Figurative Expressions Research Articles

Multihanded Adam Smith (Part two)

The paper analyzes the metaphor of “an invisible hand”, which was introduced two and a half centuries ago by Adam Smith (1723—1790) and which eventually became the central concept of the modern economics. The second part examines the origin and history of the reception of Smith’s metaphor at various stages of the evolution of economic thought. Paradoxically, it gained wide popularity only since the middle of the 20th century due to its mention in the famous textbook by P. Samuelson “Economics”. In the interpretation of this metaphor by modern economists, two traditions exist — neoclassical and Austrian. In mainstream, Smith’s “invisible hand” is identified with the First Fundamental Theorem of welfare economics, which looks like an anachronism. There are more grounds for the convergence of the concepts of “an invisible hand” and “spontaneous order”, from which the Austrian school proceeds. Smith almost accidentally stumbled upon a figurative expression which turned out to be heuristically extremely productive and has become firmly embedded in the lexicon of many modern disciplines — from economics to the philosophy of science

Conceptualization ofSar(Head) in Persian figurative expressions

AbstractSinceLakoff and Johnson (1999)proposed ‘Embodiment theory’ in Cognitive Linguistics, the relationship between language and body parts has been a subject of research for many years. This paper examines the conceptualization of body part ‘head’ in 305 Persian figurative expressions and proverbs in two related Iranian dictionaries. Using the ‘Cultural Conceptualization’ model introduced bySharifian (2011), this article demonstrates howsar, the Persian equivalent to ‘head’, is conceptualized to convey various notions such as mental activity, emotions, personality traits, social behavior and state, time, place, death, measurement, leader, and success. The conceptualization of body parts in a language can be bounded to that language and often rooted in some cultural background; however, this topic has received scant attention among scholars of Persian language. Apparently, no comprehensive studies on the conceptualization of head in Persian figurative expressions have been conducted so far, thus this research is an attempt to fill this gap. The analysis of the afore-mentioned word revealed that it can convey several meanings; these include mental activity, emotions, human traits, social action and status, time, location, death, measurement, leadership and success. The variety of meanings stems from contexts within which the word is presented.

NCT life variety show as a persuasive media for Korean tourism promotion: Peirce’s semiotic observation

This research discussed signs in terms of icons, indexes, and symbols on the variety show named NCT Life: Hot and Young Seoul Trip using the semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce. The purpose of this research is to describe icons, indexes, and symbols related to tourism and interpret these signs with contextual meaning. The reason for doing this research is to look for signs that refer to persuasive tourism promotion activities contained in the variety show. This research employed the descriptive qualitative design with the findings on each icon, index, symbol, and contextual meaning presented in the form of a description. The results of this study indicate that there are categories of icons, indexes, and symbols related to tourism promotion in Seoul, South Korea. Icon has three categories related to brand ambassadors, tourist attractions, and tourist activities. The index has four categories related to the background illustration for NCT members introduction, expressions of feelings, figurative expressions, and gestures. The symbol has three categories related to logos, slogans, and additional information related to activities and tourist attractions. Then, the contextual meaning of the signs found leads to several contexts, all of which also refer to tourism promotion activities delivered through the media of variety shows. On this basis, the research suggests that there is tourism promotion packaged in events through variety shows carried out by NCT members as performers by visiting or trying various tourist activities around Seoul and recommending them to the audience.

On the specificity of figurative language comprehension impairment in schizophrenia and its relation to cognitive skills but not psychopathological symptoms - Study on metaphor, humor and irony

