge was also the first recipient of the AAPM's highest science award ‐ named in his honor. From notes of a day‐long interview with Coolidge's son Lawrence in the mid‐1990s, previous biographies, publications, books, GE literature, historic photographs, e.g., a wonderful 1874 photo stereoview card with 1 year old baby “Willie Coolidge”, and other artifacts in the author's collection, this presentation will review Dr. Coolidge's amazing life, work, accomplishments and awards.“History and Archives Resources at AIP for AAPM and its Members” Gregory A. Good, Ph.D. ‐ Director, AIP Center for History of Physics Melanie J. Mueller, MLIS ‐ Acting Director, AIP Niels Bohr Library & ArchivesThe American Institute of Physics established the Center for History of Physics and the Niels Bohr Library & Archives in the 1960s. Our shared mission is: To preserve and make known the history of the physical sciences. This talk will explore the many ways that AIP's two history programs support the historical and archival activities of AAPM. Topics will include our ongoing oral history program, web outreach through exhibits and teaching guides, and archiving for AAPM and other Member Societies. We will focus in particular on materials in our collections related to the history of medical physics and to the history of AAPM. We will unveil and demonstrate a new “Archives Portal” that we are designing specifically to be useful to AAPM and its members. Learning Objectives: Study the background of the medical physicist ‐ William David Coolidge Examine the time‐line for his success Review the publications conceptualizing his works and progressions Realize what he invented Evaluate the importance of the invention Relate the success to national prominence Uncover how he influenced medical physicists today Find out how he was celebrated by the AAPM View the AIP established Center for History of Physics Consider the significant efforts and vision to preserve the history of medical physics Learn about the Niels Bohr Library & Archives Look back in time at medical physics in the 1960s Unveil and demonstrate a new “Archives Portal” that will be useful to AAPM

WE‐H‐204‐02: Part 1: History and Archives Resources at AIP for AAPM and Its Members

“William D. Coolidge, Inventor of the Modern X‐ray Tube”David J. Allard, M.S., CHP ‐ Director, PA DEP Bureau of Radiation ProtectionWilliam David Coolidge 1873–1975 was a research scientist and inventor of the modern X‐ray tube. Besides Roentgen, with his 1895 discovery and subsequent studies of X‐rays, perhaps no other individual contributed more to the advancement of X‐ray technology than did Coolidge. He was born in Hudson, MA and received his Bachelor of Science degree from MIT in 1896. That same year he went to Europe to study under renowned physicists of the time. Coolidge received his Ph.D. summa cum laude from the University of Leipzig in 1899 and soon after joined the staff of MIT. While studying at Leipzig, he met Roentgen. In 1905 he was asked to join the newly established General Electric Research Laboratory in Schenectady, NY. He promptly began fundamental work on the production of ductile tungsten filaments as a replacement for fragile carbon filaments used in incandescent light bulbs. This improved light bulb was brought to market by GE in 1911. It was subsequent application of his tungsten work that led Coolidge to his studies in X ray production. Circa 1910, the state‐of‐the‐art X‐ray tube was a “gas tube” or “cold cathode” type tube. These crude X‐ray tubes relied on residual gas molecules as a source of electrons for bombardment of low to medium atomic number metal targets. In 1912 Coolidge described the use of tungsten as an improved anode target material for X‐ray tubes. Shortly after in 1913 he published a paper in Physical Review describing “A Powerful Roentgen Ray Tube With a Pure Electron Discharge.” This tube used a tungsten filament as a thermionic source of electrons under high vacuum to bombard a tungsten anode target. Great improvements in X‐ray tube stability, output and performance were obtained with the “hot cathode” or “Coolidge tube.” With some variation in filament and target geometry, this 100 year old invention is the same basic X‐ray tube used today in medicine, research and industry. In 1932 Coolidge became Director of the GE Laboratory, then in 1940 Vice‐President and Director of Research. In 1941 he was a member of a small committee, appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, to evaluate the military importance of research on uranium. This committee's report led to the establishment of the Manhattan Engineering District for nuclear weapons development during WWII. Coolidge lived to be over 100 years old, he had 83 patents to his credit, numerous awards and honorary degrees, and in 1975 was elected to the National Inventor's Hall of Fame. At the time he was the only inventor to receive this honor in his lifetime. Dr. Coolidge was also the first recipient of the AAPM's highest science award ‐ named in his honor. From notes of a day‐long interview with Coolidge's son Lawrence in the mid‐1990s, previous biographies, publications, books, GE literature, historic photographs, e.g., a wonderful 1874 photo stereoview card with 1 year old baby “Willie Coolidge”, and other artifacts in the author's collection, this presentation will review Dr. Coolidge's amazing life, work, accomplishments and awards.“History and Archives Resources at AIP for AAPM and its Members” Gregory A. Good, Ph.D. ‐ Director, AIP Center for History of Physics Melanie J. Mueller, MLIS ‐ Acting Director, AIP Niels Bohr Library & ArchivesThe American Institute of Physics established the Center for History of Physics and the Niels Bohr Library & Archives in the 1960s. Our shared mission is: To preserve and make known the history of the physical sciences. This talk will explore the many ways that AIP's two history programs support the historical and archival activities of AAPM. Topics will include our ongoing oral history program, web outreach through exhibits and teaching guides, and archiving for AAPM and other Member Societies. We will focus in particular on materials in our collections related to the history of medical physics and to the history of AAPM. We will unveil and demonstrate a new “Archives Portal” that we are designing specifically to be useful to AAPM and its members. Learning Objectives: Study the background of the medical physicist ‐ William David Coolidge Examine the time‐line for his success Review the publications conceptualizing his works and progressions Realize what he invented Evaluate the importance of the invention Relate the success to national prominence Uncover how he influenced medical physicists today Find out how he was celebrated by the AAPM View the AIP established Center for History of Physics Consider the significant efforts and vision to preserve the history of medical physics Learn about the Niels Bohr Library & Archives Look back in time at medical physics in the 1960s Unveil and demonstrate a new “Archives Portal” that will be useful to AAPM