People with schizophrenia have difficulty understanding figurative expressions, such as metaphors, humor or irony. The present study investigated the specificity of figurative language impairment in schizophrenia and its relation with cognitive and psychotic symptoms. It included 54 schizophrenia and 54 age and sex-matched healthy subjects who performed a cognitive screening (ACE-III) and figurative language comprehension task consisting of 60 short stories with three types of endings: a figurative one and its literal and an absurd (meaningless) counterparts. Each figurative domain – metaphor, humor, irony - was split into two sub-domains, i.e., conventional and novel metaphors, intended-to-be-funny and social-norm-violation jokes, simple irony and critical sarcasm, respectively. The main findings are: i) in schizophrenia, figurative language deficit manifests itself in each domain; ii) the most pronounced subdomain-specific impairment has been found for novel vs conventional metaphors and irony vs sarcasm; iii) altered figurative language comprehension was related to diminished cognitive abilities but not to psychopathology symptoms (PANSS) or other clinical characteristics. This may suggest that figurative language impairment, as a specific part of communication deficit, may be regarded as an essential characteristic of schizophrenia, related to primary cognitive deficits but independent of psychopathology.

WINGED WORDS AND RELATED LANGUAGE UNITS

Winged words have a special place in national and world culture; they represent the thoughts of famous philosophers, scientists, writers and statesmen in a polished form. Winged words are individual phrases that are used as a figurative expression in speech. They are widely used in the speech of peoples who speak different languages. Winged words have entered the language as a whole and are used as an expressive description of social, domestic, and spiritual phenomena. They are phrases that clearly and figuratively convey deep thoughts in a concise form, briefly clarify the meaning of complex situations and characters, and move from language to language. Winged words differ from other linguistic units in terms of stability, meaningfulness, specific formation, and active use, association with an event or occasion, re-perception in the mind, ownership of an author or source. The following article will discuss the difference between the existing winged words in the French language and such units as phraseological units, aphorisms, proverbs and sayings, maxims, sentences, adages, and quotations. The specific features of each unit are analyzed in detail, similarities and differences are explained with the help of examples, and concluding remarks are given.

SYNESTHETIC METAPHOR IN MEDICAL DISCOURSE

Purpose. The aim is to consider the issue of medical synesthesia in professional discourse. Thinking syncretism of doctors is manifested in polymodal perception of the information about the patient condition, who, in turn, while describing pain or worries about illness also relies on the system of sensory perception.
 Materials and methods. The material of the study is about 200 terms and terminological combinations taken by the continuous sampling method from the speech of doctors. The following methods are applied: survey of 10 residents and doctors, high-quality processing of the obtained data, differential analysis of synesthetic models, compiling a glossary, semantic and functional analyses of terminological combinations.
 Results. During the study the mechanism of synesthesia formation is described, its cognitive analysis indicates the relationship of the subject’s perception system, their thinking and language. Actualization of synesthetic metaphors in medical discourse is determined by the subject’s perception integrity property: categorization of information is carried out on the basis of various modality sensations (temperature, pain, tactile, gustatory, and auditory) in combination.
 Among figurative expressions in medical speech, it is possible to distinguish synesthetic metaphors nominating diagnosis (cheesy pneumonia, ringworm), symptom of the disease (soft heart murmurs, tapping symptom, apple jelly symptom) or metaphors describing the patient pain nature and being regularly reproduced terminological expressions (buzzing feet, cutting pains, bursting, pulling, constricting, throbbing pain).
 The glossary of terminological combinations presented contains nominations of synesthetic nature which are relevant for a number of key medicine branches: dermatology, gynecology, rheumatology, otorhinolaryngology, neurology, endocrinology and diseases of the urinary and hepatic systems. It is revealed that in medical discourse the tactile-painful type of synesthetic transfer prevails.
 The communication status study of synesthetic metaphors in medical discourse is connected with their identification in the doctor’s lexicon.

Culture-Oriented Idioms in English and Albanian Language-Analyses of the Semantic and Syntactic Structure of Life and Death Idioms: A Comparative Study

Idiomatic expressions are a crucial part of language reflecting the mindset of a nation’s culture and shaping the characteristics of language usage. This paper elaborates on the rich content of the variety of idiomatic expressions in English and Albanian of idioms related to life and death. Each language possesses its characteristics making the languages similar and different from one another, thus leading to different expressions of the same things. Writing and speaking a language cannot be understood without using idioms, especially when describing one’s emotional or mental conditions. This article aims at analyzing the semantic and syntactic structure of idioms denoting life and death connotations in both languages. Language is an independent system and as a result, different ethnic groups show their psychological characteristics through different concepts. Such differences and similarities are reflected in figurative expressions of each nation which incorporates the focus of this study. An analysis of the constituent parts of idioms, features of non-compositionality, syntactic functions in sentences, and other characteristics of set expressions are the focus of this research paper through componential and comparative analyses. The research is based on the database of 480 English idioms 291praseoloical units with the element “life”, 189 phraseological units with the element “death”, and more than 320 idioms in Albanian. Data were driven from two phraseological dictionaries Albanian Phraseological Dictionary and English–Albanian Phraseological Dictionary. A detailed and in-depth insight was made into the corpus of the dictionary entries to find out idioms that express life and death in both languages. The methods used are based on comparative and componential analyses. The study displayed characteristics in idiomatic expressions reflected in two cultures showing different semantic and syntactic features in both languages.

Words of Wonder: The Cognitive and Semantic Dimension of the Literal and Figurative Denominators for wonder in Old English Sources

Abstract Based on the most recent research on emotion and, specifically, on contemporary aesthetic emotion theories, and combining methods from cognitive and historical linguistics, this paper aims at looking into the cognitive and semantic dimension of Old English literal and figurative denominators of wonder. Exploring how these terms are used in the Old English corpus, this paper highlights a recurrent use of literal emotion terms for wonder with varying semantics, and a wide array of figurative expressions that rely on the most common action tendencies and somatic profiles that are attributed to this emotion. This research stresses the rich variety that Old English authors had at their disposal when describing wonder-experiences and the many ways in which these authors described and narrated these emotional experiences, all of which, in extreme, reveals important information about the semantic dimension of these terms and identifiable patterns of conceptualisation for this emotion.

Evaluation devices in the narratives of deaf/hard of hearing and hearing Arabic-speaking adolescents.

Pragmatic language use in general and the use of evaluation devices (EDs) are very important components in everyday communication and expressing thoughts and feelings in narrative production. However, very little is known about the use of evaluative devices in the narratives of Arabic-speaking adolescents, especially those who are deaf and hard of hearing (DHH). The present study investigated the use of EDs in personal oral narratives elicited from 124 hearing and DHH Arabic-speaking adolescents. Each participant was asked to tell a personal story about a time he or she was in a dangerous situation. Narratives were transcribed and coded for nine different types of evaluation. A three-way interaction of group (hearing/DHH) by gender (Female/Male) by evaluation type emerged such that female hearing adolescents' narratives contained significantly more frames of mind than the narratives of DHH females and hearing males and more hedges than DHH females. In addition, hearing males' narratives contained more hedges than those of DHH males and more negative comments than the narratives of both hearing females and DHH males. The present research identifies factors that facilitate narrative abilities by DHH. Discussion centres on explanations for group and gender differences in terms of exposure and language socialization. What is already known on this subject Although narratives have been researched extensively in comparisons of hearing and deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) children, only a few studies have examined pragmatic language use in general and evaluation devices in particular. These studies show that the narratives of DHH children and adolescents contain fewer figurative expressions, frames of mind and hedges and that children who are DHH have difficulty comprehending and producing metaphors. Very little is known about the use of evaluative devices in the narratives of Arabic-speaking adolescents, especially those who are DHH. What this study adds The present study found that hearing participants produced significantly more evaluation devices (Eds) than their DHH peers, and female participants produced significantly more EDs than their male peers. Moreover, hearing females' narratives contained more frames of mind and more hedges than did the narratives of DHH females; also, hearing females' narratives contained more frames of mind than those of hearing males. In addition, hearing males' narratives contained more hedges than those of DHH males. Finally, hearing males' narratives had more negative comments than both the narratives of hearing females and those of DHH males. Clinical implications The one evaluation device produced in large numbers (hedges) by adolescents who are DHH was expressed in only one of two ways. One important clinical implication of this finding is that pragmatic language in general and use of EDs in particular should be part of any speech and language evaluation. Another takeaway is that intervention should attempt to provide rich exposure to social communicative language, providing many ways to convey each function, enabling adolescents to communicate in different contexts.