Methane dry reforming over ceria-zirconia supported Ni catalysts

Nickel nanoparticles supported on Ce1-xZrxO2 mixed oxides prepared by different synthesis methods, as well as Ni-ZrO2 and Ni-CeO2, were evaluated for their catalytic performance in methane dry reforming (MDR). MDR is an interesting model reaction to evaluate the reactivity and surface chemistry of mixed oxides. Textural and structural properties were studied by N2 adsorption and XRD. Mixed oxide preparation by co-precipitation resulted in catalysts with higher surface area than that of pure ZrO2 or CeO2. XRD analysis showed the formation of different Ce1-xZrxO2 solid solutions depending on using a surfactant or not. The catalyst prepared by surfactant assisted co-precipitation was not active for methane dry reforming most likely because of the encapsulation of Ni particles by ceria-zirconia particles, as revealed by TEM and H2 chemisorption. The catalytic activity of the catalyst prepared by co-precipitation without surfactant was comparable to Ni-ZrO2. Clearly, catalyst activity strongly depends on preparation and on the resulting phase composition rather than on nominal composition. Compared to Ni-ZrO2 the ceria-zirconia supported Ni catalyst did not achieve higher activity or stability for methane dry reforming but, nevertheless, the formation of filamentous carbon was strongly reduced (100 times less carbonaceous species). Consequently, using ceria-zirconia as a support material decreases the risk of reactor tube blocking.

Characteristics of Carbon Material Formation on SBA-15 and Ni-SBA-15 Templates by Acetylene Decomposition and Their Bioactivity Effects.

Carbon spheres and tubes were formed from acetylene decomposition on SBA-15 and Ni-SBA-15 at 650–850 °C. At 650 °C, the decomposed carbons covered the surface of the support, and no carbon spheres and filament materials were formed. Carbon sphere formation occurred at 750 °C–850 °C; with diameters ranging from 0.8 μm–1.1 μm. For Ni-SBA-15, the diameters of the spheres and filaments were 0.8 μm and 62 nm, respectively, at 650 °C. At 750 °C, the diameter of the ball carbon materials ranged from 0.7 μm–0.8 μm, the diameter of the carbon tubes formed was 120–130 nm, and their pore diameter was 8.0 nm–11 nm. At 850 °C, the diameters of ball carbon materials and carbon tubes were similar to those of the materials at the formation temperature, 750 °C. Si, O and C were the main constituents of SBA-15; Ni-SBA-15 and carbon material formation supports. High-ring PAHs (such as BaP (five rings); IND (six rings); DBA (five rings) and B[ghi]P (six rings)) exist in carbon materials. SBA-15 revealed insignificant cytotoxicity, but Ni-SBA-15 inhibited the proliferation of human lung cancer cells (A549). Less inhibition on cell viability and reactive oxidative species (ROS) generation on A549 were determined for carbon material formation on the Ni-SBA-15 compared to the Ni-SBA-15.

Nickel catalyst with outstanding activity in the DRM reaction prepared by high temperature calcination treatment

The catalytic performance of some NiCe/Al2O3 catalytic systems (11 wt.% Ni and 3 wt.% Ce) were checked after being submitted to different calcination and reduction treatments. It was found that, the reduced NiCe/Al2O3 catalysts were more active and stable in the dry reforming reaction of methane than the corresponding not-reduced catalysts. This high activity was initially connected with the smaller size of pre-reduced Ni species, which at the same time leads on to the formation of filamentous carbon. The best overall performance was obtained for the reduced catalyst after being calcined at 1000 °C. This catalyst presents a very high stability, a low level of carbon formation, maintaining the nickel particle size constant during reaction. Surprisingly, although its reduction degree is only 12% at 750 °C, its catalytic activity is similar to the full reduced catalysts. So, the small number of reduced metallic particles of this catalyst shows a very high activity, much higher than the other catalysts.