An Analysis of Heidegger’s Critique of Metaphysics’ Approach to the Nothing from a Muslim Philosopher's perspectives

Heidegger’s most significant critique of metaphysics is that the history of metaphysics is the history of the forgetting of being. However, he also criticizes metaphysics for forgetting the nothing. Metaphysics fails to adequately address both being and nothingness, neglecting the nothing and treating it as a conceptual abstraction without objective reference. Metaphysics reduces discussions of the nothing to mere figurative expressions. However, by drawing on the approach of a contemporary Muslim philosopher who examines the the problem of the nothing in particular and the fact-itself and reality in general, and the division of being into general, real, and specific, we can respond to Heidegger’s critique within the framework of metaphysics. According to this perspective, the nothing, like being, is an integral part of reality in a general and real sense. The nothing, with its nothingness, manifests itself in the external world without being reduced to the being. Thus, Heidegger’s statement that “nothing nihilates (or noths) itself” finds metaphysical justification.

CHANGES IN THE LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC SYSTEM OF THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN 2020-2022

The research paper examines the system of replenishment of the lexical layer of words that entered the lexicographic structure of the Kazakh language during the pandemic of 2020-2022. In the space of institutional discourse, terms that have actively entered the field of medicine have been identified. With the help of an electronic resource "Qazcorpus.kz" the frequency of covid lexemes was determined. The lexico-semantic word-formation structure of new complex words, which are dominated by the covid words, crown, quarantine has been studied. The creation of new periphrases describing diseases that arose during the pandemic was discovered. The topics of media articles and poems of poets written during the quarantine period were analyzed. The new terms were divided into thematic groups: therapeutic term, sanitary and hygienic term, socio-political term, educational term, and psychological term. The activity of occasional words and the pragmatic motive of new figurative expressions were also considered. It is established that a number of neologisms were translated by hybrid words. It was revealed the frequency of words of condolence during the pandemic, and an increase in phobic emotional vocabulary. It is confirmed that changes and global situations in society are primarily clearly expressed in language. As the materials of the paper, new covid lexemes from the media and the social network were collected.

Subcortical Role in Figurative Processing by Persian- speaking Alzheimer and Parkinson’s Patients

Introduction: The production of figurative expressions, particularly idioms, and proverbs, is negatively affected by damage to the left hemisphere and subcortical area of the brain. Alzheimer patients, thanks to the preservation of basal ganglia, can produce these expressions. In contrast, compared to Alzheimer’s patients, Parkinson’s patients cannot produce these expressions due to the malfunction of the basal ganglia. This study attempts to compare the linguistic and cognitive performance of Persian-speaking patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and healthy counterparts regarding the production and comprehension of these figurative expressions.
 Materials and Methods: In doing so, by selecting a sample of participants composed of 10 Alzheimer’s patients, 10 Parkinson’s patients, and 10 healthy individuals matched with each other regarding age and education. Then, different tests, including Arizona battery for communication disorders of dementia, famous names, and face test, structured conversation, figurative expression completion, elicitation of response based on situational context, Northridge evaluation of idioms and proverbs in situational context, conventional and figurative expression evaluation were condcuted to analyze their performance.
 Results: The results of Arizona battery for communication disorders of dementia indicated that Alzheimer’s patients were in the middle stage of the disease while Parkinson’s participants were classified as non-dementia patients. Although the result of the Renown face and name recognition test demonstrated a significant difference between Alzheimer’s patients and the healthy group regarding cognition and confidence levels, the same result was not observed between healthy control and Alzheimer’s patients. Furthermore, in the test of structured conversation, the proportion of produced words by Alzheimer’s patients was more than that of Parkinson’s patients. However, the results of sentence and figurative expression completion tests corroborated the weaker performance of Alzheimer’s patients compared to their Parkinson and healthy counterparts. Furthermore, notwithstanding in the test of Elicitation of response based on Situational Context, Parkinson’s patients performed more poorly than their Alzheimer and healthy counterparts, in the tests of conventional and figurative expression evaluation, Alzheimer’s patients’ pattern of performance was different from that of other groups as they performed more weakly than Parkinson patients.
 Conclusion: The observed dissociation in the performance of Alzheimer as well as Parkinson’s patients in the linguistic production and comprehension tests shed light on the significant role of the subcortical area of the brain in the production of idioms and proverbs.