Characterization of MOCVD TiO2 coating and its anti-coking application in cyclohexane pyrolysis

Abstract In order to inhibit the surface coking, TiO 2 coatings were prepared on the 310S stainless steel surface by the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition method in a horizontal hot-wall tubular reactor under atmospheric pressure condition. According to the coating deposition kinetics, the apparent activation energy of 29.30 kJ/mol was obtained in the low temperature range from 250 to 400 °C due to the domination of the surface reaction. However, the coating deposition rate declined at temperatures above 400 °C because of the simultaneous generation of TiO 2 powder in the gas phase. The morphology, elemental and phase composition of TiO 2 coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The results show that the surface TiO 2 particle size increased with the rising temperature, and anatase phase was achieved above 350 °C with the preferential growth of crystal structure from (101) face at 350 °C to (220) face at 450 °C. Correspondingly, the coating thickness increased with the deposition time, and the coating with the thickness of about 2 μm covered the substrate surface completely, with the elemental composition in atomic percentage of Cr, Fe and Ni being close to 0, respectively. Based on the parallel experiments of cyclohexane pyrolysis for each TiO 2 coating specimen, it is indicated that the best performance was achieved on TiO 2 coating deposited at 250 °C for 80 min with an anti-coking ratio of 64.0%. The ratio was 48.0% for that deposited at 450 °C for 30 min. And the coating deposited at 450 °C for 30 min has better effect on inhibiting the formation of filamentous carbon.

Carbon produced by the catalytic decomposition of methane on nickel: Carbon yields and carbon structure as a function of catalyst properties

The interplay of carbon quantity, carbon type, methane decomposition activity and catalyst deactivation by deposited carbon are all important aspects to be considered in assessing the practical use of the catalytic methane decomposition route, using nickel/titania catalysts.Increasing the nickel loading from 7% to 20% in Ni/TiO2 increased methane decomposition conversion but the activities and carbon yields per unit Ni fell as the nickel content increased. The carbon produced on high Ni-loaded samples is more graphitic in nature. Filaments of carbon are the main products and the diameter increases as the Ni particle size on the catalyst increases, which, in turn, increasing at higher Ni loadings. Studies of binary supports on the activity of nickel demonstrated that not all systems led to improved catalyst performance. But, in these systems, factors such as metal-support interaction are also important. Introduction of copper to the supported nickel system exerts an effect on the morphology of the carbon nanostructures produced but other aspects are little affected.

State of the Active Component and Catalytic Properties of Pd/C Cata- lysts on the Selective Hydrogenation of Butadiene-1,3 into Butylenes

<p>Palladium (0.25-5.8 wt.%) was supported on three different types of filamentous carbon in which the basal graphite planes are arranged along, crosswise and at a 45° angle to the axis of a nanofiber. HREM, XPS and X-ray techniques were used to study the state of high dispersed Pd particles supported on the<br /> filamentous carbon. It was established that the type of the carbon support affects the properties of the active component. The high disperse Pd particles most strongly interact with the prismatic planes of graphite to provide electron transfer from palladium to the support, which stabilizes palladium in a more dispersed state. Because of this strong interaction, Pd<sup>2+</sup> is stabilized in the ionic state. A change in the properties of the palladium particles initiates changes in the catalytic properties of Pd/C catalysts in the reaction of selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene into butylenes. An increase in the fraction of Pd<sup>2+</sup> in the catalyst composition results in the decrease of both total activity and selectivity of Pd/C catalysts in the considered reaction.</p>

Effect of Zn addition on the performance of Ni/Al2O3 catalyst for steam reforming of ethanol

A detailed investigation of the effect of Zn on the performance of supported Ni-based catalysts for steam reforming of ethanol is presented in this paper. A Ni/Al2O3 and two ZnO/Al2O3 supported Ni catalysts with different Zn/Al ratio were prepared. For the Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/ZnAl2O4 (Zn/Al=0.5) catalysts, only metallic Ni particles were identified after reduction. Under ethanol steam reforming conditions, carbon filaments were formed during the reaction, which led to deactivation of the catalyst. It was shown that Zn present in excess (Ni/ZnO-Al2O3) may form an alloy with compositions ranging from Zn-rich tetragonal NiZn and Ni-rich cubic Ni4Zn. The formation of NiZn alloy with different compositions plays a key role in catalyst performance, improving resistance to coke formation and its stability.

Ni and Ni-Co La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3−δ infiltrated cells in H2and CH4/CO2 mixture

La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3−δ(LSGM) based fuel cells infiltrated with different metal catalysts were fabricated and tested both in H2 and CH4/CO2mixture. Ni, Co, Ni-Cu, Ni-Co LSGM impregnated powders were investigated for the dry reforming of methane reaction (DRM) (CH4+CO2⇆2CO+2H2). The catalytic activity for CH4 and CO2 conversion followed the order Ni∼Ni-Co>Co>Ni-Cu. Both Ni and Ni-Co catalysts, investigated versus time (50h) on stream of CH4/CO2=1.5at 800°C, did not show any sign of deactivation indicating their stability toward coke deposition. Anyway, evidence of few carbon filaments was revealed by SEM micrographs and the carbon amount evaluated by TG-DTA analysis. Ni-LSGM and Ni-CoLSGM cells showed regarding electrochemical performance both in H2 and CH4/CO2 mixture in the 650–750°C temperature range. A discussion on the parallelism between catalytic and electrochemical performance is detailed.