Cerebral asymmetries in the processing of opaque compounds in L1 Polish and L2 English

Abstract We report the results of a cross-modal priming study investigating the processing of opaque compound words, when followed by figuratively and literally related primes, in L1 (Polish) and L2 (English). Additionally, the half-divided visual field paradigm was used to verify which cerebral hemisphere is responsible for semantic decomposition, and whether the language status will lead to different activation patterns. The left hemisphere is generally believed to process the more salient or conventional meanings of figurative expressions, and the right hemisphere their less salient or unconventional meanings. However, this assumption has not so far been verified for compounds. The results suggest that both the figurative and the literal meanings of opaque compounds were processed significantly faster by the left hemisphere in the case of L1 Polish. No statistically significant differences were obtained for L2 English. At the same time, English compounds were overall processed significantly faster than Polish compounds.

A KARBALA ELEGY FROM THE ARA NESIL PERIOD NEVHA-İ DİL

The Nevha-i Dil of Ahmed Servet (1845-1895), who was a tekke poet and produced works in the same years as the Ara Nesil poets, is shown in the sources as an unpublished. However, the research showed that Kitabç Kasbar published the book in 1893 (h. 1311). Accordingly, the text has been latinized. However, the text should be analyzed, and its place in the Karbala Elegies should be determined. In this context, elegy as a genre has been examined and defined on a structuralist plane. Evaluation of the Karbala Elegy in the light of genre is essential for interpreting and explaining Nevha-i Dil because, as genre, elegy can contain many forms and styles. The concepts of stylistics can be used to evaluate the concepts of form and style in the context of the text because stylistics plays an essential role in understanding and making sense of the form of expression at the text plane. Besides clarifying the content’s function, stylistic concepts like foregrounding, parallelism, and repetition clarify the form of the content within the context of the stylesense relationship. The content of the text should be analyzed using semiotic concepts in the functioning of the content. The referents of Nevha-i Dil and the form of the content can be examined by making use of the semiotic square and narrative program. Finally, to understand the deep structure of the Karbala Elegy, figurative expressions should be revealed in the context of figurative language uses. Based on all these, in this study, using the concepts of stylistics, based on the style-sense relationship, the style of the text and the genre and generic relationship within the style are revealed. The form of content was established through the application of semiotic concepts, and the role of figurative language was then analyzed. Keywords: Stylistics, Semiotics, Karbala Elegy, Ahmed Servet, Nevha-i Dil.

ЛИТЕРАТУРНЫЕ ЗАГАДКИ В УЧЕБНОМ ПРОЦЕССЕ

The article deals with literary riddles and their role in the educational process. Currently, in the teaching methodology, the questions of working on a folk riddle are most fully developed, while the methodology of working on a literary riddle is studied only in separate works. Therefore, the main attention in our work is devoted to the study of literary riddles, their types and methods of correct solving. The use of various types of literary riddles in the educational process, along with folk riddles, allows to build a consistent system of working on riddles in elementary school. We have attempted to reproduce a generalized classification of Lezghin literary riddles, including a methodological aspect. The proposed classification, in combination with the thematic classification, expands the teacher's opportunities in preparing for work with the puzzle in lessons and extracurricular activities. It has been proven that the use of all types of riddles, especially riddles with comparison and metaphorical riddles, contributes to the development of imagery and metaphorical speech of younger schoolchildren, allows to consciously introduce literary examples, figurative expressions into children's speech, to inculcate the habit of using metaphors in speech. It is indicated that guessing riddles is an important stage in the development of a child.

Vibrancy and Desolation in Fernanda Trías’ Mugre rosa (2020)

Mugre rosa (2020), by Uruguayan author Fernanda Trías, portrays a dystopian world devastated by a plague linked to environmental toxicity. It is also, I argue, a work of extraordinary vividness that evinces a concern about literary form and language. Trías’s style – her intricate use of description, formal and structural innovations, and figurative expression— possesses a vibrancy that works against the desolation enfolding through the diegesis. This essay probes how the novel’s concerns intersect with questions explored in fields such as ecocriticism and the environmental humanities. It also delves into the particularities of Trías’s style, parsing the implications of her use of language and form, which alternatively expand, nuance, transform, and collide with premises established at a diegetic level. Throughout the discussion, attention is given to the novel’s affective resonances and to its engagement with the nonhuman. The essay seeks to illuminate how Mugre rosa intervenes in the debate about the agency of literature in the Anthropocene.

Figuratively used product names: From ergonyms to eponyms and paragons

While eponyms can be based on practically any kind of proper name, paragons are primarily figuratively used personal names. However, a large number of non-personal names have developed into paragons. This study compares such non-personal paragons, specifically product names, with eponyms that are also based on product names. Metonymic shifts are essential both in the case of these paragons and eponyms (specific for generic), but after the shifts a sort of watershed appears as the two types of figurative expressions diverge from one another, i.e. the paths of their semantic development are different and they can be relatively easily differentiated. It is claimed, however, that the two categories are not so monolithic, and that the above-mentioned watershed is not so discrete, at least as far as the figurative use of product names is concerned. Subtypes of eponyms that appear to approach the apex of the putative watershed are documented. It is also argued that paragons based on product names can also come in several subtypes and be more or less similar to some eponyms. The two can be better described as categories that exhibit family resemblance, with blurred boundaries that overlap on a continuum.

Considerations on Arbitrariness vs Non-arbitrarinessof Linguistic Sign

This article focuses on issues related to the arbitrary and non-arbitrary nature of the linguistic signs (monolexical and polylexical), the types and cases of linguistic motivation and the criteria of lexical denomination. Several issues regarding to stable polylexical units have been analysed from the motivational perspective: the genesis, existence and use of linguistic signs, whose signifiers are expressed by stable polylexical units, two types of semantic motivation (metaphorical motivation and symbol-based motivation) and intertextuality as a specific type of motivation. In the course of its history, each figurative expression has undergone its own evolution. In this context, the task of linguistic research is not only to identify the productive motivational links that affect the functioning of figurative expressions in actual discourse, but also to describe their true etymology.

Translation Strategies of Figurative Expressions in The Book entitled The Black Swan and Their Translation in Indonesian

Translation Strategies of Figurative Expressions in The Book entitled The Black Swan and Their Translation in Indonesian

Термины танцевальных движений башкирских народных танцев

The aim of the study is to identify the peculiarities of the terms for dance movements of folk dances in the Bashkir language. The paper clarifies the notion of ‘Bashkir folk dance’. In the study, the main attention is paid to the comprehensive description of the names of dance movements in Bashkir folk dance. The study is novel in that it is the first to propose the terminology of folk dance movements in the Bashkir language taking into account their territorial-dialect names, using the example of takmaks – Bashkir ditties performed in a recitative and song-recitative melodic style. As a result, it has been proved that the main dance terms for foot movement in Bashkir dance are «тыпырлау» (‘tapping’) and «йөрөшләү» (‘variable step’), which are imitative or playful in nature. In men’s dances, the movements are contingent on the figurative expression of horses’ hoofs clattering, horse riding, in Bashkir women’s dance, each movement reflects a certain type of work: spinning, sewing, weaving, felt dressing, cloth making, cooking and many more. It is with consideration of the above-mentioned peculiarities of Bashkir dances that the names are analysed in the presented paper.